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Berry MA, Hargadon B, McKenna S, Shaw D, Green RH, Brightling CE, Wardlaw AJ, Pavord ID. Observational study of the natural history of eosinophilic bronchitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:598-601. [PMID: 15898981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic bronchitis is an important cause of chronic cough. Treatment with inhaled corticosteroids is associated with a short-term improvement in cough and reduced sputum eosinophil count but the long-term outcome is uncertain. OBJECTIVE To determine the long-term outcome in patients diagnosed with and treated for eosinophilic bronchitis. METHODS We have performed a longitudinal study of symptoms, eosinophilic airway inflammation, spirometry and airway hyper-responsiveness in all patients diagnosed with eosinophilic bronchitis over 7 years. RESULTS We identified 52 patients with eosinophilic bronchitis and longitudinal data of greater than 1 year (mean 3.1 years) was available in 32 patients, all of whom were treated with inhaled steroids. Three (9%) patients developed symptoms consistent with asthma and a methacholine PC20<8 mg/mL on one or more occasion. Five (16%) patients developed fixed airflow obstruction defined by a persistent post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity<70%. One (3%) patient had complete resolution of symptoms and eosinophilic airway inflammation off treatment. The remaining patients had ongoing eosinophilic airway inflammation and/or continuing symptoms. Multiple linear regression identified smoking, female gender and area under the curve of sputum eosinophil count over time as the most important predictors of decline in FEV1. CONCLUSIONS The most common outcome in eosinophilic bronchitis is continuing disease and complete resolution is rare. Asthma and fixed airflow obstruction developed in relatively few patients. The most important factors associated with a more rapid decline in FEV1 were female gender, smoking and prolonged eosinophilic airway inflammation.
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Kayitmazer AB, Shaw D, Dubin PL. Role of Polyelectrolyte Persistence Length in the Binding of Oppositely Charged Micelles, Dendrimers, and Protein to Chitosan and Poly(dimethyldiallyammonium chloride). Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma050328i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stone C, Humberstone AJ, Gard’ner K, Evans A, Shaw D, Ludbrook GL. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after administration of a novel non-occlusive transdermal system. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.8199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Shaw D, Blair V, Framp A, Harawira P, McLeod M, Guilford P, Parry S, Charlton A, Martin I. Chromoendoscopic surveillance in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: an alternative to prophylactic gastrectomy? Gut 2005; 54:461-8. [PMID: 15753528 PMCID: PMC1774455 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.049171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is defined by germline mutations in the E-cadherin gene, CDH-1. The first family in which CDH-1 mutations were identified was a large Maori kindred, where lifetime penetrance is 70%. Prophylactic gastrectomy is an unacceptable option for many mutation carriers. The results of annual chromoendoscopic surveillance using the methylene blue/congo red technique in 33 mutation carriers over a five year period are described. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty three confirmed CDH-1 mutation carriers (18 males, 15 females), median age 32 years (range 14-69), were enrolled in 1999-2003. Medical records, endoscopy, and pathology were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Over five years, 99 surveillance endoscopies were performed, of which 93 were chromo-dye enhanced. Sixty nine chromoendoscopies were normal. In 24 procedures, 1-6 pale areas/stomach (size 2-10 mm) were detected post chromo-dye application (totalling 56 pale lesions). One biopsy was taken from each pale lesion: 23 lesions (41%) showed signet ring cell carcinoma (10 patients), 10 lesions (18%) gastritis (four patients), and 23 (41%) normal mucosa (10 patients). No chromo-dyes were used in six procedures with macroscopic lesions (two HDGC, four ulceration). Total gastrectomies from patients with carcinoma were macroscopically normal but pathological mapping showed multiple microscopic foci of early signet ring cell carcinoma. Correlation of chromoendoscopic and gastrectomy findings showed that congo red/methylene blue detected carcinoma foci 4-10 mm in size but not foci <4 mm. CONCLUSIONS The use of chromoendoscopy following normal white light gastroscopy facilitated detection of early gastric carcinoma foci not visible with white light gastroscopy. If these findings are validated in other HDGC kindred, chromogastroscopy represents an improved surveillance technique that can be safely considered alongside prophylactic gastrectomy.
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Philip J, Silver RK, Wilson RD, Thom EA, Zachary JM, Mohide P, Mahoney MJ, Simpson JL, Platt LD, Pergament E, Hershey D, Filkins K, Johnson A, Shulman LP, Bang J, MacGregor S, Smith JR, Shaw D, Wapner RJ, Jackson LG. [Late first-trimester invasive prenatal diagnosis--secondary publication. An international randomized trial]. Ugeskr Laeger 2005; 167:1293-6. [PMID: 15830503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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Dearman RJ, Skinner RA, Deakin N, Shaw D, Kimber I. Evaluation of an in vitro method for the measurement of specific IgE antibody responses: the rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cell assay. Toxicology 2005; 206:195-205. [PMID: 15588913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of allergenic potential is a key parameter in the safety assessment of novel proteins, including those expressed in genetically modified crops and foodstuffs. The majority of allergic reactions to food proteins are immediate type hypersensitivity reactions in which the principal biological effector is IgE antibody; the accurate measurement of specific IgE antibody is therefore a critical factor in experimental systems designed to characterize protein allergenic potential. Due to the presence of much higher concentrations of other immunoglobulin isotypes, the assessment of specific serum IgE antibody poses substantial technical challenges. We have examined the utility of the rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cell line for the measurement of murine IgE responses. RBL cells were sensitized with mouse monoclonal anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE antibody and challenged with DNP-albumin conjugates with various hapten substitution ratios (SR). Polyclonal anti-OVA IgE antisera were also assessed for activity in the RBL assay. Results were compared with titers measured in homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay. Marked degranulation of RBL cells was induced by conjugates with SRs of between 16 and 32, whereas conjugates with lower SRs (of 10 or 3) failed to elicit significant serotonin release. All conjugates were able to induce mast cell degranulation in vivo in a PCA assay. Anti-OVA antisera with PCA titers of 1/32 to 1/64 failed to stimulate RBL cell degranulation, whereas high titer antibody (1/2048 to 1/4096 by PCA) induced a positive RBL cell response. Successful stimulation of RBL cell degranulation requires not only appropriate epitope densities but also high affinity antibody. These data indicate that this assay is inappropriate for the routine analysis of specific polyclonal IgE antibody responses such as those that are induced by exposure to complex protein allergens.
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Ramirez R, Strunk C, Sokolowski C, Malone M, Shaw D. PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTING: THE INFLUENCE OF NOSE CLIPS ON FORCED EXPIRATORY MANEUVERS. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/01823246-200415040-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shia G, Shaw D, Dargan PI. Assessing health risks of complementary alternative medicines in cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:995-6; author reply 996-7. [PMID: 15266321 PMCID: PMC2409879 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Betancourt O, Donate F, Guan X, Shaw D, Mazar A, Pirie-Shepherd S. 153 Inhibition of cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in endothelial cells: a possible mechanism for the antiangiogenic properties of the copper depleting drug ATN-224. EJC Suppl 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(04)80161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Shaw D. History of the FIGO Committee for Women's Sexual and Reproductive Rights. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 86:294-316. [PMID: 15289119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Connolly NB, Shaw D, Fenemore J, Garner C, Kilany S, Hedlund G, Forsberg G, Stern P, Hawkins RE. A phase II study of ABR-214936 (anatumomab mafenatox) tumour targeted superantigen (TTS) therapy in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Philip J, Silver RK, Wilson RD, Thom EA, Zachary JM, Mohide P, Mahoney MJ, Simpson JL, Platt LD, Pergament E, Hershey D, Filkins K, Johnson A, Shulman LP, Bang J, MacGregor S, Smith JR, Shaw D, Wapner RJ, Jackson LG. Late first-trimester invasive prenatal diagnosis: results of an international randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103:1164-73. [PMID: 15172848 DOI: 10.1097/01.aog.0000128049.73556.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess, in a randomized trial, the safety and accuracy of amniocentesis and transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (CVS) performed at 11-14 weeks of gestation, given that this time frame is increasingly relevant to early trisomy screening. METHODS We compared amniocentesis with CVS from 77 to 104 days of gestation in a randomized trial in a predominantly advanced maternal age population. Before randomization, the feasibility of both procedures was confirmed by ultrasonography, and experienced operators performed sampling under ultrasound guidance; conventional cytogenetic analysis was employed. The primary outcome measure was a composite of fetal loss plus preterm delivery before 28 weeks of gestation in cytogenetically normal pregnancies. RESULTS We randomized 3,775 women into 2 groups (1,914 to CVS; 1,861 to amniocentesis), which were comparable at baseline. More than 99.6% had the assigned procedure, and 99.9% were followed through delivery. In contrast to previous thinking, in the cytogenetically normal cohort (n = 3,698), no difference in primary study outcome was observed: 2.1% (95% confidence interval 1.5, 2.8) for CVS and 2.3% (95% confidence interval, 1.7, 3.1) for amniocentesis. However, spontaneous losses before 20 weeks and procedure-related, indicated terminations combined were increased in the amniocentesis group (P =.07, relative risk 1.74). We found a 4-fold increase in the rate of talipes equinovarus after amniocentesis (P =.02) overall and in week 13 (P =.03, relative risk = 4.65), but data were insufficient to determine this risk in week 14. CONCLUSION Amniocentesis at 13 weeks carries a significantly increased risk of talipes equinovarus compared with CVS and also suggests an increase in early, unintended pregnancy loss. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I
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Stewart SE, Geller DA, Jenike M, Pauls D, Shaw D, Mullin B, Faraone SV. Long-term outcome of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis and qualitative review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 110:4-13. [PMID: 15180774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the extant literature on the long-term outcome of child/adolescent-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHOD Medline and Psychlit databases were systematically searched for articles regarding long-term outcomes of child/adolescent-onset OCD. Meta-analysis regression was applied to evaluate predictors and persistence of OCD. RESULTS Sixteen study samples (n = 6-132; total = 521 participants) in 22 studies had follow-up periods ranging between 1 and 15.6 years. Pooled mean persistence rates were 41% for full OCD and 60% for full or subthreshold OCD. Earlier age of OCD onset (z = -3.26, P = 0.001), increased OCD duration (z = 2.22, P = 0.027) and in-patient vs. out-patient status (z = 2.94, P = 0.003) predicted greater persistence. Comorbid psychiatric illness and poor initial treatment response were poor prognostic factors. Although psychosocial function was frequently compromised, most studies lacked comprehensive outcome measures. CONCLUSION Long-term persistence of pediatric OCD may be lower than believed. Future studies should include broader measures of outcome including symptomatic persistence and functional impairment in multiple domains.
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Charlton A, Blair V, Shaw D, Parry S, Guilford P, Martin IG. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: predominance of multiple foci of signet ring cell carcinoma in distal stomach and transitional zone. Gut 2004; 53:814-20. [PMID: 15138207 PMCID: PMC1774074 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2002.010447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2003] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Germline mutations in the CDH-1/E-cadherin gene are, to date, the only known cause of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC). While two recent series of prophylactic gastrectomy described microscopic foci of signet ring cell carcinoma in sample sections from 10 macroscopically normal stomachs, whole stomach phenotype has not been mapped. We aimed to describe the size and distribution of foci in relation to mucosal zones and anatomical location. METHODS Six patients (from three HDGC kindred) were referred for total gastrectomy via three different referral pathways. Following fixation, five stomachs were completely blocked and one extensively sampled. Histopathology was mapped to a mucosal photograph of each stomach, enabling precise localisation of carcinoma foci, benign pathology, and mucosal zones. RESULTS There were 4-318 microscopic foci of intramucosal signet ring cell adenocarcinoma in the six macroscopically normal stomachs (foci size 0.1-10 mm in diameter). The distal third of the stomach contained 48% of total foci (range 29-75%). The body-antral transitional zone occupied 7.7% of mucosal area (range 3.6-11.8) but had 37% of foci (range 10%-75%). The largest foci were found in the transitional zone and foci density was five times greater in the transitional zone than in body or antral type mucosa. CONCLUSIONS In germline CDH-1 mutation carriers, multiple microscopic foci of intramucosal signet ring cell carcinoma show a predilection for the distal stomach and the body-antral transitional zone. Targeting the transitional zone would maximise the likelihood of finding foci in macroscopically normal gastrectomies, and particular attention should be paid to this area during endoscopy.
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Shaw D, Dawson GR, Reynolds DS, McCabe C, Leslie JC. Effects of chlordiazepoxide on extinction and re-acquisition of operant behaviour in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2004; 15:225-32. [PMID: 15187580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the role of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in extinction of appetitively motivated tasks. The benzodiazepine (BZ) chlordiazepoxide (CDP) was administered during extinction and re-acquisition of lever pressing by mice following food reinforced discrete-trial fixed-ratio 5 (FR-5) training. Typical FR behaviour was established during baseline training and persisted for several extinction sessions. There were 15 extinction sessions in all, followed by six re-acquisition sessions where food reinforcement was re-introduced. In a 2x2x2 between-group design, CDP (15 mg/kg) or vehicle injections were given prior to either the last two food reinforcement sessions and the first 10 extinction sessions, or the final five extinction sessions, or the six re-acquisition sessions. Initially CDP had no effect on the rate of extinction, but after several extinction sessions it significantly facilitated it. Surprisingly, if CDP was administered only after several sessions of extinction, it immediately produced facilitation. Thus the delayed effects of CDP are not due to drug accumulation. These data suggest that some neural change must occur before CDP can affect extinction processes. In re-acquisition sessions, CDP facilitated the reinstatement of food-reinforced lever pressing. Implications for neural and behavioural accounts of operant extinction are discussed.
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Shaw D. Women's sexual and reproductive rights--a social responsibility for obstetricians-gynecologists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS: THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS 2004; 84:299. [PMID: 15001387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shaw D. Food allergy may predict life threatening asthma in children. Thorax 2003. [DOI: 10.1136/thorax.58.9.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Shaw D, Goldsmith LA. An apparatus to measure the thermal diffusivity of irradiated fuel specimens at temperatures up to 1200 C by the flash method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0950-7671/43/8/334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shaw D, Priestman W, McIntyre CW. Benign intracranial hypertension in a patient with chronic renal failure, precipitated by hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 2002; 58:458-60. [PMID: 12508970 DOI: 10.5414/cnp58458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Shaw D, Wells ALJ. The effect of the internal electric field on ionized impurity diffusion in semiconductors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/17/8/304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Aubertin G, Cripps S, Coleman G, McGillivray B, Yong SL, Van Allen M, Shaw D, Arbour L. Prenatal diagnosis of apparently isolated unilateral multicystic kidney: implications for counselling and management. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22:388-94. [PMID: 12001193 DOI: 10.1002/pd.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cases where initial prenatal diagnosis was made of isolated unilateral multicystic kidney (UMCK) were reviewed to determine appropriate counselling and management strategies. For the 73 cases, chromosome abnormalities, pregnancy complications and family histories were reviewed. In addition, subsequently diagnosed birth defects, and pediatric medical and surgical outcomes were available for 54 cases. Of those with outcome information available renal/genital-urinary tract abnormalities were diagnosed subsequently in 33% and non-renal abnormalities in 16% of cases. Of the non-renal abnormalities, congenital heart defects were most frequent (7%). One chromosome abnormality, a trisomy 21, was present among 32 cases where karyotypes were known (3%). Amniotic fluid volume abnormalities were present in 11 cases but not predictive of associated anomalies, with the exception of one case where polyhydramnios accompanied multiple malformations consistent with VATER association. A family history of structural renal anomalies was reported in 11 cases (20%). There were 14 cases of partial or complete involution (25%), including two cases of complete prenatal involution of the cystic kidneys. No long-term associated morbidity such as hypertension or malignancy was present in our cohort. Based on our study and corroborating literature, amniocentesis should be offered to women when a seemingly isolated UMCK is detected on routine prenatal ultrasound. Furthermore, a detailed ultrasound with careful assessment of the fetal heart and contralateral kidney is indicated at diagnosis and during the third trimester to assess for further evidence of structural abnormalities, as well as amniotic fluid volume abnormalities. Careful assessment of the newborn is indicated with appropriate speciality referral as required.
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Razzaque Z, Pickard JD, Ma QP, Shaw D, Morrison K, Wang T, Longmore J. 5-HT1B-receptors and vascular reactivity in human isolated blood vessels: assessment of the potential craniovascular selectivity of sumatriptan. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 53:266-74. [PMID: 11874390 PMCID: PMC1874302 DOI: 10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.01536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS 5-HT1B-receptor mediated vasoconstriction of cranial arteries is a potential mechanism by which 5-HT1B/1D-receptor agonists such as sumatriptan produce their antimigraine effects. 5-HT1B-receptors exist in other blood vessels which may give rise to unwanted vascular effects. Therefore we examined the distribution of 5-HT1B-receptor immunoreactivity (i.r.) in human blood vessels (including target and nontarget vessels) and confirmed the functionality of this receptor protein, by comparing the vasoconstrictor effects of sumatriptan and 5-HT (the endogenous ligand) in isolated vessels. METHODS Blood vessels (middle meningeal, pial, temporal and uterine arteries and saphenous veins) were obtained from surgical patients (with consent). Sections of the vessels were prepared for routine immunohistochemical studies using specific 5-HT1B- and 5-HT1D-receptor antibodies. For functional studies, ring segments of the vessels were mounted in organ baths for isometric tension recording. RESULTS 5-HT1B-receptor i.r. was detected on the smooth muscle layer in middle meningeal, pial and uterine arteries and in saphenous vein and sumatriptan produced contractions in these vessels with potency values (mean pEC50) of 7.00, 7.08, 6.44 and 6.61, respectively, the magnitude of contraction was greatest in the cranial arteries with Emax values of 100.7, 60.3, 23.0 and 35.9%, respectively (expressed as a percentage of the reference agonist 45 mm KCl). 5-HT1B-receptor i.r. was not detected in temporal artery and sumatriptan had no effect in this artery. 5-HT1D-receptor i.r. was not detected in any of the vessels studied. CONCLUSIONS Sumatriptan can evoke vasoconstriction in antimigraine target vessels and also in nontarget vessels through an action at 5-HT1B-rcceptors. Sumatriptan acts preferentially to cause contraction in human cranial arteries compared with the other blood vessels we examined and this effect is likely to be shared by other drugs of this class.
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Shaw D, Chicchi GG, Elliott JM, Kurtz M, Morrison D, Ridgill MP, Szeto N, Watt AP, Williams AR, Swain CJ. 2-Aryl indole NK(1) antagonists: optimisation of the amide substituent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:3031-4. [PMID: 11714604 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo properties of a series of 2-arylindole NK(1) antagonists have been improved, by modification of the amide substituent. The 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine amide was identified as a major area of metabolism in the lead compound 1. Replacement of this amine moiety by a 4-benzyl-4-hydroxypiperidine resulted in a compound 18 with reduced clearance and improved central duration of action.
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Wang XH, Connor M, Wilson D, Wilson HI, Nicholson GM, Smith R, Shaw D, Mackay JP, Alewood PF, Christie MJ, King GF. Discovery and structure of a potent and highly specific blocker of insect calcium channels. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:40306-12. [PMID: 11522785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105206200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated a novel family of insect-selective neurotoxins that appear to be the most potent blockers of insect voltage-gated calcium channels reported to date. These toxins display exceptional phylogenetic specificity, with at least a 10,000-fold preference for insect versus vertebrate calcium channels. The structure of one of the toxins reveals a highly structured, disulfide-rich core and a structurally disordered C-terminal extension that is essential for channel blocking activity. Weak structural/functional homology with omega-agatoxin-IVA/B, the prototypic inhibitor of vertebrate P-type calcium channels, suggests that these two toxin families might share a similar mechanism of action despite their vastly different phylogenetic specificities.
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Overbosch D, Schilthuis H, Bienzle U, Behrens RH, Kain KC, Clarke PD, Toovey S, Knobloch J, Nothdurft HD, Shaw D, Roskell NS, Chulay JD. Atovaquone-proguanil versus mefloquine for malaria prophylaxis in nonimmune travelers: results from a randomized, double-blind study. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:1015-21. [PMID: 11528574 DOI: 10.1086/322694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2001] [Revised: 03/27/2001] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns about the tolerability of mefloquine highlight the need for new drugs to prevent malaria. Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone; GlaxoSmithKline) was safe and effective for prevention of falciparum malaria in lifelong residents of malaria-endemic countries, but experience in nonimmune people is limited. In a randomized, double-blind study, nonimmune travelers received malaria prophylaxis with atovaquone-proguanil (493 subjects) or mefloquine (483 subjects). Information about adverse events (AEs) and potential episodes of malaria was obtained 7, 28, and 60 days after travel. AEs were reported by an equivalent proportion of subjects who had received atovaquone-proguanil or mefloquine (71.4% versus 67.3%; difference, 4.1%; 95% confidence interval, -1.71 to 9.9). Subjects who received atovaquone-proguanil had fewer treatment-related neuropsychiatric AEs (14% versus 29%; P=.001), fewer AEs of moderate or severe intensity (10% versus 19%; P=.001), and fewer AEs that caused prophylaxis to be discontinued (1.2% versus 5.0%; P=.001), compared with subjects who received melfoquine. No confirmed diagnoses of malaria occurred in either group. Atovaquone-proguanil was better tolerated than was mefloquine, and it was similarly effective for malaria prophylaxis in nonimmune travelers.
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Symon BG, Wilkinson D, Rogers G, Shaw D. Preparing Australian medical students for safe overseas clinical placements in the era of HIV. AUSTRALIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 2001; 30:917-20. [PMID: 11676325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Shaw D. Concern regarding the News article - CVMA answers the call - A reply. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2001; 42:673. [PMID: 17424639 PMCID: PMC1476603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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232
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Keller LS, Sanders P, Shaw D, Brown MA. Salmonella prosthetic valve (mechanical) endocarditis managed conservatively. Intern Med J 2001; 31:364-5. [PMID: 11529591 DOI: 10.1046/j.1445-5994.2001.00058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Forsberg G, Ohlsson L, Brodin T, Björk P, Lando PA, Shaw D, Stern PL, Dohlsten M. Therapy of human non-small-cell lung carcinoma using antibody targeting of a modified superantigen. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:129-36. [PMID: 11437414 PMCID: PMC2363924 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Superantigens activate T-cells by linking the T-cell receptor to MHC class II on antigen-presenting cells, and novel reactivity can be introduced by fusing the superantigen to a targeting molecule. Thus, an antibody-targeted superantigen, which activates T cells to destroy tumour cells, might be used as cancer therapy. A suitable target is the 5T4 oncofetal antigen, which is expressed on many carcinomas. We constructed a fusion protein from a Fab of a monoclonal antibody recognizing the 5T4 antigen, and an engineered superantigen. The recombinant product 5T4FabV13-SEA(D227A)bound the 5T4 antigen expressed on the human non-small-cell lung cancer cell line Calu-1 with a Kd of 1.2 nM while the substitution of Asp227 to Ala in the superantigen moiety reduced binding activity to MHC class II. 5T4FabV13-SEA(D227A)tumour reactivity was demonstrated in 7/7 NSCLC samples by immunohistochemistry, while normal tissue reactivity was low to moderate. 5T4FabV13-SEA(D227A)induced significant T-cell-dependent in vitro killing of sensitive 5T4 bearing Calu-1 cells, with maximum lysis at 10(-10)M, while the capacity to lyse MHC class II expressing cells was approximately 1000 times less effective. Immunotherapy of 5T4FabV13-SEA(D227A)against human NSCLC was investigated in SCID mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mice carrying intreperitoneally growing Calu-1 cells showed significant reduction in tumour mass and number after intravenous therapy with 5T4FabV13-SEA(D227A). Thus, 5T4FabV13-SEA(D227A)has highly attractive properties for therapy of human NSCLC.
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Rycroft-Malone J, Latter S, Yerrell P, Shaw D. Consumerism in health care: the case of medication education. J Nurs Manag 2001; 9:221-30. [PMID: 11472512 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2834.2001.00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United Kingdom government's policy documents spanning the last decade clearly envisage the patient as a consumer of health care. In this context this paper discusses recent research findings related to the health-promotion practice of medication delivered by nurses in England in a variety of health care settings. Literature exploring consumerism in health care highlights a number of principles which were used to develop a framework to evaluate the data collected in this study. METHOD Non-participant observation and audio-recordings of nurse-patient interactions about medications were collected in seven different contexts focusing on adults, older people, mental health and community nurse settings. Post-interaction interviews with nurse and patient participants were conducted to explore views on quality, satisfaction with, and intended outcomes of, the interactions. FINDINGS Generally, the findings demonstrated that the espoused theory and practice reality regarding the carrying out of consumerist principles are incongruous. Interactions contained relatively simple information, were dominated and led by nurses and offered little opportunity for patient choice. Patients, however, expressed a satisfaction with minimal information and involvement. CONCLUSION The findings are discussed with reference to a number of different contextual factors: acuity of illness, perceived balance of power, information gaps, patterns of contact and nurse-patient relationships, and patient-centred care.
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Shaw D. Veterinary medicine is science-based--an absolute or an option? THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2001; 42:333-4. [PMID: 11360855 PMCID: PMC1476513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
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236
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Woolhouse M, Chase-Topping M, Haydon D, Friar J, Matthews L, Hughes G, Shaw D, Wilesmith J, Donaldson A, Cornell S, Keeling M, Grenfell B. Foot-and-mouth disease under control in the UK. Nature 2001; 411:258-9. [PMID: 11357118 DOI: 10.1038/35077149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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237
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Shaw D. Pet Food Certification Program survey - A reply. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2001; 42:255. [PMID: 17424621 PMCID: PMC1476535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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238
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Cubbin J, Shaw D. GM and DM--a winning team. HEALTH MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY 2001; 22:28-31. [PMID: 11299917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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239
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Simpson R, Macintyre P, Shaw D, Norton A, McCann J, Tham E. Anesthesia (11). Pain Pract 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1533-2500.2001.01011-11.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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240
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Maude S, Curtin J, Breen G, Collier D, Russell G, Shaw D, Clair DS. The -141C Ins/Del polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is not associated with either migraine or Parkinson's disease. Psychiatr Genet 2001; 11:49-52. [PMID: 11409701 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200103000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in dopamine neurotransmission at the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) have been implicated in both migraine and Parkinson's disease. Positive associations have also been found between polymorphisms within the DRD2 gene and both of these conditions. The -141C Ins/Del polymorphism in the DRD2 receptor gene is a putative functional polymorphism. The purpose of this study was to determine whether it and any genes in linkage disequilibrium with this marker are involved in either of these conditions. We have compared the genotype and allele frequencies of the -141C Ins/Del polymorphism in 200 migraineurs and 260 Parkinson's disease cases with 464 controls. We have found no association between the receptor gene and either condition (P = 0.89 and P = 0.56 respectively). Our findings do not support the hypothesis that this polymorphism is involved in the aetiology of migraine or Parkinson's disease.
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Shaw D. Recent advances in experimental techniques in high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/7/9/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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242
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van der Weyden L, Hains P, Broady K, Shaw D, Milburn P. Amino acid sequence of a neurotoxic phospholipase A2 enzyme from common death adder (Acanthophis antracticus) venom. JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS 2001; 10:33-42. [PMID: 11288727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of the first neurotoxic phospholipase A2, acanthoxin A1, purified from the venom of the Common death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus) was determined. Acanthoxin A1 shows high homology with other Australian elapid PLA2 neurotoxins, in particular Acanthin-I and -II, also from Death adder, Pseudexin A from the Red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus), and Pa-12a and Pa-9c from the King brown snake (Pseudechis australis). Acanthoxin A1 is a single-chain 118 amino acid residue PLA2, including 14 half cystine residues and the essential residues forming the ubiquitous calcium binding pocket and catalytic site. Critical analysis of the residues hypothesized to be important for neurotoxicity is presented.
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Latter S, Rycroft-Malone J, Yerrell P, Shaw D. Nurses' educational preparation for a medication education role: findings from a national survey. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2001; 21:143-154. [PMID: 11170801 DOI: 10.1054/nedt.2000.0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nurses have a potentially important contribution to make to educating patients about medications. This nursing role is likely to acquire increasing significance as the number of nurses independently prescribing medicines grows, in addition to those nurses occupying autonomous and extended roles that involve ongoing assessment and monitoring of patients' medicine-taking behaviour. As part of a study(1)commissioned to evaluate nurses' educational preparation for, and practice of, medication education, a national survey of nurse education institutions was undertaken. A postal questionnaire was distributed to identified individuals within 51 education institutions in England. Respondents were asked about a number of curriculum design and delivery factors related to subjects central to medication education: pharmacology, patient education and communication skills. Analysis highlighted a number of themes: the teaching of pharmacology is generally integrated within other curricular modules; respondents were dissatisfied with insufficient curricular time devoted to taught pharmacology; the importance of lecturers' ability to apply theory to practice; a lack of clarity concerning pharmacology learning outcomes applied to medication education; and respondents' perceptions that opportunities for integrating pharmacology knowledge, patient education and communication skills were available within practice settings. The significance and implications of the findings are discussed in the context of current educational policy.
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Razzaque Z, Shaw D, Bock M, Maskell L, Pickard J, Sirinathsinghji D, Longmore J. Study of Cgrp-Receptors in Human Isolated Middle Meningeal Arteries Using Bibn4096Bs, Compound 1, and HαCgrp(8-37). ScientificWorldJournal 2001. [PMCID: PMC6084166 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2001.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin, CGRP, adrenomedullin, and amylin require both CRLR (calcitonin-gene receptor like receptor) and receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMP1, RAMP2, and RAMP3) in different combinations for expression of selective, functional receptors[1]. We investigated whether the antagonists BIBN4096BS[2], Compound 1 (WO98/11128, [3]), and CGRP(8-37) are functionally selective for CGRP receptors in human middle meningeal arteries (HMMA).
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Simpson R, Macintyre P, Shaw D, Norton A, McCann J, Tham E. Anesthesia (11). Pain Pract 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2001.1011-11.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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246
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Henkel S, Shaw D, Lieberknecht A, Jäger V. Crystal structure of methyl 2,3-di-0-benzyl-4,6-cyclo-4,6-dideoxy-ß- D-galactopyranoside, C21H24O4. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2001. [DOI: 10.1524/ncrs.2001.216.14.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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247
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Shaw D, May H. Sharing knowledge with nursing home staff: an objective investigation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2001; 36 Suppl:200-205. [PMID: 11340782 DOI: 10.3109/13682820109177884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nursing home staff are at the forefront of coping with swallowing and communication disorders. Our study, which is ongoing, collates information on the existing knowledge of such staff and demonstrates how their understanding can be increased by speech and language therapists' input. Twenty nursing homes agreed to participate in training (91% uptake). To date 16 nursing homes (113 staff) have completed training in swallowing and eight nursing homes (47 staff) in communication problems. Questionnaires were completed before and after training. There was a highly significant improvement after training.
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Shaw D, Berger FG, Spencer HT. Retroviral expression of Escherichia coli thymidylate synthase cDNA confers high-level antifolate resistance to hematopoietic cells. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:51-9. [PMID: 11177542 DOI: 10.1089/104303401450960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance gene therapy has the potential to protect against the myelosuppressive side effects of chemotherapy or to be used as a dominant in vivo selectable marker of genetically modified cells. Steady state kinetic studies have indicated the Escherichia coli thymidylate synthase (ecTS) is intrinsically more resistant to several TS-directed inhibitors as compared with the human enzyme, suggesting that ecTS is suitable for use as a drug-resistant marker. However, we found a disparity between the kinetic properties of ecTS and the degree of resistance conferred to cells transfected with the cDNA encoding this enzyme. It was determined that although ecTS is as stable as human TS (hTS) in transfected mammalian cells, ecTS is produced at only 40% the level of hTS, indicating poor translation of ecTS in eukaryotic cells. To circumvent this problem, the entire cDNA sequence of ecTS was synthesized by using codons optimized for expression in mammalian cells. In transfected Chinese hamster lung cells, expression of ecTS from the optimized construct, termed OPTecTS, is as efficient as hTS. Furthermore, cells transfected with the OPTecTS cDNA are significantly more resistant to the TS inhibitor raltitrexed as compared with transfected cells expressing similar levels of hTS. High-titer retroviral packaging cells were generated with OPTecTS and >80% of transduced mouse hematopoietic progenitor cells are resistant to raltitrexed, Thymitaq, and U89 at concentrations that eliminated colony growth of mock-transduced cells. The transgene was detectable by PCR in transduced bone marrow selected in U89 or raltitrexed, and expression of ecTS from the OPTecTS cDNA in bone marrow exhibited a catalytic rate constant comparable to that of purified recombinant ecTS. These data indicate that OPTecTS is a viable dominant selectable marker that can confer resistance to antifolates when introduced into cells.
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Henkel S, Shaw D, Dong HQ, Jäger V. Crystalstructureof(1S,2R,3R,5aR,6S,7R,8R,10aR)-5,10-di-(tert-butoxy-carbonyl)-3,8-di-(iodomethyl)-1,2:6,7-di-isopropylidenedioxy-perhydro-dipyrrolo[1,2-b:1,2-e]-1,2,4,5-tetrazine,C26H42I2N4O8. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2001. [DOI: 10.1524/ncrs.2001.216.14.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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250
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Henkel S, Shaw D, Jäger V. Crystal structure of (3R,4R,5R)-5-iodomethyl-3,4-O-isopropylidenedioxy-1 - phenylamino-pyrrolidine-2-one, C14H17IN2O3. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2001. [DOI: 10.1524/ncrs.2001.216.14.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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