First coitus for adolescents: understanding why and when

BACKGROUND

Correlates of initiation of coitus for teenagers were examined, and participants were asked their reasons for initiating or postponing the onset of coitus.

METHODS

Questionnaires were completed privately by 218 patients aged 13 to 18 years. Questions explored the reasons adolescents cite for their sexual decisions and the role of peer influence in these decisions.

RESULTS

Correlation was noted in young teenagers between perception of peer sexual behavior and participant's initiation of coitus. Reasons stated for engaging in first intercourse reflect both active choices and loss of control. Reasons for refraining included fear of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, lack of developmental readiness and opportunity, and social sanctions. Morality was cited infrequently as a reason for postponing sexual behavior.

CONCLUSIONS

Results suggest that sexuality education should address the direct and curious questions of younger teenagers about sexuality, help youth define strategies that they can use to evaluate and resist peer pressure, and give more generalized attention to ways of helping youth feel competent. Physicians and other health educators might focus on helping older youth define how and when they know they are ready to have intercourse, consider ways of expressing sexuality that do not jeopardize health, and improve communication skills when talking with friends and potential partners about sexual issues.

Prostate pathology case study seminar

Great strides have been made in the past decade in our understanding of the pathology of the prostate. Diagnostic criteria have been proposed, debated, and refined for a number of entities, including prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, basal cell proliferations, postatrophic hyperplasia, verumontanum mucosal gland hyperplasia, and numerous new variants of prostatic adenocarcinoma such as ductal adenocarcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. This report presents a series of case studies in prostate pathology which illustrate some of the contemporary issues which confront the pathologist and urologist.

The influence of Harvey Cushing on neuroradiologic therapy

Harvey Cushing was largely responsible for the establishment of neurosurgery as a separate discipline. He demonstrated how careful attention to technique could make surgery acceptably safe, established classifications and clinical-pathologic correlations of a wide variety of tumors, and trained dozens of future neurosurgical department heads. Less well known, however, is Cushing's contribution to the early clinical use of radiation therapy for a variety of intracranial disorders. With the aid of his meticulous clinical follow-up, large case volume, and willingness to try new treatment methods, he demonstrated the utility of therapeutic radiation in patients with pituitary tumor, medulloblastoma, and arteriovenous malformation. His less impressive results with the irradiation of patients with glioma are also worthy of note and include trials of brachytherapy. Neurosurgeons and radiation oncologists exploring new methods of delivering therapeutic radiation to the central nervous system should be aware of the lessons learned from Cushing's experience.

Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of acoustic neuromas: preliminary results

PURPOSE

To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of fractionated, stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for acoustic neuromas.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Twelve patients with acoustic neuroma were treated with SRT between June 1992 and October 1994. Follow-up ranged from 16-44 months. Patient age ranged from 27-70 (median: 45). Eight patients were treated with primary SRT and four patients were treated after primary surgical intervention for recurrent [3] or persistent [1] disease. Tumor volumes were 1.2-18.4 cm3 (median: 10.1 cm3). Collimator sizes ranged from 30-50 mm (median: 37.5). Tumors received 1.8 Gy/day normalized to the 95% isodose line. Patients received a minimum prescribed dose of 54 Gy in 27-30 fractions over a 6-week period.

RESULTS

After a median follow-up of 26.5 months, local control was obtained in 12 out of 12 lesions. Tumor regression was noted in three patients, and tumor stabilization was found in the remaining nine patients. No patient developed a new cranial nerve deficit. One patients developed worsening of preexisting Vth cranial neuropathy and another experienced a decrease in hearing. However, all nine patients with useful hearing prior to SRT maintained useful hearing at last follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

Stereotactic radiotherapy provided excellent local control without new cranial nerve deficits. These results must be viewed as tentative in nature because of the small number of patients and the short median follow-up period.

Clinical strategies to reduce utilization of chest physiotherapy without compromising patient care

BACKGROUND

There is widespread interest in the evaluation of clinical strategies that safely reduce health-care costs. Elimination of inappropriate chest physiotherapy may represent one of those strategies.

SETTING

An academic community hospital.

METHODS

One-hundred one patients receiving chest physiotherapy were prospectively randomized to continue their chest physiotherapy or to inform their physicians that the order for the chest physiotherapy may have been inappropriate.

RESULTS

Patients who were randomized to have their chest physiotherapy discontinued received 45% fewer chest physiotherapy treatments than control patients (p < 0.01). There was no increase in the mortality rate or length of hospital stay associated with the reduction in chest physiotherapy in carefully selected patients. The estimated cost savings would be $319,000, which is 50 times greater than the cost associated with the intervention.

CONCLUSION

Chest physiotherapy is frequently provided to patients for inappropriate indications. Reducing chest physiotherapy for these patients may significantly reduce respiratory therapy costs without increasing length of stay or mortality rates.

Cardioactive compounds from Eremophila species

The isolation and identification of two cardioactive compounds from two Eremophila species (Myoporaceae) considered important in the pharmacopoeia of the Australian Aboriginal people is described. Verbascoside, isolated from the methanol and water extracts of E. alternifolia leaves, mediated significant increases in chronotropism, inotropism and coronary perfusion rate (CPR) in the Langendorff rat heart. Geniposidic acid, isolated from the methanol extract of E. longifolia leaves, mediated an inhibitory effect with significant negative chronotropism, negative inotropism and CPR.

Recurrent brain metastases

Metastases of the brain are the most frequent metastatic neurologic complication of systemic cancer and are second only to metabolic encephalopathies as a cause of central nervous system dysfunction in cancer patients. Despite recent significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of metastases to the brain, many patients will suffer from recurrence. Future advances in the use of chemotherapy, radiosurgery, and newer cancer therapy techniques may lead to further increases in the efficacy of treatment for recurrent brain metastases.

Radiosurgery for hemangioblastoma: results of a multiinstitutional experience

PURPOSE

Between June 1988 and June 1994. 38 hemangioblastomas were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SR) at three SR centers to evaluate the efficacy and potential toxicity of this therapeutic modality as an adjuvant or alternative treatment to surgical resection.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

SR was performed using either a 201-cobalt source unit or a dedicated SR linear accelerator. Of the 18 primary tumors treated, 16 had no prior history of surgical resection and were treated definitively with SR and two primary lesions were subtotally resected and subsequently treated with SR. Twenty lesions were treated with SR after prior surgical failure (17 tumors) or failure after prior surgery and conventional radiotherapy (three tumors). Eight patients were treated with SR for multifocal disease (total, 24 known tumors). SR tumor volumes measured 0.05 to 12 cc (median: 0.97 cc). Minimum tumor doses ranged from 12 to 20 Gy (median: 15.5 Gy).

RESULTS

Median follow-up from the time of SR was 24.5 months (range: 6-77 months). The 2-year actuarial over-all survival was 88 +/- 15% (95% confidence interval). Two-year actuarial freedom from progression was 86 +/- 12% (95% confidence interval). The median tumor volume of the lesions that failed to be controlled by SR was 7.85 cc (range: 3.20-10.53 cc) compared to 0.67 cc (range: 0.05-12 cc) for controlled lesions (p - 0.0023). The lesions that failed to be controlled by SR received a median minimum tumor dose of 14 Gy (range: 13-17 Gy) compared to 16 Gy (range: 12-20 Gy) for controlled lesions (p = 0.0239). Seventy-eight percent of the surviving patients remained neurologically stable or clinically improved. There were no significant permanent complications directly attributable to SR.

CONCLUSIONS

This report documents the largest experience in the literature of the use of SR in the treatment of hemangioblastoma. We conclude that SR: (a) controls the majority of primary and recurrent hemangioblastomas; (b) offers the ability to treat multiple lesions in a single treatment session, which is particularly important for patients with Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome; and that (c) better control rates are associated with higher doses and smaller tumor volumes.

Magnetic resonance imaging therapy. Intraoperative MR imaging

The field of image-guided neurosurgery has developed under the premise that integrating the enhanced discrimination powers of CT scan and MR imaging into the operating room improves the accuracy, safety and precision of neurosurgery, and expand the realm of surgically treatable lesions. Through cooperation between General Electric Corporation and the Brigham and Women's Hospital, and open-configuration MR suite was designed and implemented to attain these goals through real-time, intraoperative MR imaging in a true surgical suite. This system allows intraoperative acquisition of MR images without moving the patient, online image-guided stereotaxy without preoperative imaging, and "real-time" tracking of instruments in the operative field registered to the MR images. The design and implementation of neurosurgery in the open-configuration MR imaging suite are summarized in this article.

A multiinstitutional outcome and prognostic factor analysis of radiosurgery for resectable single brain metastasis

PURPOSE

Recent randomized trials of selected patients with single brain metastasis comparing resection followed by whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) to WBRT alone have shown a statistically significant survival advantage for surgery and WBRT. A multiinstitutional retrospective study was performed, which identified comparable patients who were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (RS) and WBRT.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

The RS databases of four institutions were reviewed to identify patients who met the following criteria: single-brain metastasis; no prior cranial surgery or WBRT; age > 18 years; surgically resectable lesion; Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) > or = 70 at time of RS; nonradiosensitive histology. One hundred twenty-two patients were identified who met these criteria. Patients were categorized by: (a) status of the primary, (b) status of non-CNS metastasis, (c) age, (d) baseline KPS (from 70-100), (e) histology, (f) time from diagnosis of primary to the detection of the brain metastasis, (g) gender, and (h) tumor volume. RS was performed with a linear accelerator based technique (peripheral dose range was 10-27 Gy, median was 17 Gy). WBRT was performed in all but five patients who refused WBRT (dose range was 25-40 Gy, median was 37.5 Gy).

RESULTS

The median follow-up for all patients was 123 weeks. The overall local control rate (defined as lack of progression in the RS volume) was 86%. Intracranial recurrence outside of the RS volume was seen in 27 patients (22%). The actuarial median survival from date of RS is 56 weeks, and the 1-year and 2-year actuarial survival rates are 53% and 30%. The median duration of functional independence (sustained KPS > or = 70) is 44 weeks. Nineteen of 77 deaths were attributed to CNS progression (25% of all deaths). Multivariate analysis revealed the following factors to be statistically significant predictors of survival: baseline KPS (p < .0001) and absence of other sites of metastasis (p = 0.008).

CONCLUSION

The RS in conjunction with WBRT for single brain metastasis can produce substantial functional survival, especially in patients with good performance status and without extracranial metastasis. These results are comparable to recent randomized trials of resection and WBRT. The advantages of RS over surgery in terms of cost, hospitalization, morbidity, and wider applicability strongly suggest that a randomized trial to compare RS with surgery is warranted.

Computer-assisted interactive three-dimensional planning for neurosurgical procedures

We have used three-dimensional reconstruction magnetic resonance imaging techniques to understand the anatomic complexity of operative brain lesions and to improve preoperative surgical planning. We report our experience with 14 cases, including intra- and extra-axial tumors and a vascular malformation. In each case, preoperative planning was performed using magnetic resonance imaging-based three-dimensional renderings of surgically critical structures, such as eloquent cortices, gray matter nuclei, white matter tracts, and blood vessels. Simulations, using the interactive manipulation of three-dimensional data, provided an efficient and comprehensive way to appreciate the anatomic relationships. Interactive three-dimensional computer-assisted preoperative simulations provided otherwise inaccessible information that was useful for the surgical removal of brain lesions.

Seasonality of birth in sudden infant death syndrome

The objective was to clarify the optimal birth month for avoidance of SIDS and the seasonal characteristic of each birth-month cohort. The statistical method was cosinor analysis, and this established seasonality of SIDS death and births, the extent of this seasonality (amplitude) and the position of the peak (acrophase). There is a lowering of risk, by one third, amongst babies born in February-May compared to those born in August-November. The seasonal variation of death was twice as great for birth in September as compared with those in April. Those born in May-June lived on average six weeks longer than those born in November-April. Advice on subsequent pregnancy delivery date should be given to families who have already experienced SIDS. For those born in autumn there may be two components-the first a genetic or intrauterine component independent of month of birth, and the second an independent effect of interaction with winter environment.

Historical vignette: The radium bomb: Harvey Cushing and the interstitial irradiation of gliomas

Harvey Cushing performed over 2000 operations on patients with brain tumors, including 832 for gliomas. He implanted radioactive radium needles, known as a "radium bomb," in a small number of these patients. He was not impressed with the results and did not pursue this method of treatment in a serious way. The authors present here Cushing's little-known experience with brachytherapy and discuss the reasons for his lack of interest in this technique, despite his advocacy of radiotherapy for certain lesions. An interesting perspective is offered for contemporary neurosurgeons involved in the treatment of brain tumors with cranial irradiation.

Epidemiology of EBV and Hodgkin's lymphoma

The incidence of Hodgkin's disease shows marked heterogeneity with respect to age, gender, race, geographical locale, social class and histological subtype. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a proportion of cases, approximately 40% in developed countries, and there is a body of evidence which suggests that mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease is more likely to be EBV-associated than nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease. This study investigates the relationship between EBV and both age and histological subtype. We confirm the above subtype distribution and that childhood and older adult cases are more likely to be EBV-associated than young adult cases. Young adult nodular sclerosis cases are rarely EBV-associated providing further evidence that this is a separate disease entity. The results of this study support the multiple aetiology hypothesis which suggests that Hodgkin's disease in different age groups has different aetiologies. The epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease and studies investigating the distribution of EBV-associated cases are reviewed.

High-grade astrocytomas

Despite intense research, progress in the treatment of patients with HGA has remained slow. New therapeutic strategies are emerging, however, based on technologic advances in surgery and radiotherapy, improved understanding of the molecular, cellular, and immunobiology of astrocytomas, and advances in gene therapy, It is likely that these new strategies will result in significant progress in the treatment of HGA in the next decade.

Magnetic resonance image-directed stereotactic neurosurgery: use of image fusion with computerized tomography to enhance spatial accuracy

Distortions of the magnetic field, such as those caused by susceptibility artifacts and peripheral magnetic field warping, can limit geometric precision in the use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in stereotactic procedures. The authors have routinely found systematic error in MR stereotactic coordinates with a median of 4 mm compared to computerized tomography (CT) coordinates. This error may place critical neural structures in jeopardy in sme procedures. A description is given of an image fusion technique that uses a chamfer matching algorithm; the advantages of MR imaging in anatomical definition are combined with the geometric precision of CT, while eliminating most of the anatomical spatial distortion of stereotactic MR imaging. A stereotactic radiosurgical case is presented in which the use of MR localization alone would have led to both irradiation of vital neural structures outside the desired target volume and underdose of the intended target volume. The image fusion approach allows for the use of MR imaging, combined with stereotactic CT, as a reliable localizing technique for stereotactic neurosurgery and radiosurgery.