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Kadian SK, Dixon JB, Green JR, Carter SD, Jenkins P. Modification of macrophage -T cell interaction during infection of mice with Mesocestoides corti (Cestoda). Parasitology 1994; 109 ( Pt 5):591-7. [PMID: 7831095 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000076472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal macrophages from Mesocestoides corti-infected mice showed a marked and progressive loss of ability to act as accessory cells for syngeneic Con A-stimulated mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes. The same effect on the macrophages could be induced by intraperitoneal injection of M. corti culture supernatant, despite a concurrent increase in numbers of peritoneal adhesive macrophages. The findings are used to compare and contrast the known immunomodulatory effects of M. corti and taeniid metacestodes, the latter differing chiefly in their potential for modifying T-cell as well as macrophage behaviour.
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Smith PM, Kerr GD, Cockel R, Ross BA, Bate CM, Brown P, Dronfield MW, Green JR, Hislop WS, Theodossi A. A comparison of omeprazole and ranitidine in the prevention of recurrence of benign esophageal stricture. Restore Investigator Group. Gastroenterology 1994; 107:1312-8. [PMID: 7926495 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Dilatation combined with subsequent pharmacological control of gastroesophageal reflux represents a logical but poorly documented approach to the management of benign esophageal stricture. This large trial (366 patients) aimed to assess whether omeprazole as the most effective available medication for gastroesophageal reflux disease prevents recurrent stricture formation. METHODS Patients (n = 366) were randomized in a double-blind study to undergo either omeprazole (20 mg once daily; 180 evaluable patients) or ranitidine therapy (150 mg twice daily; 185 evaluable patients) for 1 year after dilatation to 12-18-mm diameter (36-54F gauge). Subsequently, endoscopy and dilatation were performed when clinically indicated and endoscopy on completion. Symptoms were assessed at clinic visits every 3 months and using weekly diary cards. RESULTS Fewer patients undergoing omeprazole therapy required redilatation compared with those on ranitidine (43 of 143 [30%] vs. 66 of 143 [46%] by 12 months; P < 0.01), and patients in the omeprazole group needed fewer redilatations during the year (0.48 vs. 1.08; P < 0.01). On completion, symptom relief favored omeprazole: 76% of patients in the omeprazole group were free of dysphagia (compared with 64% in the ranitidine group; P < 0.05); 83% were able to accept a normal diet (69%; P < 0.01); and 65% were completely asymptomatic (43%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Omeprazole, 20 mg once daily, was more effective than ranitidine, 150 mg twice daily, as prophylaxis against stricture recurrence and in providing symptom relief.
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Abstract
There is now a considerable body of literature which describes and analyses various methods of testing for the presence of disease susceptibility genes by examining the degree of HLA haplotype sharing of parental haplotypes over random expectations amongst affected siblings. We here survey a number of improvements, generalizations and extensions of the earlier reported methods with the aim of bringing them to the attention of those who are collecting HLA or other haplotype data on familial disease.
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van Hille B, Richener H, Schmid P, Puettner I, Green JR, Bilbe G. Heterogeneity of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase: differential expression of two human subunit B isoforms. Biochem J 1994; 303 ( Pt 1):191-8. [PMID: 7945239 PMCID: PMC1137575 DOI: 10.1042/bj3030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic domain of the vacuolar proton ATPase is composed of a hexamer of three A subunits and three B subunits. Here we describe the cloning and characterization of a cDNA isoform of subunit B, HO57, from an osteoclastoma cDNA library. HO57 is represented by three species of mRNA of 1.6, 2.6 and 2.8 kb and is expressed at low levels in a range of human tissues, but at significantly higher levels in brain, kidney and osteoclastoma, and is probably an ubiquitously expressed isoform. In contrast, the kidney-specific isoform has an mRNA of 2 kb and is specifically expressed at high levels only in kidney and, at a lower level, in placenta. Thus the HO57 isoform is integral to the vacuolar ATPase found in the general secretory system of all cells as well as in vacuolar-ATPase-rich sources such as neurones and osteoclasts, whereas both the kidney-specific isoform and HO57 are highly expressed in the kidney. Furthermore, we show by in situ hybridization that HO57 is the only isoform that is exclusively and highly expressed by osteoclasts.
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Pain NA, Green JR, Gammie F, O'Connell RJ. Immunomagnetic isolation of viable intracellular hyphae of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Briosi & Cav. from infected bean leaves using a monoclonal antibody. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1994; 127:223-332. [PMID: 33874517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for isolating intracellular hyphae (IH, i.e. infection vesicles and primary hyphae) of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Briosi & Cav. from infected leaves-of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). 1H were recovered from homogenates of infected leaves after filtration through a 45 μm nylon mesh and isopyenic centrifugation on Percoll. 1H were then affinity-purified by immunomagnetic separation using Dynabeads coated with monoclonal antibody UB25, specific for IH surface glycoproteins. The method yielded 7 × 104 IH g-1 f. wt leaf tissue, with 27% purity and 62% viability, as judged by staining with fluorescein diacetate. The Viability of isolated IH was confirmed by their ability to grow in nutrient medium and by the normal ultrastructure of their cytoplasm. The host plasma membrane and matrix layer which surround IH in planta were absent from isolated IH. Staining with lectins. Calcofluor and aniline blue showed that the walls of IH contain N-acetylgalactosamine. α-linked mannose residues and β-linked polysaccharides, including-chitin and β-1,3-glucans. Potential uses of the isolated IH are discussed.
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Pain NA, O'Connell RJ, Mendgen K, Green JR. Identification of glycoproteins specific to biotrophic intracellular hyphae formed in the Colletotrichum lindemuthianum-bean interaction. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1994; 127:233-242. [PMID: 33874519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for intracellular for hyphae (IH, i.e. infection vesicles and primary hyphae). Appressoria/germ tubes and conidia of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sace, & Magn.) Briosi & Cav. isolated from infected leaves of Phaseolus vulgoria L. were obtained using a co-immunization procedure. One of the MAhs; UB25, bound specifically to IH in immunofluorescence immunogold and Western blot assays: it showed no affinity for conidia, conidial germ tubes, appressoria or appressorial germ tubes growing in vitro, of for any plant components. Immunogold labeling of infected tissue prepared by high pressure freezing, freeze-substitution and low temperature embedding showed that the UB25 antigen was present in the interfacial matri surrounding IH and in the fungal wall. The antigen was confined to infection vesicles and primary hyphae in contact with host protoplast and could not be detected in primary hyphae growing in intercellular spaces. UB25 recognizes a protein epitope present in a set of N-linked glycoproteins. These glycoproteins are expressed at an early stage of intracellular development, suggesting a possible role in biotrophy or recognition.
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Green JR, Müller K, Jaeggi KA. Preclinical pharmacology of CGP 42'446, a new, potent, heterocyclic bisphosphonate compound. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9:745-51. [PMID: 8053405 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the pharmacologic effects of a new bisphosphonate compound, CGP 42'446 [2-(imidazol-1-yl)-1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate], on bone metabolism. The compound exhibited potent inhibitory activity on the bone resorption induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 both in vivo in the thyroparathyroidectomized rat (ED50 0.072 microgram/kg SC) and in vitro in mouse calvarial cultures (IC50 0.002 microM). A comparison of the in vivo and in vitro inhibitory potencies of a total of nine bisphosphonates revealed an excellent correlation between the two assays (r = 0.97). CGP 42'446 also potently inhibited calvarial bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone (1-34), parathyroid hormone-related protein (1-34), and recombinant human interleukin-1 beat. Short-term treatment of growing rats with CGP 42'H446 dose-dependently increased the radiographic density of the tibial proximal metaphysis (ED50 1.7 micrograms/kg SC) as well as increasing the calcium and hydroxyproline content of femoral trabeculae (ED50 values 0.17 and 1.1 micrograms/kg SC, respectively), but there was no detectable effect on cortical bone. On a molar basis in this range of in vivo screening assays, CGP 42'H446 was between 940-fold (thyroparathyroidectomized rat) and 87-fold (rat femoral trabecular calcium content) more potent than pamidronate. It is concluded that CGP 42'446 is a promising new, highly potent bisphosphonate for the suppression of the increased bone resorption associated with various diseases.
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Shah S, Green JR. The distribution of Q: a powerful sibship test of association. Ann Hum Genet 1994; 58:163-73. [PMID: 7979160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1994.tb01885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-random inheritance of the two parental haplotypes among siblings affected by certain diseases has long been used to provide evidence of the presence of disease susceptibility genes. The distribution of a powerful test, called Q, based on haplotype concordance and discordance, is derived under the null hypothesis of random inheritance of haplotypes by affected siblings. The presence of a disease gene possibly linked to one of the haplotypes causes a change in the distribution of these haplotypes in the affected siblings. This distribution is found to be that of the sum of two independent variates contributed by the two parents in all parental types except one where both parents are heterozygous for the disease allele; which is dealt with separately. For comparison, the tables showing the powers of the test along with those of another well-known test, the N-test of haplotype concordance, are given. This is because Q is a modification of N to deal with the case when information on unaffected siblings is also available.
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Callow JA, Stafford CR, Wright PJ, Green JR. Glycoprotein domains and their role in gamete recognition in Fucus. BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM 1994; 60:35-41. [PMID: 7639789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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van Hille B, Vanek M, Richener H, Green JR, Bilbe G. Cloning and tissue distribution of subunits C, D, and E of the human vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 197:15-21. [PMID: 8250920 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The vacuolar proton ATPase (V-ATPase) translocates protons into intracellular organelles or across the plasma membrane of specialised cells such as osteoclast and renal intercalated cells. The catalytic site of the V-ATPase consists of a hexamer of three A subunits and three B subunits which bind and hydrolyse ATP and are regulated by accessory subunits C, D and E. cDNAs encoding subunits C, D, and E were cloned from human osteoclastoma, a tissue highly enriched in osteoclasts, as a first step in the characterisation of the V-ATPase used by the osteoclast. By Northern blot analysis only one mRNA species were detected for each of these subunits, which is consistent the constant transcription level in all tissues irrespective of the presence of specialised cells highly enriched in V-ATPases.
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Korn AP, Landers DV, Green JR, Sweet RL. Pelvic inflammatory disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82:765-8. [PMID: 8414323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the clinical course of pelvic inflammatory disease differs between women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and seronegative controls. METHODS All admissions for acute pelvic inflammatory disease from January 1, 1986 to December 31, 1992 at San Francisco General Hospital were reviewed, identifying 23 HIV-seropositive women. Their clinical course was compared with a control group of 108 seronegative women admitted for acute pelvic inflammatory disease. RESULTS Human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease had significantly lower abdominal tenderness scores (P < .05), lower admission and discharge white blood cell counts (WBC) (P < .01, P < .05), and fewer gonococcal infections (odds ratio 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1-0.9; P < .05) than the seronegative controls. There were no significant differences in duration of treatment, length of hospitalization, or incidence of tubo-ovarian abscess. Significantly more HIV-positive women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease required surgical intervention than seronegative women (odds ratio 5.5, 95% CI 1.0-29.3; P < .05). CONCLUSION Human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease may have an altered immune response, resulting in inadequate response to antimicrobial agents and the need for more surgical intervention. Future studies must include larger numbers of HIV-infected women, and the results must be stratified for CD4 counts, clinical HIV stage, and other measures of immunocompromise.
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112
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Davies EJ, Hillarby MC, Cooper RG, Hay EM, Green JR, Shah S, Bernstein RM, Holt PJ, Grennan DM. HLA-DQ, DR and complement C4 variants in systemic lupus erythematosus. BRITISH JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY 1993; 32:870-5. [PMID: 8401996 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/32.10.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have defined HLA-DQA, DQB, DR and complement C4 variants in 92 subjects with SLE and 73 controls. Subjects with SLE showed an increased frequency of HLA-DQA*0501 (P < 0.01 corrected, odds ratio (OR) = 4.97; 95% C.I. = 2.52-9.81), DR3 (P < 0.001, OR = 3.18; 95% C.I. = 1.67-6.04) and C4A*Q0 (P < 0.05, OR = 1.91; 95% C.I. = 0.999-3.65) vs controls. These increases were particularly marked in those subjects positive for antibodies to both Ro and La. HLA-DQB*0501 (P < 0.01 corrected, OR = 0.03), DQA*0101 (P = 0.0012 uncorrected, OR = 0.23) and DR7 (P = 0.0018 uncorrected, OR = 0.28) were decreased in frequency in SLE. SLE patients with disease onset prior to age 30 yr were more likely to possess a DR3-bearing haplotype (P < 0.05 corrected) than those with onset after age 30 yr. No significant associations were found in patients with circulating antibodies to double-stranded DNA, Ro alone, U1 RNP, Sm or in those SLE patients with renal disease or vasculitis. The different associations found in different clinical and immunological subsets of SLE support the concept that SLE contains a variety of immunogenetic subgroups. Analysis of the associations between SLE and DR3, DQA*0501 and C4A*Q0 using the empirical logistic test suggests that the association of SLE with HLA-DQA*0501 is likely to be primary to the associations with both DR3 and C4A*Q0 (P < 0.001). Our results therefore raise the possibility that genes within the HLA-DQ region may have a direct effect upon susceptibility to SLE.
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113
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Shah S, Green JR. Testing for haplotype concordance with incomplete parental data--modified Q and correction for modified N. Ann Hum Genet 1993; 57:239-47. [PMID: 8257093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1993.tb01599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Some errors have been found in the distribution of modified N in a paper by Green & Grennan (1991). These have now been corrected, also a modified form of a new test--criterion Q is presented. Both are applied to data.
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Abstract
There are several tests available for use with family studies to test if there is significant evidence of association with a particular disease gene locus, especially of HLA. We have used large simulations to compare the powers of tests using criteria N, R, T, PR, WP and some new tests involving both affecteds and unaffecteds in a sibship. It was found that tests using both affected and unaffected siblings were often more powerful.
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115
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Carrotte PV, Winstanley RB, Green JR. A study of the quality of impressions for anterior crowns received at a commercial laboratory. Br Dent J 1993; 174:235-40. [PMID: 8338520 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4808129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A report is presented of a study which was carried out to investigate the standard of impressions for anterior crowns received at a commercial dental laboratory in Great Britain. Aspects examined were the type of tray and its suitability to the impression technique used, fixation of the impression to the tray, the method of storage in transit, contamination, defects on the preparations and defects elsewhere affecting the occlusion. The quality of the actual preparation was not examined in this study. Similar details were noted for the opposing impression. Of the 50 cases examined only 12 were recorded as totally satisfactory, with 26 cases being recorded as not being of an acceptable standard for the construction of an adequate restoration. The results are presented with the conclusion that in this survey the general quality of impression was unacceptable.
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van Hille B, Richener H, Evans DB, Green JR, Bilbe G. Identification of two subunit A isoforms of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase in human osteoclastoma. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:7075-80. [PMID: 8463241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Subunit A is thought to be the main component of the catalytic site of the vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase. Screening of a cDNA library made from human osteoclastoma tumor tissue revealed the presence of two isoforms of subunit A. HO68 is a cDNA of 3.1 kilobase pairs, corresponding to a mRNA of approximately 3.4 kilobases in osteoclastoma only, encoding a protein of 615 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 68177 Da. A second subtype, VA68, corresponding to a mRNA of approximately 4.8 kilobases was present in all tissues analyzed, and codes for a predicted protein of 617 residues and theoretical molecular mass of 68264 Da. These clones share homology with previously published subunit A sequences, and this, together with the tissue distribution of the mRNA, suggests there are ubiquitous (VA68-type) and tissue-specific (HO68-type) isoforms. HO68 shows the closest sequence homology (95% at the amino acid level) to subunit A of a proton-secreting vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase located in the apical membrane of midgut goblet cells of tobacco hornworm larva (Manduca sexta). We propose that HO68 could correspond to an isoform of subunit A specific for a vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase located in the osteoclast plasma membrane.
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Arlot ME, Bradbeer JN, Edouard C, Green JR, Hesp R, Roux JP, Meunier PJ, Reeve J. Temporal variations in iliac trabecular bone formation in vertebral osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 52:10-5. [PMID: 8453500 DOI: 10.1007/bf00675620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The histologic heterogeneity of osteoporosis relative to normal controls has attracted great interest. There has been controversy as to whether patients with high turnover osteoporosis may convert to a normal or low turnover form, and vice versa. We have studied 44 patients over 12 years by dynamic histomorphometry and 85Sr kinetics+calcium balance performed within 60 days in 20 patients (Group 1) and 75-808 days apart in the remainder (Group 2). In the first group, the histologic tissue level bone formation rate (BFR/BV or BFR/BS) was predictive of the 85Sr measurements of bone formation (r = 0.66 P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant correlation in Group 2 and the regression coefficients were significantly different (P = 0.01). Periodic regression was used to determine if seasonal changes were responsible for this loss of correlation; none was found that was of statistical significance. No systematic changes with time in bone formation were found in Group 2 during the period of observation; nor were consistent secular changes detected when the data for both groups were examined according to procedure date. In conclusion, bone formation may change with time in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Evidence that these changes are systematic was not found and this has implications for the design of treatment studies.
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Wand JS, Smith T, Green JR, Hesp R, Bradbeer JN, Reeve J. Whole-body and site-specific bone remodelling in patients with previous femoral fractures: relationships between reduced physical activity, reduced bone mass and increased bone resorption. Clin Sci (Lond) 1992; 83:665-75. [PMID: 1336436 DOI: 10.1042/cs0830665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. A new tracer method is described for the non-invasive measurement of bone formation in the proximal femur. The method is based on our previously described whole-body method using 85Sr as the tracer (Reeve, J., Hesp, R. & Wootton, R. Calcif. Tissue Res. 1976; 22, 191-206). It allows correction to be made for long-term exchange processes within the skeleton. 2. The method has been applied in a study of regional and whole-body bone formation in 12 rehabilitated patients who had previously suffered a fracture of the proximal femur. Twelve healthy control subjects were studied, who were selected for their good health and continued physical activity. The aim was to explore the relationship between bone formation and physical activity. 3. Bone formation was similar in the two groups, both regionally and in the whole body. Based on analyses of four cadaver specimens, bone formation in the proximal femur was about one and two-thirds times that in the whole skeleton when related to mass of calcium in the region of interest. 4. Whole-body bone resorption, estimated from five measurements per subject of hydroxyproline excretion in relation to creatinine excretion, was significantly higher in the fracture patients (P < 0.01, Wilcoxon's test). 5. Estimates of current physical activity (and immediate pre-fracture physical activity) were made with a newly devised questionnaire. Historical levels of physical activity (at ages 15-45 years) were determined with Astrom's questionnaire. No bone formation index correlated with any index of physical activity. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion correlated inversely both with current physical activity and historical physical activity (for both regression coefficients P < 0.01). 6. The results are discussed in the light of our current understanding of the control of bone remodelling by the discrete basic multicellular units of bone. The opportunity to study regional bone resorption by the additional use of serial dual X-ray absorptiometry of the same region will in future allow the direct monitoring of the effects of therapeutic interventions which have been designed to prevent contralateral hip fracture.
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Haines DJ, Bibbey D, Green JR. The effects of flumazenil on alertness and hypoxia in elderly patients after ERCP. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1992; 6:745-50. [PMID: 1486160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1992.tb00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is not known whether hypoxia, associated with upper gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures when midazolam sedation is used without narcotics, persists into the post-procedure recovery period. Thirty consecutive patients aged over 60 years, undergoing ERCP using midazolam sedation alone, were monitored clinically and by pulse oximetry before, during and for 2 hours after the procedure. They were randomized prospectively to receive either 0.5 mg flumazenil or normal saline on extubation. Results show that patients were most hypoxic in the first 30 minutes after the procedure and that mean oxygen saturation had not returned to pre-sedation values by 2 hours. Treatment with flumazenil increased alertness 2 minutes after the procedure, and was associated with a significantly higher arterial oxygen saturation at 15 minutes.
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Kaye SB, Green JR, Luck J, Lowe KJ. Dependence of ocular protrusion, asymmetry of protrusion and lateral interobital width on age. Acta Ophthalmol 1992; 70:762-5. [PMID: 1488885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb04884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ocular protrusion and lateral interorbital width were measured in 462 patients; 187 females and 275 males ranging in age from 9 to 92 years. The object of this study was to determine if ocular protrusion, asymmetry of protrusion and lateral interorbital width was dependent upon age. There was a significant reduction in ocular protrusion and lateral interorbital width with increasing age in both females and males. There was a strong correlation between ocular protrusion and lateral interorbital width. Asymmetry of ocular protrusion did not develop with age. These findings may help in the longitudinal assessment of patients.
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Abstract
The N-test of haplotype concordance among siblings affected by some disease under investigation is used to decide whether there is a disease susceptibility gene linked to a marker locus or chromosomal region. The use of this test and appropriate modifications of it is briefly reviewed. The power of the ordinary N-test is then derived as a function of several parameters. The sample size needed to attain a given power is then derived. Some of the parameters are specified and the required sample sizes are given in tables for different values of the main unknown parameters.
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Green JR, Swan CH, Rowlinson A, Gibson JA, Brown P, Kerr GD, Swarbrick ET, Thornton P. Short report: comparison of two doses of balsalazide in maintaining ulcerative colitis in remission over 12 months. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1992; 6:647-52. [PMID: 1420754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1992.tb00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In a four-centre prospective double-blind trial, 108 patients with ulcerative colitis in remission were randomized to receive balsalazide in doses of 3 g or 6 g/day for 12 months. The patients were assessed at 3-monthly intervals clinically, sigmoidoscopically and with routine haematology and biochemistry. Remission rates of 77% (3 g/day) and 68% (6 g/day) at 12 months were not significantly different. Intolerance reactions leading to withdrawal from the study occurred in only 9 patients (8%), all occurring in the first 7 weeks of the study. Balsalazide is therefore both highly effective in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis and well tolerated in both conventional and high dosage (the latter equivalent to 5.5 g/day of sulphasalazine). In this study no distinct advantage in maintenance of remission has been found for the higher dose of balsalazide.
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Haines DJ, Bibbey D, Green JR. Does nasal oxygen reduce the cardiorespiratory problems experienced by elderly patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography? Gut 1992; 33:973-5. [PMID: 1644341 PMCID: PMC1379416 DOI: 10.1136/gut.33.7.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Elderly patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) have an increased risk of sedation related complications during the procedure. To determine whether nasal oxygen supplementation (2 l/min) reduces these risks, half of 66 patients aged over 60 undergoing ERCP using minimal midazolam sedation alone were randomised to receive nasal oxygen. The arterial oxygen saturation and pulse rate of all patients were monitored by pulse oximetry before and during the procedure. Only three patients in the oxygen supplemented group (n = 33) required any form of intervention for hypoxia compared with six in the control group (n = 33). Comparison of mean arterial oxygen saturation between the groups showed significantly higher levels in the nasal oxygen group throughout the procedure. Pulse rate comparisons showed no significant difference from control group values, both groups had short periods of significant tachycardia. We conclude that minimal sedation with midazolam alone still produces hypoxia during ERCP in a substantial number of elderly patients. Nasal oxygen supplementation increases the level of patient oxygenation and reduces the need for intervention, but does not reduce tachycardia in the elderly patient. Because hyoscine may be a significant factor contributing to the tachycardia, sparing rather than routine use of this agent is advisable.
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Wand JS, Green JR, Hesp R, Bradbeer JN, Sambrook PN, Smith T, Hampton L, Zanelli JM, Reeve J. Bone remodelling does not decline after menopause in vertebral fracture osteoporosis. BONE AND MINERAL 1992; 17:361-75. [PMID: 1623330 DOI: 10.1016/0169-6009(92)90786-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable current interest in whether activators of bone remodelling, such as IL-1 and other cytokines, are involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. We have therefore studied indices relating to remodelling activation in 50 patients with postmenopausal vertebral osteoporosis and 12 with hip fracture osteoporosis in comparison with 25 age- and sex-matched controls. Because of uncertainty regarding the accuracy of current biochemical markers of bone formation with respect to the estimation of whole body rates of bone formation, a 85Sr-based radioisotopic method was used. This method was previously validated by comparison with data obtained after double in vivo labelling of transiliac biopsies taken nearly simultaneously. Bone resorption was estimated from urinary hydroxyproline data. Controls selected for their continued good health showed a progressive and statistically highly significant decline in indices of bone formation with time after menopause. No such decline was seen in the vertebral fracture patients (P less than 0.005). There were no hip fracture patients within 10 years of menopause so this statistical test could not be applied appropriately to them. The hydroxyproline data were consistent with the suggestion arising from the bone formation data that remodelling declines progressively after menopause in the controls but not in the vertebral fracture patients. The data also suggested that these two fracture groups were in more negative calcium balance than the controls, this being particularly marked in the hip fracture cases. Plasma osteocalcin data correlated moderately well with the kinetic measurements of bone formation. It is concluded that vertebral fracture osteoporosis is associated with prolongation of menopausal levels of bone remodelling which is inappropriate by comparison with healthy controls.
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Abstract
The reported incidence of hoarseness following short-term tracheal intubation varies widely. It has been reported as being permanent in 3%. This suggests that an enormous problem exists considering the numbers of patients intubated daily in the United Kingdom. A prospective study of 235 adult patients undergoing general anaesthesia in a district general hospital included 167 patients whose tracheas were intubated. Of these 167, 54 (32%) complained of hoarseness postoperatively. All but five returned to normal within 7 days. The others were hoarse for 9, 10, 12, 54 and 99 days. Those who were hoarse for 54 and 99 days had vocal cord granulomata. Regression analyses showed that certain patient and anaesthetic factors had a significant effect on the hoarseness. This study confirms a low incidence of prolonged or permanent hoarseness following short-term tracheal intubation.
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