Meningoencephalitis associated with Sarcocystis spp. in a free-living Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus)

A free-living, young adult, male Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) was rescued in Gifu, Japan in March 2009. The animal was weak and emaciated with neurological signs that included head tilt, tremor and tic. The brain showed no gross abnormality at necropsy, but microscopically there was severe meningoencephalitis associated with protozoa, which were morphologically consistent with the asexual developmental stage of Sarcocystis spp. The protozoa were immunohistochemically negative for Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, but reacted weakly with antiserum specific for Sarcocystis cruzi. Analysis of the partial 18S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the protozoa were most closely related to an unidentified Sarcocystis species that was isolated from the white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons).

Study on health-related quality of life perception among Nepalese

Perception about the health status of an individual is important for the quality of life (QOL) and day-to-day productive functioning. Present study was carried out on the perception status QOL of Nepalese (aged 10 to 80 years) using SF-36v2 questionnaire. A total of 788 Nepalese (322; 40.9% were males and 466; 59.1% were females) living in Kathmandu Valley were included. More than half were Bahun/Chhetri (Hindu upper caste people) (n=437; 55.5%) followed by Adibashi Janajati (Indigenous nationalities) and Dalits (Hindu lower caste people). Males had significantly higher scores for physical functioning (t = 5.277, df = 780, p = 0.00), bodily pain (t = 2.811, df = 780, p = 0.05) and vitality (t = 3.78, df = 780, p = 0.00) but not with regard to mental health (t = 1.43, df = 780, p = 0.153). This was true for all age groups. No significant difference was observed in role physical, general health, social functioning and role emotional. Dalits had significantly low score regarding physical functioning compared with Bahun/Chhetri and Adibashi Janajati (f = 9.005, P = 0.000). However, they had positive perceptions regarding the general health (f = 8.408, P = 0.000) and social functioning (f = 13.216, P = 0.000). Genderwise difference was observed in physical, mental and social perception and activities compared with their male counterparts, and were found to be significantly decreasing with the increase of age (p = 0.05-0.00). These findings suggested that there are significant differences in the perceptions of different groups of people in Nepal.

Application of DNA condensation for removal of mercury ions from aqueous solutions

DNA has a unique character that allows it to combine with various chemical substrates at the molecular level, and the DNA binding with chemical pollutants can cause serious damage to the organism. The purpose of this research was to apply the strong bonding character of DNA for the removal of mercury ions. In this research, we used DNA condensation promoted by the action of DNA condensing agents, such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and a commercially available combination flocculant made of zeolite, to precipitate out the DNA bound with mercury ion in an aqueous solution. When solutions of mercury at 0.02-100 ppm (parts per million) concentrations at a pH range of 2-11 were treated with double-stranded DNA followed by the condensing agent, more than 95% of the mercury ions could be removed after simple filtration or sedimentation.

EFFECTS OF POLY(ETHYLENEGLYCOL)-MODIFIED HEMOGLOBIN VESICLES ON AGONIST-INDUCED PLATELET AGGREGATION AND RANTES RELEASE IN VITRO

We studied the effects of hemoglobin-vesicles modified with PEG (PEG-HbV), a type of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH), on human platelet functions in vitro. The effect of a low concentration of PEG-HbV (Hb; 5.8 mg/dl) was assessed by examining an agonist-induced aggregation response, and that of relatively high concentrations of PEG-HbV (Hb; 0.29, 1 and 2 g/dl) by measuring the release of RANTES (Regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and presumably secreted) from platelets, which is regarded as a marker of platelet activation. The preincubation of platelets with PEG-HbV at 5.8 mg/dl of Hb did not affect platelet aggregation induced by collagen, thrombin and ristocetin. The pretreatment of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with PEG-HbV at concen trations up to 2 g/dl of Hb had no aberrant effects on the collagen-induced RANTES release. Furthermore, the collagen-induced release of RANTES from PRP was not affected by longer incubation with PEG-HbV at 2 g/dl of Hb. The basal levels of RANTES from PRP were unchanged in the presence of PEG-HbV. These results suggest that PEG-HbV, at the concentrations studied, have no aberrant effects on platelet functions in the presence of plasma.

Gamow-Teller strength distributions in 48Sc by the 48Ca(p,n) and 48Ti(n,p) reactions and two-neutrino double-beta decay nuclear matrix elements

The double-differential cross sections for the 48Ca(p,n) and 48Ti(n,p) reactions were measured at 300 MeV. A multipole decomposition technique was applied to the spectra to extract the Gamow-Teller (GT) components. The integrated GT strengths up to an excitation energy of 30 MeV in 48Sc are 15.3+/-2.2 and 2.8+/-0.3 in the (p,n) and (n,p) spectra, respectively. In the (n,p) spectra additional GT strengths were found above 8 MeV where shell models within the fp shell-model space predict almost no GT strengths, suggesting that the present shell-model description of the nuclear matrix element of the two-neutrino double-beta decay is incomplete.

Morphological and mtDNA sequence studies on three crucian carps (Carassius: Cyprinidae) including a new stock from the Ob River system, Kazakhstan

Three morphologically and genetically distinct forms of the genus Carassius were collected from the Ob River system, Kazakhstan, Central Asia; Carassius carassius, Carassius gibelio gibelio and an unknown stock tentatively referred to as Carassius gibelio sub-species M. The last mentioned had 33-41 gill rakers, being intermediate between the other two forms (23-27 in C. carassius and 44-49 in C. g. gibelio), and five scales in the upper transverse series, less than in the others. It also had a relatively larger erythrocyte suggesting triploidy and an mtDNA haplotype distinct from all other known crucian carps. Comparative mtDNA phylogenetic analysis suggested that C. gibelio gibelio in the Ob River system was introduced from China and the Amur River, the same possibly being true for European C. gibelio gibelio based on published haplotypes. C. gibelio sub-species M is thought to be more widely distributed in central Asia, probably extending as far west as European Russia.

Unconventional superconductivity of NpPd(5)Al(2)

The high quality single crystals of NpPd(5)Al(2) with the body-centered tetragonal structure were grown by the Pb flux method. NpPd(5)Al(2) was found to be the first Np-based heavy fermion superconductor with the relatively high critical temperature T(sc) = 4.9 K. The upper critical field H(c2) is large and highly anisotropic. Corresponding to the heavy electronic state, the initial slope of H(c2) is large, but H(c2) at low temperatures is suppressed by the magnetic field, indicating a strong Pauli paramagnetic effect and the first-order transition at H(c2). These results imply that NpPd(5)Al(2) is located at the proximity of the antiferromagnetic ordering, which might be hidden by the superconductivity. The d-wave superconductivity with a spin singlet state is most likely realized in NpPd(5)Al(2).

Vasorelaxant effects of forsythide isolated from the leaves of Forsythia viridissima on NE-induced aortal contraction

Forsythide (F1) isolated from the leaves of Forsythia viridissima (Oleaceae) showed vasorelaxant effects on norepinephrine (NE)-induced contraction of rat aorta with or without endothelium. This compound did not affect contraction induced by high concentration potassium (60 mM K(+)) and phorbol 12,13-diacetate, but inhibited NE-induced contraction in the presence of nicardipine. These results demonstrated the inhibitory effects of F1 on NE-induced vasocontraction presumably due to decrease of calcium influx from extracellular area, which was induced by NE.

Activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 by membrane type 1-MMP and abnormal immunolocalization of the basement membrane components laminin and type IV collagen in canine spontaneous hemangiosarcomas

We performed immunohistochemical investigation of the basement membrane (BM) components, namely, type IV collagen and laminin, in 83 canine hemangiosarcomas (HSAs), 22 hemangiomas, and some granulation tissues (GTs). Additionally, we analyzed the expression and activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP) using the same samples by immunohistochemistry and gelatin zymography to investigate whether MMPs were associated with the BM degradation. In immunohistochemistry for the BM components, many HSAs showed discontinuous linear/negative immunoreactivity in the BM (type IV collagen: 49.4%/14.5%, laminin: 60.3%/10.8%, respectively). In contrast, almost all hemangiomas showed continuous staining in the BM (type IV collagen: 90.9%, laminin: 95.5%, respectively). Interestingly, positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for type IV collagen and laminin was observed in 97.6% and 91.6% HSA, respectively. Although MMP-9 immunoreactivity wasn't detected in neoplastic and active angiogenic endothelial cells (ECs), MMP-2 was detected in all ECs of GTs and in neoplastic cells of both vascular tumors. A strong immunoreactivity for MT1-MMP was observed in active angiogenic ECs in GTs and in neoplastic ECs in HSAs. However, almost all hemangiomas showed weak/negative immunoreactivity. In gelatin zymography, significantly strong activity of active MMP-2 was observed in HSAs, similar to that in active angiogenesis in GTs; however, weak/no activity of active MMP-2 was detected in hemangiomas. In canine HSA, neoplastic cells had active MMP-2, possibly activated by MT1-MMP, and discontinuous status of BM might be associated with activity of active MMP-2.

Crossover from the quantum critical to overdamped regime in the heavy-fermion system USn3

We report measurements of the 119Sn nuclear spin-echo decay rate 1/T2G in the heavy-fermion compound USn3. From 1/T2G, the magnetic spin-spin correlation length xi is found to vary as xi approximately T(-3/4) above approximately 100 K, which is expected for a quantum critical regime at high temperatures. Combined with the spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1, T1T/T2G2 is found to be temperature independent in the heavy-fermion state below T* approximately 30 K. This indicates that the heavy-fermion state of USn3 is categorized in the overdamped regime with a dynamical critical exponent z=2. These observations are consistent with a spin density wave magnetic instability at the quantum critical point.

Nasal neuroendocrine carcinoma in a free-living Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus)

Neuroendocrine carcinoma was diagnosed in the left nasal cavity of a free-living Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus). Microscopically, the tumour consisted of sheets of anaplastic cells separated by narrow zones of fibrovascular stroma. The neoplastic cells had varying numbers of cytoplasmic granules stained by the Grimelius method. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were variably labelled for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, vimentin, chromogranin A and S-100. Ultrastructurally, some of the neoplastic cells had cytoplasmic membrane-bound dense-core granules of approximate diameter 140-240nm. The tumour had infiltrated the cerebrum and metastasized to the pituitary gland, mandibular and pulmonary lymph nodes, lungs, thyroid gland and adrenal glands.

Body mass index in male patients with COPD: correlation with low attenuation areas on CT

BACKGROUND

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by the presence of airflow limitation caused by loss of lung elasticity and/or airway narrowing. The pathological hallmark of loss of lung elasticity is emphysema, and airway wall remodelling contributes to the airway narrowing. Using CT, these lesions can be assessed by measuring low attenuation areas (LAA) and airway wall thickness/luminal area, respectively. As previously reported, COPD can be divided into airway dominant, emphysema dominant and mixed phenotypes using CT. In this study, it is postulated that a patient's physique may be associated with the relative contribution of these lesions to airflow obstruction.

METHODS

CT was used to evaluate emphysema and airway dimensions in 201 patients with COPD. Emphysema was evaluated using percentage of LAA voxels (LAA%) and airway lesion was estimated by percentage wall area (WA%). Patients were divided into four phenotypes using LAA% and WA%.

RESULTS

Body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower in the higher LAA% phenotype (ie, emphysema dominant and mixed phenotypes). BMI correlated with LAA% (rho = -0.557, p<0.0001) but not with WA%. BMI was significantly lower in the emphysema dominant phenotype than in the airway dominant phenotype, while there was no difference in forced expiratory volume in 1 s %predicted between the two.

CONCLUSION

A low BMI is associated with the presence of emphysema, but not with airway wall thickening, in male smokers who have COPD. These results support the concept of different COPD phenotypes and suggest that there may be different systemic manifestations of these phenotypes.

Study on maternal consciousness among Nepalese mothers in Kathmandu, Nepal

Present study was carried out to study the status of maternal consciousness among Nepalese women living in Kathmandu. Of the total 360 mothers of different ethnic groups included in this study, only 55.5% mothers were found to have a positive feeling regarding their pregnancy (pregnancy is a wonderful event for women) (strongly positive 16.6%; positive 39.2%). Over one-forth of the mothers (27.7%) had negative feelings (strongly negative 8.8%; negative = 19.0%) and 14.4% had neither positive nor negative feeling. Among the different ethnic groups, Launa (Tamang/Sherpa) ethnic had highest rate (nearly two-third) of positive feeling towards pregnancy. However, the positive feeling towards born baby was very high (77.9%). The level of feeling of love to their baby was different in different ethnic groups. Compared with other population groups, Dalits had higher level of positive feelings about giving a child birth, childcare and self-sacrifice for the shake of children.

Clinical features of surgical resection for pulmonary metastasis from breast cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Metastatic breast cancer has been defined as a systemic disease. The discussion concerning the resection of lung metastases in patients with breast cancer is controversial. To confirm the role of resection of pulmonary metastases from breast cancer and to identify possible prognostic factors, we reviewed our institutional experience.

METHODS

Between 1991 and 2007, 41 patients with pulmonary metastases from breast cancers underwent complete pulmonary resection. All patients had obtained or had obtainable locoregional control of their primary tumors. Various perioperative variables were investigated retrospectively to confirm the role of metastasectomy and to analyze prognostic factors for overall survival after metastasectomy.

RESULTS

All patients were female with a median age of 55 years (range, 35-81 years). The overall survival rate after metastasectomy was 51% at 5 and 10 years. On multivariate analysis, fewer than four pulmonary metastases and a disease-free interval of more than 3 years were significantly favorable prognostic factors for overall survival (p=0.023 and 0.024, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

The current practice of pulmonary metastasectomy for breast cancers in our institution was well justified. Pulmonary metastasectomy in patients with previous breast cancer might be justified when fewer than four pulmonary metastases or a disease-free interval of more than 3 years.

Glycolytic enzyme Pgk1 is strongly expressed in the developing tooth germ of the mouse lower first molar

This study examined detailed in situ expression patterns and possible functional roles of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (Pgk1) gene in the developing tooth germ of the mouse lower first molar. The strong expression of Pgk1 mRNA was seen in the odontogenic epithelial cells and surrounding mesenchymal cells of the tooth germ from embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) to E18.0. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that Pgk1 protein formed 84-kDa protein complex in these embryonic organs. The results of immunoprecipitation-western blotting also suggested this complex to be formed with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Moreover, the immunofluorescence expression of those proteins was shown to overlap each other in the tooth germ at E15.0. A strong immunofluorescence expression of both Pgk1 and GAPDH also corresponded to the in situ expression of those mRNAs. These results suggested that Pgk1 plays some functional roles in the development of tooth germ and other embryonic organs by forming protein complex with GAPDH.

Acute neuropathogenicity with experimental infection of equine herpesvirus 9 in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

BACKGROUND

Equine herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9) is a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus which induced encephalitis in a variety of animals. However, there was no information on the susceptibility of EHV-9 in primates.

METHODS

To assess the infectivity of EHV-9, four common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were inoculated by the nasal route with 10(6) plaque-forming units of EHV-9.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

All of the inoculated animals exhibited various neurological signs progressing to collapse. Histologically, the affected animals had severe encephalitis characterized by neuronal degeneration and necrosis with intranuclear inclusion bodies, which extended from the olfactory bulb to the rhinencephalon and piriform lobe. Immunohistochemistry revealed EHV-9 antigens in degenerating neuronal cells. The nasal cavity had severe necrotizing rhinitis with prominent intra-nuclear inclusion bodies in the olfactory mucosa. These findings indicate that the marmosets are susceptible to EHV-9.

Haemoglobin-vesicles as artificial oxygen carriers: present situation and future visions

During the long history of development of haemoglobin (Hb)-based O2 carriers (HBOCs), many side effects of Hb molecules have become apparent. They imply the physiological importance of the cellular structure of red blood cells. Hb-vesicles (HbV) are artificial O2 carriers that encapsulate concentrated Hb solution with a thin lipid membrane. We have overcome the intrinsic issues of the suspension of HbV as a molecular assembly, such as stability for storage and in blood circulation, blood compatibility and prompt degradation in the reticuloendothelial system. Animal tests clarified the efficacy of HbV as a transfusion alternative and the possibility for other clinical applications. The results of ongoing HbV research make us confident in advancing further development of HbV, with the expectation of its eventual realization.

[Mediastinal aberrant goiter; report of a case]

A 54-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of an abnormal shadow on chest X-ray. Chest computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated an anterior mediastinal tumor. The tumor was resected completely through a median sternotomy. The tumor was dissected successfully from the surrounding vessels in spite of the heavy adhesion to them. The blood supply of the tumor was from a branch of the brachiocephalic artery. The tumor was 9 x 8 x 3 cm in size, and was diagnosed as an aberrant mediastinal goiter since it showed no communication to the thyroid gland. An aberrant mediastinal goiter is a quite rare entity of diseases and its removal through the neck would result in uncontrolled blood loss because its blood supply usually derives from intrathoracic vessels.

[Viral infection after lung transplantation]

We experienced 3 cases of viral infections after lung transplantation. Case 1: Fifty-two-year-old male with pulmonary emphysema underwent left single lung transplantation from a cadaveric donor. Three months after transplantation he presented Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viremia, resulting in multiple lymphadenopathy. Biopsy showed post-transplant lymphproliferative disorder, and he was treated successfully with rituximab. He is well without recurrence around 1 and a half years after treatment. Case 2: Thitry-eight-year-old male with pulmonary emphysema underwent double lung transplantation from a cadaveric donor. Four months after transplantation he showed multiple nodules in both lungs. Percutaneous biopsy showed post-transplant lymphproliferative disorder, and he was treated successfully with rituximab. He is well without recurrence more than 2 years after treatment. Case 3 : Twenty-four-year-old woman with lymphangioleiomyomatosis underwent living-related bilateral lobar lung transplantation. Three months after lung transplantation she presented cytomegalovirus viremia. Since it proved to be ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection, she was treated with foscarnet successfully. She is well without recurrence about 2 and a half years after treatment.

[Clinical analysis of HLA-DR-negative non-M3 AML]

The type of leukemia was defined as HLA-DR(-) non-M3-AML, when HLA antigens were detected by flow cytometry at an incidence of < 20% of the blast population excluding M3-AML. Out of 109 patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia, 8 patients had HLA-DR(-) non-AML-M3. According to the French-American-British criteria, 7 patients could be subdivided into 3 patients with M1, 4 patients with M2 and 1 patient with M4. The morphological features of bone marrow aspiration demonstrated no dysplasia and peroxidase stain positivity was noted in over 86% of the blast cells in all patients, the blast cells with fine granularity in 7 patients. The cytogenetic analysis revealed a normal karyotype. There was no expression marker of the blast antigens except CD13, CD14, CD33, CD34 and CD56. All of 7 patients who underwent induction therapy attained complete remission. Overall survival and disease-free survival showed no significant differences between the HLA-DR(-) non- M3-AML group and the HLA-DR(+) AML group.

Evaluation of Carotid Artery Plaque Using IVUS Virtual Histology

SUMMARY

Currently carotid artery stenting (CAS) as well as carotid endoarterectomy (CEA) have become widely accepted forms of treatment for carotid artery stenosis, although complications associated with distal embolism remain problematic. Therefore it is important to have an accurate understanding of the properties of carotid plaque before undertaking CAS in order to ensure the safety of such a therapeutic treatment. This study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of using IVUS Virtual Histology TM (VHIVUS) to evaluate the pathological properties of plaque contained within carotid artery stenosis. VH-IVUS was performed for six cases undergoing CAS during the period of July to December, 2005. VH-IVUS displays plaque composition under four color mappings of fibrous, fibro-fatty, calcification and necrotic core, being able to offer detailed tissue characterization of soft to hard plaque components. Plaque evaluation by VH-IVUS is both reproducible and objective, and is considered to be an effective method for evaluating the risk complications associated with CAS.

Cultured articular chondrocytes sheets for partial thickness cartilage defects utilizing temperature-responsive culture dishes

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of articular cartilage has several functions that are unique to joints. Although a technique for transplanting cultured chondrocytes has already been introduced, it is difficult to collect intact ECM when using enzymes to harvest samples. Temperature-responsive culture dishes have already been clinically applied in the fields of myocardial and corneal transplantation. Earlier studies have shown that a sheet of cultured cells with intact ECM and adhesive factors can be harvested using such culture dishes, which allow the surface properties of the dish to be reversibly altered by changing the temperature. Human chondrocytes were subjected to enzymatic digestion and then were seeded in temperature-responsive culture dishes. A sheet of chondrocytes was harvested by only reducing the temperature after the cultured cells reached confluency. A real-time PCR analysis of the chondrocyte sheets confirmed that type II collagen, aggrecan, and fibronectin were present. These results suggested that, although chondrocytes undergo dedifferentiation in a monolayer culture, multilayer chondrocyte sheets grown in a similar environment to that of three-dimensional culture may be able to maintain a normal phenotype. A histological examination suggested that multilayer chondrocyte sheets could thus prevent the loss of proteoglycans because the area covered by the sheets was well stained by safranin-O. The present experiments suggested that temperature-responsive culture dishes are useful for obtaining cultured chondrocytes, which may then be clinically employed as a substitute for periosteal patches because such sheets can be applied without a scaffold.

Teratoma of the umbilical cord in a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)

A 12-year-old pregnant female giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) died approximately 2 months prior to her anticipated parturition date. At necropsy, a mass measuring approximately 20 x 36 x 20 cm was observed, attached to the umbilical cord, the latter being otherwise normal in appearance. Histologically, the mass contained 3 germinal tissue components with areas of squamous epithelium, respiratory epithelium, primitive neural tissues, glial tissue, peripheral nerve, adipose tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a teratoma originating from the umbilical cord. This is possibly the second reported case of umbilical cord teratoma in animals.

[Clinical evaluation of biapenem for febrile neutropenia in patients with hematological disorders]

We examined the clinical evaluation of biapenem (BIPM) for febrile neutropenia in patients with hematological disorders. BIPM was administrated by drip infusion when fever developed over 37.5 degrees C with a neutrophil counts lower than 1000/microl. The underlying diseases were acute myelogenous leukemia in 16 cases, acute lymphocytic leukemia in 1, malignant lymphoma in 14, myelodysplastic syndrome in 1, aplastic anemia in 1. Microbiologically documented infections were found in 3 cases (9.1%) before treatment. Clinical effect was excellent in 9 cases, good in 11, fair in 6, poor in 7. Factors associated with efficacy rate were concomitant use of granulocytecolony stimulating factor, duration of neutropenia and neutrophil counts at day 3 of day after start of the therapy. No serious adverse events were observed in all cases, although one case developed exanthema. In conclusion, these results confirmed the efficacy and safety of BIPM for febrile neutropenia in patients with hematological disorders.

Isolated osteochondroma near the mandibular angle

A benign tumour of osseous and cartilaginous origins, osteochondroma generally develops in osseous tissue and is frequently found near the end of long bones. It is relatively rare in the oral and maxillofacial region but is common in the mandibular condyle and coronoid process in the pediculate form. This is a report on a rare case of osteochondroma in soft tissue near the mandibular angle without pedicle to the bone.

Recurrent lymphangioleiomyomatosis after living-donor lobar lung transplantation

Living-donor lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT) has been applied to patients with various end-stage lung diseases. The recurrence of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) after lung transplantation has been rarely reported. Herein, we report a case of recurrent pulmonary LAM after LDLLT. A 24-year-old woman presented with pneumothorax and infiltrates in the left lung 1 year after bilateral LDLLT for LAM. These symptoms and radiologic findings occurred repeatedly and then improved quickly. Thereafter, computed tomography of the chest revealed a tiny emphysematous change of the subpleural region in the left lung, which was exacerbated gradually and was finally diagnosed as LAM recurrence by transbronchial lung biopsy. In previous reports of LAM recurrence, the diagnosis was made at the time of autopsy. This is also the first reported case diagnosed early, that is, when the patient was alive and her allograft had not deteriorated badly.