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Jenkins DH, Josephs JD, Mueller D, Smith DL, Muskat PC. Concern over battlefield use of intravenous fluids. Mil Med 2000; 165:ii, 159. [PMID: 10709365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
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Sibelius U, Grandel U, Buerke M, Mueller D, Kiss L, Kraemer HJ, Braun-Dullaeus R, Haberbosch W, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Staphylococcal alpha-toxin provokes coronary vasoconstriction and loss in myocardial contractility in perfused rat hearts: role of thromboxane generation. Circulation 2000; 101:78-85. [PMID: 10618308 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.101.1.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac performance is severely depressed in septic shock. Endotoxin has been implicated as the causative agent in Gram-negative sepsis, but similar abnormalities are encountered in Gram-positive sepsis. We investigated the influence of the major exotoxin of Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcal alpha-toxin, in isolated perfused rat hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS Alpha-toxin 0.25 to 1 microg/mL caused a dose-dependent increase in coronary perfusion pressure that more than doubled. In parallel, we noted a decrease in left ventricular developed pressure and the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dt(max)), dropping to a minimum of <60% of control. These changes were accompanied by a liberation of thromboxane A(2) and prostacyclin into the coronary effluent. The release of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, and lactate did not surpass control heart values, and leukotrienes were also not detected. Indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid, and the thromboxane receptor antagonist daltroban fully blocked the alpha-toxin-induced coronary vasoconstrictor response and the decrease in left ventricular developed pressure and dP/dt(max), whereas the lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid, the platelet activating factor antagonist WEB 2086, and the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine were entirely ineffective. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase even enhanced the alpha-toxin-induced increase in coronary perfusion pressure and the loss in myocardial performance. CONCLUSIONS Purified staphylococcal alpha-toxin provokes coronary vasoconstriction and loss in myocardial contractility. The responses appear to be largely attributable to the generation of thromboxane and are even enhanced when the endogenous nitric oxide synthesis is blocked. Bacterial exotoxins, such as staphylococcal alpha-toxin, may thus be implicated in the loss of cardiac performance encountered in Gram-positive septic shock.
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Soubannier V, Rusconi F, Vaillier J, Arselin G, Chaignepain S, Graves PV, Schmitter JM, Zhang JL, Mueller D, Velours J. The second stalk of the yeast ATP synthase complex: identification of subunits showing cross-links with known positions of subunit 4 (subunit b). Biochemistry 1999; 38:15017-24. [PMID: 10555984 DOI: 10.1021/bi9916067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A component of the stator of the yeast ATP synthase (subunit 4 or b) showed many cross-linked products with the homobifunctional reagent dithiobis[succinimidyl propionate], which reacts with the amino group of lysine residues. The positions in subunit 4 that were involved in the cross-linkings were determined by using cysteine-generated mutants constructed by site-directed mutagenesis of ATP4. Cross-linking experiments with the heterobifunctional reagent p-azidophenacyl bromide, which has a spacer arm of 9 A, were performed with mitochondria and crude Triton X-100 extracts containing the solubilized enzyme. Substitution of lysine residues by cysteine residues in the hydrophilic C-terminal part of subunit 4 allowed cross-links with subunit h from C98 and with subunit d from C141, C143, and C151. OSCP was cross-linked from C174 and C209. A cross-linked product, 4+beta, was also obtained from C174. It is concluded that the C-terminus of subunit 4 is distant from the membrane surface and close to F(1) and OSCP. The N-terminal part of subunit 4 is close to subunit g, as demonstrated by the identification of a cross-linked product involving subunit g and the cysteine residues 7 or 14 of subunit 4.
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Maurer U, Stegmeier P, Bolte R, Jungius K, Mueller D, Georgi M. Gemcitabine (G) in combination radiationtherapy (RT) in stage III–IV pancreatic cancer: first results of a current phase I study. Eur J Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(99)80972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maurer U, Stegmaier P, Bolte R, Jungius K, Mueller D, Georgi M. 2114 Gemicitabine (G) in combination radiationtherapy (RT) in stage III–IV pancreatic cancer: First results of a current phase I study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(99)90384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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106
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Mueller D. Hybrid fiber coax networks: a viable option for telemedicine. J Digit Imaging 1998; 11:31-4. [PMID: 9848059 PMCID: PMC3453329 DOI: 10.1007/bf03168175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cable companies have improved their networks to the degree that they are viable alternatives to currently deployed networks. A detailed look at these cable networks shows them to be superior in bandwidth (capacity), speed, flexibility, and ubiquity. The services that can be provided by these networks are ideal to numerous advanced applications, including telemedicine.
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Wilson DB, Schroder K, Mueller D, Golding AB, Wilson DH, Gold DP. Analysis of TCR beta chains in Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. II. Vbeta8.2+ T cells with limited CDR3 N region additions derive from the adult thymus. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:1216-24. [PMID: 9565361 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199804)28:04<1216::aid-immu1216>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immunization of Lewis (LEW) rats with guinea pig myelin basic protein (MBP) induces a population of encephalitogenic CD4 T cells having specificity for the dominant immunogenic peptide of MBP, 68-86. The TCR beta chains of these disease-causing T cells show three distinct features: they are almost exclusively Vbeta8.2, they use AspSer as the first two amino acid residues of the third complementarity-determining region (CDR3) and these junctional region sequences show few if any non-germline N-region nucleotide additions. This last feature raises the possibility that these autoimmune T cell precursors derive from TCR gene rearrangements occurring during early, perinatal ontogeny, a period when the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), responsible for N region additions, is not expressed. An alternative possibility is that these features of the TCR of MBP 68-86-reactive T cells are dictated by considerations of antigen selection throughout ontogeny both in the thymus and in the periphery--ie., that such beta chains are conformationally the most appropriate for triggering by an epitope of 68-86 complexed to class II RT1.BI MHC molecules. We show here that active experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, while delayed in onset, occurs in heavily irradiated animals, but not in the absence of a thymus, a finding indicating that this autoimmune disease is caused by a T cell subpopulation derived from the post-irradiation adult thymus. These disease-causing T cells are heavily Vbeta8.2+, CDR3 AspSer+ and use few N region additions. We conclude that T cells with these TCR beta chain features can be generated in the adult thymus and most likely reflect requirements imposed by antigen selection.
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Gosselin LE, Megirian D, Rodman J, Mueller D, Farkas GA. Respiratory muscle reserve in rats during heavy exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1997; 83:1405-9. [PMID: 9338452 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.4.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent to which the respiratory pump muscles limit maximal aerobic capacity in quadrupeds is not entirely clear. To examine the effect of reduced respiratory muscle reserve on aerobic capacity, whole body peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) was measured in healthy Sprague-Dawley rats before and after Sham, unilateral, or bilateral hemidiaphragm denervation (Dnv) surgery. VO2 peak was determined by using a graded treadmill running test. Hemidiaphragm paralysis was verified after testing by recording the absence of electromyographic activity during inspiration. Before surgery, VO2 peak averaged 86, 87, and 92 ml . kg-1 . min-1 for the Sham, unilateral, and bilateral Dnv groups, respectively. Two weeks after surgery, there was no significant change in VO2 peak for either the Sham or unilateral Dnv group. However, VO2 peak decreased approximately 19% in the bilateral Dnv group 2 wk after surgery. These findings strongly suggest that the pulmonary system in rats is designed such that during heavy exercise, the remaining respiratory pump muscles are able to compensate for the loss of one hemidiaphragm, but not of both.
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Peska DN, DeLange B, Gratch JO, Bleicher JN, Pertusi RM, Mueller D. Short-term continuous infusion thrombolytic therapy for occluded central nervous venous dialysis catheters. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MANAGED CARE 1997; 3:261-4. [PMID: 10169260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The necessity of maintaining a strict schedule of dialysis treatments in patients with chronic renal failure dictates that occluded access catheters be restored to full function in a timely and cost-effective manner. The records of 22 consecutive patients receiving outpatient treatment for occluded hemodialysis catheters at Osteopathic Medical Center of Texas were reviewed by the authors. Each patient had 100,000 units of urokinase in 50 ml normal saline instilled over 30 minutes through the occluded catheter. In most instances the dose was divided to allow 35 ml to the proximal port and 15 ml to the distal port. The maximum sustained blood flow rate on dialysis was recorded for each patient. The mean maximum sustained blood flow rate improved from 150 ml/min +/- 79 ml to 261 ml/min +/- 62 ml. Following infusion, improvement was obtained in 19 of 22 patients, with 14 catheters delivering blood flow greater than 250 ml/min. The total cost per treatment was $316. No adverse events were experienced. Thrombotic occlusion of extended use hemodialysis catheters can be rapidly and safely relieved in a cost-effective manner with little delay in scheduled dialysis treatments.
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Mueller D. Top training: a formula for success. PROVIDER (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 1995; 21:35-6. [PMID: 10153015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Efthimion PC, Johnson LC, Strachan JD, Synakowski EJ, Zarnstorff M, Adler H, Barnes C, Budny RV, Jobes FC, Louglin M, McCune D, Mueller D, Ramsey AT, Rewoldt G, Roquemore AL, Tang WM, Taylor G. Tritium particle transport experiments on TFTR during D-T operation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:85-88. [PMID: 10059121 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Gold DP, Shaikewitz ST, Mueller D, Redd JR, Sellins KS, Pettersson A, Lernmark A, Bellgrau D. T cells from BB-DP rats show a unique cytokine mRNA profile associated with the IDDM1 susceptibility gene, Lyp. Autoimmunity 1995; 22:149-61. [PMID: 8734569 DOI: 10.3109/08916939508995312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes prone biobreeding rats display several abnormalities in T cell numbers, T cell function and T cell surface phenotype which are associated with the onset of spontaneous disease. One of the most pronounced abnormalities in these animals is a marked T cell lymphopenia which is evident in both CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral T cell subsets. To gain a better understanding as to the nature of T cell responses in these animals, we have utilized RT-PCR to analyze the cytokine mRNA profiles of mitogen activated peripheral T cells derived from lymphopenic and non-lymphopenic animals. Our results suggest that inheritance of the lymphopenia gene, Lyp, is associated with a unique cytokine profile most similar to that previously described for mouse medullary thymocytes. In addition, cell surface staining of peripheral T cells from diabetes prone animals revealed a high frequency of Thyl+ cells, which is characteristic of both thymocytes and recent thymic emigrants. Following thymectomy, T cell responsiveness to a number of different stimuli is greatly reduced on a cell for cell basis as is the absolute number of surviving T cells. Taken collectively, our results suggest that the majority of the peripheral T cell pool in these diabetic prone rats consists of short lived, recent thymic emigrants which most likely also contain the effector cells required for initiation of diabetes.
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Black PR, Mueller D, Crow J, Morris RC, Husain AN. Mesenteric defects as a cause of intestinal volvulus without malrotation and as the possible primary etiology of intestinal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29:1339-43. [PMID: 7807321 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3468(94)90111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mesenteric defects can lead to intestinal volvulus even when the midgut is normally rotated. There are two types of mesenteric defects: basilar, in which the entire base of the mesentery is involved, and segmental, in which only an isolated portion of the mesentery is affected. These defects can present at any age, and the clinical symptoms depend on the extent of the disease and the amount of intestine involved in the volvulus. In the newborn, the basilar defects have clinical signs and symptoms similar to those of midgut volvulus secondary to malrotation. Similar to midgut volvulus secondary to malrotation, this is a surgical emergency. In older patients, basilar defects can be misdiagnosed because of the normal placement of the ligament of Treitz and because of failure to consider mesenteric defects as a possible cause. The treatment for basilar mesenteric defects is intestinal fixation. Intestinal volvulus secondary to segmental defects always presents as intestinal obstruction. In the newborn, these lesions may be indistinguishable from intestinal atresia. Older children present with intestinal obstruction of an unknown cause. Resection of the affected intestine is the treatment for segmental mesenteric defects. Intestinal mesenteric abnormalities as a cause of intestinal atresia unifies under one etiology all the lesions observed in intestinal atresia. Although this theory does not rule out other causes of intestinal atresia, intestinal mesenteric defects may be the primary condition under which intestinal atresia occurs.
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Jeter JH, Mueller D. TAC gel--a sterile formulation. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 23:600. [PMID: 8135444 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0644(94)70087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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115
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Garces P, Mueller D, Trevenen C. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a child with leukemia: CT and MRI findings. Pediatr Radiol 1994; 24:50-1. [PMID: 8008497 DOI: 10.1007/bf02017662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Anderson EJ, Richardson M, Castle G, Cercone S, Delahanty L, Lyon R, Mueller D, Snetselaar L. Nutrition interventions for intensive therapy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. The DCCT Research Group. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 1993; 93:768-72. [PMID: 8320402 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8223(93)91750-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As part of an intensive treatment regimen that had as its goal achieving and maintaining blood glucose levels in the normal range in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, dietitians in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial implemented varying nutrition intervention strategies to counsel patients to attain normoglycemia. Dietary management encompassed recommendations on altering insulin dosages for varying food intake. Nutrition intervention was tailored to best meet a participant's life-style, motivation, ability to grasp information, diet history, and specific intensive insulin therapy. Dietitians were integral participants in the team management of individuals in the intensive treatment group. Selected nutrition interventions--Healthy Food Choices, exchange systems, carbohydrate counting, and total available glucose--and behavior management approaches were coupled with intensive insulin therapy. Case presentations illustrate each nutrition intervention in the attainment of normoglycemia.
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Kattwinkel J, Bloom BT, Delmore P, Davis CL, Farrell E, Friss H, Jung AL, King K, Mueller D. Prophylactic administration of calf lung surfactant extract is more effective than early treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates of 29 through 32 weeks' gestation. Pediatrics 1993; 92:90-8. [PMID: 8516091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although numerous trials have demonstrated the efficacy of exogenous surfactant for prophylaxis or treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), optimum timing of administration remains controversial. One previous study showed that administration of calf lung surfactant extract immediately following birth, to neonates born before 30 weeks postconceptional age, was preferable to delaying administration until after development of RDS. The current study was designed to test a similar hypothesis for babies born between 29 and 32 weeks gestational age. DESIGN One thousand three hundred ninety-eight neonates with obstetric estimates of 29 through 32 weeks' gestation were randomized to receive CLSE at birth or to wait until development of mild RDS. After exclusions for malformations and other factors, data from 1248 were analyzed. RESULTS Prophylaxis was associated with less development of moderate RDS (7% vs 12%), less need for retreatment (5% vs 9%), less need for mechanical ventilation or supplemental oxygen during the first 4 days, and fewer deaths or less requirement for supplemental oxygen at 28 days (5% vs 9%). Although 1-minute Apgar scores were significantly lower in the prophylaxis group, the difference disappeared by the 5-minute score and there was no difference in the incidence of asphyxia-related complications. Sixty percent of the neonates assigned to early treatment received endotracheal intubation and 43% received calf lung surfactant extract at a median age of 1.5 hours. When data were analyzed by gestational age and birth weight subgroups, most of the differences could be attributable to babies born at 30 weeks or less or weighing less than 1500 g, probably because of the higher incidence of surfactant deficiency in this more immature subgroup.
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Taylor G, Bell MG, Biglari H, Bitter M, Bretz NL, Budny R, Chen L, Darrow D, Efthimion PC, Ernst D, Fredrickson E, Fu GY, Grek B, Grisham L, Hammett G, Hosea JC, Janos A, Jassby D, Jobes FC, Johnson DW, Johnson LC, Majeski R, Mansfield DK, Mazzucato E, Medley SS, Mueller D, Nazikian R, Owens DK, Paul S, Park H, Phillips CK, Rogers JH, Schilling G, Schivell J, Schmidt GL, Stevens JE, Stratton BC, Strachan JD, Synakowski E, Wilson JR, Wong KL, Zweben SJ, Baylor L, Bush CE, Goldfinger RC, Hoffman DJ, Murakami M, Qualls AL, Rasmussen D, Machuzak J, Rimini F, Chang Z. Ion cyclotron range of frequency heating on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.860728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Pinto A, Dold OR, Mueller D, Gilbert-Barness E. Pathological cases of the month. Infantile fibrosarcoma. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DISEASES OF CHILDREN (1960) 1993; 147:691-2. [PMID: 8506844 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1993.02160300097034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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120
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Wong KL, Durst R, Fonck RJ, Paul SF, Roberts DR, Fredrickson ED, Nazikian R, Park HK, Bell M, Bretz NL, Budny R, Cheng CZ, Cohen S, Hammett GW, Jobes FC, Johnson L, Meade DM, Medley SS, Mueller D, Nagayama Y, Owens DK, Sabbagh S, Synakowski EJ. Investigation of global Alfvén instabilities in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.860462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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121
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Shih A, Hor C, Elam W, Kirkland J, Mueller D. Surface geometry of BaO on W(100): A surface-extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure study. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 44:5818-5826. [PMID: 9998427 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.5818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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122
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Jassby DL, Barnes CW, Bell MG, Bitter M, Boivin R, Bretz NL, Budny RV, Bush CE, Dylla HF, Efthimion PC, Fredrickson ED, Hawryluk RJ, Hill KW, Hosea J, Hsuan H, Janos AC, Jobes FC, Johnson DW, Johnson LC, Kamperschroer J, Kieras‐Phillips C, Kilpatrick SJ, LaMarche PH, LeBlanc B, Mansfield DK, Marmar ES, McCune DC, McGuire KM, Meade DM, Medley SS, Mikkelsen DR, Mueller D, Owens DK, Park HK, Paul SF, Pitcher S, Ramsey AT, Redi MH, Sabbagh SA, Scott SD, Snipes J, Stevens J, Strachan JD, Stratton BC, Synakowski EJ, Taylor G, Terry JL, Timberlake JR, Towner HH, Ulrickson M, von Goeler S, Wieland RM, Williams M, Wilson JR, Wong K, Young KM, Zarnstorff MC, Zweben SJ. High‐Qplasmas in the TFTR tokamak. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.859988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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123
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Grisham LR, Scott SD, Goldston RJ, Bell MG, Bell R, Bretz NL, Bush CE, Grek B, Hammett GH, Hill K, Jobes F, Johnson D, Kaye S, Mansfield D, Mueller D, Park HK, Ramsey A, Schivell J, Stratton B, Synakowski EJ, Taylor G, Towner HH. Scaling of confinement with major and minor radius in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1991; 67:66-69. [PMID: 10044053 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.67.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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124
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Wong KL, Fonck RJ, Paul SF, Roberts DR, Fredrickson ED, Nazikian R, Park HK, Bell M, Bretz NL, Budny R, Cohen S, Hammett GW, Jobes FC, Meade DM, Medley SS, Mueller D, Nagayama Y, Owens DK, Synakowski EJ. Excitation of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes in TFTR. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1991; 66:1874-1877. [PMID: 10043332 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.66.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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125
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Botham PA, Basketter DA, Maurer T, Mueller D, Potokar M, Bontinck WJ. Skin sensitization--a critical review of predictive test methods in animals and man. Food Chem Toxicol 1991; 29:275-86. [PMID: 2040490 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(91)90025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
With the exception of the Draize Test, the guinea-pig test methods currently accepted by regulatory authorities worldwide are well able to predict the potential of a material to cause skin sensitization. Nevertheless, (a) some methods are more sensitive than others (e.g. adjuvant tests are generally more sensitive than non-adjuvant tests); (b) methods cannot be sufficiently standardized to give full reproducibility of results between laboratories; and (c) most methods are based on subjective visual grading of skin reactions--difficulties thus arise when testing coloured or irritant materials. Laboratories must be able to show the sensitivity of the method(s) they use by demonstrating that positive reactions occur with mild/moderate contact allergens rather than the strong/extreme sensitizers currently recommended in certain guidelines, specifically in the EEC Test Method. The sensitivity of the adjuvant tests is such that it is possible to halve the minimum number of animals required by present regulatory guidelines without compromising the capacity of the tests to detect weak/mild sensitizers. A similar review has not yet been made for non-adjuvant tests. Alternative test methods, including some recently developed mouse models, offer several advantages, including more objective endpoints. These tests have not been extensively validated and this precludes their use at present for regulatory purposes other than to confirm the sensitization potential of a material. Two new test methods using mice, the Mouse Ear-swelling Test and the Local Lymph Node Assay, appear promising. They should undergo rigorous interlaboratory testing to determine their sensitivity and specificity. In vitro methods do not represent a viable alternative in the foreseeable future. An approach using quantitative structure-activity relationships is the most likely route to a non-animal model, but this will require considerable research, development and validation. Human sensitization tests have generally not been used for the classification of substances as non-sensitizers. This is because of an absence of internationally agreed test protocols, the lack of positive controls and because the methods for establishing the sensitivity of human tests are less developed than for animal tests. Nevertheless, for products for which direct human contact is intended, predictive tests in human volunteers can be considered. The EEC Directive for the Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances provides a reasonable approach to the evaluation of skin sensitizers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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