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Doxiadis I, Lehmann C. Epitop-(Mis)Matching in der Organtransplantation. TRANSFUSIONSMEDIZIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-114197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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102
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Stecher M, Klein F, Lehmann C, Platten M, Gillor D, Behrens G, Fätkenheuer G, Vehreschild JJ. Systematic Review of the Current Literature on Structured Treatment Interruptions in HIV-infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy—Implications for Future HIV Cure Trials. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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103
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Niggemann B, Hinrichs B, Lehmann C, Koerner-Rettberg C, Köster H, Spindler T, Weiss C. Habitueller Husten im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-016-0193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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104
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Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, García-Márquez M, Fischer RN, Iltgen-Breburda J, Fiedler A, Wennhold K, Rappl G, Abken H, Lehmann C, Herling M, Wolf D, Fätkenheuer G, Rubbert-Roth A, Hallek M, Theurich S, von Bergwelt-Baildon M. Antigen-presenting human B cells are expanded in inflammatory conditions. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:577-587. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a0416-182r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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105
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Toguri JT, Moxsom R, Szczesniak AM, Zhou J, Kelly MEM, Lehmann C. Cannabinoid 2 receptor activation reduces leukocyte adhesion and improves capillary perfusion in the iridial microvasculature during systemic inflammation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016; 61:237-49. [PMID: 26410875 DOI: 10.3233/ch-151996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium and decreased microvascular blood flow causing microcirculatory dysfunction are hallmarks of systemic inflammation. We studied the impact of cannabinoid receptor activation on the iridial microcirculation, which is accessible non-invasively in vivo, in systemic inflammation induced by endotoxin challenge. METHODS 40 Lewis rats were used in the experiments. Endotoxemia was induced by 2 mg/kg i.v. lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) were stimulated by i.v. administration of WIN 55212-2 (WIN; 1 mg/kg). CB1R antagonist (AM281; 2.5 mg/kg i.v.) or CB2R antagonist (AM630; 2.5 mg/kg i.v.) treatment prior to WIN was applied to identify the anti-inflammatory effects underlying each CBR subtype. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions were examined in rat iridial microvas culature by intravital microscopy at baseline and 1 and 2 h post-LPS. Additionally, systemic (mean arterial pressure, heart rate) and local (laser Doppler flow) hemodynamic variables were measured prior to and during cannabinoid treatments. RESULTS Endotoxemia resulted in severe inflammation as shown by significantly increased numbers of adherent leukocytes at 1 and 2 h observation time post-LPS challenge and decreased microcirculatory blood flow at 2 h within the iridial microcirculation. WIN treatment significantly reduced leukocyte adhesion in iridial microvessels with a diameter greater and less than 25 μm during endotoxemia (p < 0.05). Pre-treatment of animals by CB1R antagonist, AM281, did not affect WIN effects on LPS-induced leukocyte adhesion. When pre-treated with the CB2R antagonist, AM630, a reversal of the WIN-induced reduction in leukocyte adhesion was noticed in vessels with a diameter of less than 25 μm (p < 0.05). Cannabinoid treatment significantly increased the local iridial microcirculatory blood flow 2 hours after systemic LPS administration (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Systemic administration of the CBR agonist, WIN, decreased leukocyte-adhesion and improved iridial microvascular blood flow. This effect is most likely mediated by CB2R activation. Our findings indicate that the iris microvasculature can serve as a model to study the microcirculation during systemic inflammation and help to identify potential therapies to treat microcirculatory dysfunction in diseases such as sepsis.
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106
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Platten M, Jung N, Trapp S, Flossdorf P, Meyer-Olson D, Schulze zur Wiesch J, Stephan C, Mauss S, Weiss V, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Rockstroh J, Fätkenheuer G, Lehmann C. Cytokine and Chemokine Signature in Elite Versus Viremic Controllers Infected with HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:579-87. [PMID: 26751176 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) maintaining high CD4(+) T-cell counts without antiretroviral therapy (ART) are divided into elite controllers (ECs) with undetectable and viremic controllers (VCs) with low viral loads. Little is known about the long-term changes of T-cell subsets and inflammation patterns in ECs versus VCs. The aim of the study was to explore the long-term evolution of CD4(+) T-cell levels in LTNPs and to analyze cytokine profiles in ECs versus VCs. Nineteen ECs and 15 VCs were enrolled from the natural virus controller cohort (NaViC). T-cell counts were monitored over years, the mean annual change was calculated, and plasma concentrations of 25 cytokines were evaluated using a multiplex bead array. While absolute numbers of T cells did not differ between ECs and VCs over time, we observed a significant decrease of CD4(+) T-cell percentages in VCs, but not in ECs (median [interquartile range]: ECs: 37% [28-41] vs. VCs: 29% [25-34]; p = .02). ECs had lower levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β, p = .003), interferon γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10, p = .03), and monokine induced by interferon-γ (MIG, p = .02). CD4(+) T-cell percentages inversely correlated with MIP 1-β (r = -0.42, p = .017) and IP-10 (r = -0.77, p < .0001). A subtle decline of CD4(+) T-cell percentages could be observed in VCs, but not in ECs, which was associated with higher plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Hence, even low levels of HIV replication might go along with a progressive decline in CD4(+) T-cell counts in LTNPs.
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107
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Beyer M, Abdullah Z, Chemnitz JM, Maisel D, Sander J, Lehmann C, Thabet Y, Shinde PV, Schmidleithner L, Köhne M, Trebicka J, Schierwagen R, Hofmann A, Popov A, Lang KS, Oxenius A, Buch T, Kurts C, Heikenwalder M, Fätkenheuer G, Lang PA, Hartmann P, Knolle PA, Schultze JL. Tumor-necrosis factor impairs CD4(+) T cell-mediated immunological control in chronic viral infection. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:593-603. [PMID: 26950238 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Persistent viral infections are characterized by the simultaneous presence of chronic inflammation and T cell dysfunction. In prototypic models of chronicity--infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)--we used transcriptome-based modeling to reveal that CD4(+) T cells were co-exposed not only to multiple inhibitory signals but also to tumor-necrosis factor (TNF). Blockade of TNF during chronic infection with LCMV abrogated the inhibitory gene-expression signature in CD4(+) T cells, including reduced expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1, and reconstituted virus-specific immunity, which led to control of infection. Preventing signaling via the TNF receptor selectively in T cells sufficed to induce these effects. Targeted immunological interventions to disrupt the TNF-mediated link between chronic inflammation and T cell dysfunction might therefore lead to therapies to overcome persistent viral infection.
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108
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Philipp R, Mehnert A, Lehmann C, Oechsle K, Bokemeyer C, Krüll A, Vehling S. Detrimental social interactions predict loss of dignity among patients with cancer. Support Care Cancer 2016; 24:2751-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-016-3090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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109
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Koch K, Koch N, Sandaradura de Silva U, Jung N, Schulze zur Wiesch J, Fätkenheuer G, Hartmann P, Romerio F, Lehmann C. Increased Frequency of CD49b/LAG-3(+) Type 1 Regulatory T Cells in HIV-Infected Individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:1238-46. [PMID: 26192268 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In HIV-1 infection elevated serum levels of interferon-α (IFN-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) are associated with immune hyperactivation and disease progression. Recently, coexpression of CD49b and LAG-3 was shown to identify Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, which secrete large amounts of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. We analyzed the frequency of CD49b/LAG-3(+) Tr1 cells in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals at different stages of the disease. We found increased levels of CD49b/LAG-3(+) Tr1 cells as well as IL-10 in HIV patients. With disease progression, Tr1 cells negatively correlate with frequency of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), the main producers of IFN-α. However, elevated IL-10 levels could not be ascribed to the CD49b/LAG-3(+)Tr1 cell population. Moreover, we showed in vitro that IFN-α leads to an upregulation of IL-10 as well as CD49b/LAG-3(+) Tr1 cell counts in healthy controls, recapitulating effects observed in vivo during HIV infection. Our results suggest that overexpression of IFN-α during HIV infection drives the generation of CD49b/LAG-3(+) Tr1 cells and the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether elevated IL-10 levels are beneficial or detrimental in regard to disease progression.
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110
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Jarosch S, Lehmann C. Physical restraint in the ICU: does it prevent device removal? A critical appraisal. Minerva Anestesiol 2015; 81:1053-1055. [PMID: 25501845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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111
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Caskey M, Klein F, Lorenzi JCC, Seaman MS, West AP, Buckley N, Kremer G, Nogueira L, Braunschweig M, Scheid JF, Horwitz JA, Shimeliovich I, Ben-Avraham S, Witmer-Pack M, Platten M, Lehmann C, Burke LA, Hawthorne T, Gorelick RJ, Walker BD, Keler T, Gulick RM, Fätkenheuer G, Schlesinger SJ, Nussenzweig MC. Viraemia suppressed in HIV-1-infected humans by broadly neutralizing antibody 3BNC117. Nature 2015; 522:487-91. [PMID: 25855300 PMCID: PMC4890714 DOI: 10.1038/nature14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 immunotherapy with a combination of first generation monoclonal antibodies was largely ineffective in pre-clinical and clinical settings and was therefore abandoned. However, recently developed single-cell-based antibody cloning methods have uncovered a new generation of far more potent broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 (refs 4, 5). These antibodies can prevent infection and suppress viraemia in humanized mice and nonhuman primates, but their potential for human HIV-1 immunotherapy has not been evaluated. Here we report the results of a first-in-man dose escalation phase 1 clinical trial of 3BNC117, a potent human CD4 binding site antibody, in uninfected and HIV-1-infected individuals. 3BNC117 infusion was well tolerated and demonstrated favourable pharmacokinetics. A single 30 mg kg(-1) infusion of 3BNC117 reduced the viral load in HIV-1-infected individuals by 0.8-2.5 log10 and viraemia remained significantly reduced for 28 days. Emergence of resistant viral strains was variable, with some individuals remaining sensitive to 3BNC117 for a period of 28 days. We conclude that, as a single agent, 3BNC117 is safe and effective in reducing HIV-1 viraemia, and that immunotherapy should be explored as a new modality for HIV-1 prevention, therapy and cure.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Binding Sites
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- HIV Antibodies/administration & dosage
- HIV Antibodies/adverse effects
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV Antibodies/pharmacology
- HIV Antibodies/therapeutic use
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/therapy
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/chemistry
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Time Factors
- Viral Load/drug effects
- Viral Load/immunology
- Viremia/immunology
- Viremia/therapy
- Viremia/virology
- Young Adult
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112
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Fischer J, Jung N, Robinson N, Lehmann C. Sex differences in immune responses to infectious diseases. Infection 2015; 43:399-403. [PMID: 25956991 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The influence of sex hormones is recognized to account for the susceptibility and distinct outcomes of diverse infectious diseases. METHODS This review discusses several variables including differences in behavior and exposure to pathogens, genetic, and immunological factors. CONCLUSION Understanding sex-based differences in immunity during different infectious diseases is crucial in order to provide optimal disease management for both sexes.
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113
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Cohn LB, Silva IT, Oliveira TY, Rosales RA, Parrish EH, Learn GH, Hahn BH, Czartoski JL, McElrath MJ, Lehmann C, Klein F, Caskey M, Walker BD, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF, Jankovic M, Nussenzweig MC. HIV-1 integration landscape during latent and active infection. Cell 2015; 160:420-32. [PMID: 25635456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The barrier to curing HIV-1 is thought to reside primarily in CD4(+) T cells containing silent proviruses. To characterize these latently infected cells, we studied the integration profile of HIV-1 in viremic progressors, individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy, and viremic controllers. Clonally expanded T cells represented the majority of all integrations and increased during therapy. However, none of the 75 expanded T cell clones assayed contained intact virus. In contrast, the cells bearing single integration events decreased in frequency over time on therapy, and the surviving cells were enriched for HIV-1 integration in silent regions of the genome. Finally, there was a strong preference for integration into, or in close proximity to, Alu repeats, which were also enriched in local hotspots for integration. The data indicate that dividing clonally expanded T cells contain defective proviruses and that the replication-competent reservoir is primarily found in CD4(+) T cells that remain relatively quiescent.
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114
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Li J, Lehmann C, Chen X, Romerio F, Lu W. Total chemical synthesis of human interferon alpha-2b via native chemical ligation. J Pept Sci 2015; 21:554-60. [PMID: 25810135 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFNα) is a cytokine that orchestrates innate and adaptive immune responses and potently inhibits proliferation of normal and tumor cells. These properties have warranted the use of IFNα in clinical practice for the treatment of several viral infections and malignancies. However, overexpression of IFNα leads to immunopathology observed in the context of chronic viral infections and autoimmune conditions. Thus, it is desirable to develop therapeutic approaches that aim at suppressing excessive IFNα production. To that end, artificial evolution of peptides from phage display libraries represents a strategy that seeks to disrupt the interaction between IFNα and its cell surface receptor and thus inhibit the ensuing biological effects. Mirror-image phage display that screens peptide libraries against the D-enantiomer is particularly attractive because it allows for identification of proteolysis-resistant D-peptide inhibitors. This approach, however, relies on the availability of chemically synthesized D-IFNα composed entirely of D-amino acids. Here, we describe the synthesis and biological properties of IFNα2b of 165 amino acid residues produced by native chemical ligation, which represents an important first step toward the discovery of D-peptide antagonists with potential therapeutic applications.
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115
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Ernst J, Friedrich M, Lehmann C, Vehling S, Oechsle K, Koch U, Mehnert A. [Communication Bad News by Physicians: The German Version of the MPP (Measure of Patients' Preferences) Questionnaire to the Communicative Preferences of Cancer Patients]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2015; 78:520-5. [PMID: 25664906 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1396849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Breaking bad news is as one of the most distressing tasks that doctors face with high demands on their communication and psychosocial skills. Patient preferences for communicating bad news influence the course of such consultations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the German version of the Measure of Patients' Preferences (MPP), a questionnaire that has been validated in several international studies. METHOD Statistical analyses were performed in a sample of N=270 cancer patients during early treatment phase (mixed cancer entities, mean age 56.9 years, 46.7% female). In this prospective study with 2 assessment times, the factorial structure of the MPP-D was examined using principal components analysis with varimax rotation. RESULTS Factor analysis resulted in a 9-factor solution, the 3 factor structure of the original version was not replicated. Cronbachs α was>0.80 for 7 of the MPP-D subscales indicating good to excellent reliability. CONCLUSION Further psychometric testing and optimisation of the measure is recommended.
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116
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Wafa K, Lehmann C, Wagner L, Drzymulski I, Wegner A, Pavlovic D. Desmopressin improves intestinal functional capillary density and decreases leukocyte activation in experimental endotoxemia. Microvasc Res 2015; 97:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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117
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Burkovskiy IB, Zhou J, Robertson G, Lehmann C. Cannabinoid 2 receptor antagonism reverses central nervous system injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome. Crit Care 2015. [PMCID: PMC4472342 DOI: 10.1186/cc14535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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118
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Klein F, Nogueira L, Nishimura Y, Phad G, West AP, Halper-Stromberg A, Horwitz JA, Gazumyan A, Liu C, Eisenreich TR, Lehmann C, Fätkenheuer G, Williams C, Shingai M, Martin MA, Bjorkman PJ, Seaman MS, Zolla-Pazner S, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Nussenzweig MC. Enhanced HIV-1 immunotherapy by commonly arising antibodies that target virus escape variants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2361-72. [PMID: 25385756 PMCID: PMC4235636 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated immunotherapy is effective in humanized mice when combinations of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are used that target nonoverlapping sites on the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope. In contrast, single bNAbs can control simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection in immune-competent macaques, suggesting that the host immune response might also contribute to the control of viremia. Here, we investigate how the autologous antibody response in intact hosts can contribute to the success of immunotherapy. We find that frequently arising antibodies that normally fail to control HIV-1 infection can synergize with passively administered bNAbs by preventing the emergence of bNAb viral escape variants.
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119
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Toguri JT, Lehmann C, Laprairie RB, Szczesniak AM, Zhou J, Denovan-Wright EM, Kelly MEM. Anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoid CB(2) receptor activation in endotoxin-induced uveitis. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1448-61. [PMID: 24308861 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabinoid CB2 receptors mediate immunomodulation. Here, we investigated the effects of CB2 receptor ligands on leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and inflammatory mediator release in experimental endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH EIU was induced by intraocular injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 20 ng·μL(-1) ). Effects of the CB2 receptor agonist, HU308 (1.5% topical), the CB2 receptor antagonist, AM630 (2.5 mg·kg(-1) i.v.), or a combination of both compounds on leukocyte-endothelial interactions were measured hourly for 6 h in rat iridial vasculature using intravital microscopy. Anti-inflammatory actions of HU308 were compared with those of clinical treatments for uveitis - dexamethasone, prednisolone and nepafenac. Transcription factors (NF-κB, AP-1) and inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules) were measured in iris and ciliary body tissue. KEY RESULTS Leukocyte-endothelium adherence was increased in iridial microvasculature between 4-6 h after LPS. HU308 reduced this effect after LPS injection and decreased pro-inflammatory mediators: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CCL5 and CXCL2. AM630 blocked the actions of HU-308, and increased leukocyte-endothelium adhesion. HU-308 decreased levels of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, while AM630 increased levels of NF-κB. Topical treatments with dexamethasone, prednisolone or nepafenac, failed to alter leukocyte adhesion or mitigate LPS-induced increases in inflammatory mediators during the 6 h of EIU. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of CB2 receptors was anti-inflammatory in a model of acute EIU and involved a reduction in NF-κB, AP-1 and inflammatory mediators. CB2 receptors may be promising drug targets for the development of novel ocular anti-inflammatory agents. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids 2013. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-6.
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120
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Eberhard JM, Hartjen P, Kummer S, Schmidt RE, Bockhorn M, Lehmann C, Balagopal A, Hauber J, van Lunzen J, zur Wiesch JS. CD161+ MAIT cells are severely reduced in peripheral blood and lymph nodes of HIV-infected individuals independently of disease progression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111323. [PMID: 25369333 PMCID: PMC4219715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are characterized by the combined expression of the semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) Vα7.2, the lectin receptor CD161, as well as IL-18R, and play an important role in antibacterial host defense of the gut. The current study characterized CD161+ MAIT and CD161–TCRVα7.2+ T cell subsets within a large cohort of HIV patients with emphasis on patients with slow disease progression and elite controllers. Mononuclear cells from blood and lymph node samples as well as plasma from 63 patients and 26 healthy donors were analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry and ELISA for IL-18, sCD14 and sCD163. Additionally, MAIT cells were analyzed after in vitro stimulation with different cytokines and/or fixed E.coli. Reduced numbers of CD161+ MAIT cells during HIV infection were detectable in the blood and lymph nodes of all patient groups, including elite controllers. CD161+ MAIT cell numbers did not recover even after successful antiretroviral treatment. The loss of CD161+ MAIT cells was correlated with higher levels of MAIT cell activation; an increased frequency of the CD161–TCRVα7.2+T cell subset in HIV infection was observed. In vitro stimulation of MAIT cells with IL-18 and IL-12, IL-7 and fixed E.coli also resulted in a rapid and additive reduction of the MAIT cell frequency defined by CD161, IL-18R and CCR6. In summary, the irreversible reduction of the CD161+ MAIT cell subset seems to be an early event in HIV infection that is independent of later stages of the disease. This loss appears to be at least partially due to the distinctive vulnerability of MAIT cells to the pronounced stimulation by microbial products and cytokines during HIV-infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/blood
- Disease Progression
- Escherichia coli/physiology
- Female
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/pathology
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-18/blood
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/pharmacology
- Interleukin-7/metabolism
- Interleukin-7/pharmacology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/blood
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/blood
- Receptors, Interleukin-18/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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121
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Wafa K, Herrmann A, Kuhnert T, Wegner A, Gründling M, Pavlovic D, Lehmann C. Short time impact of different hydroxyethyl starch solutions on the mesenteric microcirculation in experimental sepsis in rats. Microvasc Res 2014; 95:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Lehmann C, Burkovskiy I, Kuethe J, Zhou J, Caldwell C, Kelly M. Inhibition of the cannabinoid 2 receptor in CNS-injury induced immunodeficiency syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:736-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mauer D, Mockel-Tenbrinck N, Drechsel K, Lehmann C, Johnston I, Bohnenkamp H, Assenmacher M, Kaiser A. Potent polyclonal T cell activation and expansion through GMP-grade transact nano-matrices. Cytotherapy 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.01.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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ten Freyhaus H, Vogel D, Lehmann C, Kümmerle T, Wyen C, Fätkenheuer G, Rosenkranz S. Echocardiographic screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension in HIV-positive patients. Infection 2014; 42:737-41. [PMID: 24619834 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-014-0610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with an increased risk for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Upon the screening of 220 asymptomatic HIV-positive individuals by echocardiography, we detected and confirmed HIV-associated PAH in 0.45 % of cases. Mild elevations of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure most probably owing to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction were found in 7.7 % of cases, without progress after 2 years. We suggest that the screening of asymptomatic HIV-positive patients for PAH should not be performed.
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Heller S, Amin W, Hansen L, Winkel S, Stripling J, Awwad N, Lehmann C, Cramer E, Rieß FC. Complete arterial coronary revascularization using skeletonized bilateral mammary arteries in T-graft technique performed in on-pump or off-pump approach: Clinical results up to 13 years in 3513 patients consecutive. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1367083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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