Child drawing: hospital--an instrument designed to measure the emotional status of hospitalized school-aged children

Hospitalization has long been accepted as a stressful experience for children, but the degree of anxiety experienced by any child is unknown. Physiological status is routinely measured, but the same is not true for emotional status. "The Child Drawing: Hospital" was developed as a means of measuring the emotional status of the hospitalized school-aged child. This report presents the validity and reliability of the "Child Drawing: Hospital" as a measure of anxiety for hospitalized children.

[Pseudopolymorphism of NO-SPA, 1-(3,4-diethoxy-benzyl)-6,7-diethoxy-3,4-dihydro-isoquinoli ne hydrochloride]

The spasmolytic agent No-Spa, 1-(3,4-diethoxybenzyl)-6,7-diethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoli ne hydrochloride (1) is a synthetic analogue of the naturally occurring alkaloid papaverine. (1) is prone to form stoichiometric crystalline solvates with a number of solvents causing technological and stability problem. Present paper describes the X-ray structure determination of the hemiethanol, hemibenzene and hemihydrochloride structures being the most important and interesting from both practical and theoretical point of view. The solvate formation is facilitated by the presence of the flexible ethoxy group encapsulating the solvent and by the quasi perpendicular position of the isoquinoline and phenyl group.

Elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and bioactivity in Type 2 diabetics and patients with android type obesity

The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in insulin resistance has been studied in 59 patients with Type 2 diabetes, 28 with android type obesity and 35 healthy lean controls. Immunoreactive concentrations and bioactivity of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha have repeatedly been determined in 8 weeks intervals for 12 months, five times per patients, by using ELISA and L929 cell cytotoxicity bioassay. Significantly higher immunoreactive tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and bioactivity have been found in both, the Type 2 diabetic and obese groups as compared to the healthy persons. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and bioactivity have showed a significant positive linear correlation with the elevated basal serum C-peptide levels and body mass indexes in both groups of patients. According to these data the cytokine might play a role in insulin resistance in obesity as well in Type 2 diabetes.

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose alpha-difluoromethylornithine in individuals at risk for colorectal cancer

DFMO is an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the key enzyme in mammalian polyamine biosynthesis. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of DFMO 0.5 g/m2/day as a single oral dose on polyamine and ODC levels in rectal, rectosigmoidal, and cecal colonic mucosae of individuals at risk for colon cancer because of a personal history of adenomatous polyps of the colon or a family history of colon cancer in at least one first-degree relative. A second goal was to determine toxicity of this treatment given over 1 year. Forty-five randomized subjects had a flexible sigmoidoscopy with no preparation and a colonoscopy after lavage preparation at baseline, a sigmoidoscopy with no preparation after 3 months, and both procedures (as at baseline) after 12 months, with mucosal biopsies taken from the rectosigmoid area (sigmoidoscopy) or rectal and cecal areas (colonoscopy) for evaluations of ODC and polyamine levels. Significantly decreased levels of putrescine and spermidine were found in rectosigmoid colonic mucosae of DFMO-treated (n = 24) compared with placebo (n = 21) subjects at 3 months (P = 0.03 and 0.04) and 12 months (P = 0.005, P = 0.004). Similar trends, none reaching statistical significance, were found for individual polyamine levels in rectal and cecal mucosae. No significant differences in ODC levels were detected marginally. There was evidence of global suppression of ODC and polyamine levels in the treatment group (P = 0.035). Three DFMO recipients (12.5%) developed clinically noticeable and audiologically demonstrated hearing loss, which was reversible and attributed to DFMO after 3 months (two subjects) and 12 months (one subject). The tissue polyamine changes demonstrated in this study are consistent with findings in other studies in colon and other tissues. The ototoxicity findings here suggest that investigation of other DFMO schedules, such as ones with a drug "holiday," will be a necessary step before Phase III chemoprevention studies can be pursued.

Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients after 1 year of treatment with rilmenidine: a double-blind, randomized, controlled (versus nifedipine) study

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effect of 1-year treatment with rilmenidine, an oxazoline compound that exerts its antihypertensive effects through binding to imidazoline receptors in the brainstem, on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) secondary to essential, mild-to-moderate hypertension [supine diastolic blood pressure (DBP)95-115 mmHg].

METHODS

We performed a double-blind, randomized, controlled (versus slow-release nifedipine) trial. Adjustment of treatment took place every month (M) between inclusion (MO) and an evaluation after 6 months (M6), then during M9 and after 1 year (M12) to achieve supine DBP values < or = 90 mmHg. Patients were dropped from our study if they had DBP> 95mmHg during two consecutive visits or DBP>115 mmHg on one occasion. The daily dosage of rilmenidine was 1 mg, and could be increased to 2 mg/day. The daily dosage of slow-release nifedipine was started from the beginning at the maximum dosage of 40 mg/day, so that there was no true adjustment of treatment despite the allocation of patients to a different unit in the case of DBP> 95 mmHg. The primary criterion was the change in left ventricular mass index (LVMI, g/m2), assessed by echocardiography, between MO and M12 for patients who completed the trial.

RESULTS

After a 1-month placebo run-in period, 76 patients were selected and 73 were included (35 treated with rilmenidine and 38 treated with nifedipine). Fifteen patients withdrew from the study and two completed the study with a major deviation from protocol, leaving 56 patients (24 treated with rilmenidine and 32 treated with nifedipine) for a per-protocol analysis. Baseline demographic characteristics and history of arterial hypertension for the rilmenidine and nifedipine groups were similar, for included patients and for those taken into account for the per-protocol analysis. Between MO and M12, DBP in members of the per-protocol population was adequately controlled for those in the rilmenidine group (102.7+/-4.6 versus 88.5+/-7.1 mmHg, respectively) and for those in the nifedipine group (102.7+/-5.1 versus 85.6+/-79 mmHg, respectively). During MO, LVMI of patients in the rilmenidine group (176.9+/-41.3 g/m2) was slightly higher than that of patients in the nifedipine group (172.6+/-35.1 g/m2). During M12, LVMI was observed to have decreased both for patients in the rilmenidine group (to 154.8+/-40.2 g/m2, a decrease of 22.1+/-23.3 g/m2, P< 0.001) and for those in the nifedipine group (to 145.6+/-36.4 g/m2, a decrease of 26.9+/-29.5 g/m2, P< 0.001) but the difference between these two groups was not significant (P= 0.5).

CONCLUSION

One-year treatment with a daily dosage of 1 or 2 mg rilmenidine achieves a significant reduction of left ventricular mass, which is not statistically different than that occurring with a daily dosage of 40 mg of slow-release nifedipine.

[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; a possible pathogenic factor in obesity in insulin resistant and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?]

The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the development of insulin resistance has repeatedly been emphasized in the past few years. The present paper summarizes the data (including the authors' observations as well) focusing on the potential role of TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: alteration of insulin receptor function, lipid metabolism, expression of sulphonylurea receptors, all of them suggested to be related to the TNF-alpha. The potential clinical relevances are shortly reviewed.

[Therapeutic efficacy of low-dose alpha interferon therapy in liver cirrhosis associated with HBV]

The aim of this study was the assessment the efficacy and safety of therapy with interferon alpha (Intron A) administered s.c. 3 MU x 3/week for 12 weeks for patients with HBV related liver cirrhosis (Child's class A). Fifteen patients completed therapy and 12 months follow-up. At the end of follow-up sustained response to the therapy, defined by clearance of HBV-DNA, normalization of ALAT activity in serum and improvement in the liver histology was achieved in 46.6% of treated patients. Moreover, among few patients from group of nonresponders (patients without sustained clearance of HBV-DNA) decrease of HBV-DNA level, ALAT activity in serum and improvement in the liver histology were observed. Adverse effects of IFN alpha therapy were typical, but in any case were no necessity terminate the therapy.

Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic trial of penclomedine using a novel, two-stage trial design for patients with advanced malignancy

PURPOSE

A novel phase I trial design was used to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and pharmacokinetics for penclomedine when administered as an intravenous (i.v.) infusion over 1 hour daily for 5 days, repeated every 28 days. This study also tests the feasibility of a novel two-stage design for phase I trials.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Twenty-eight patients with advanced malignancy who met standard eligibility criteria were treated with i.v. penclomedine. The initial daily dose was 50 mg/m2. Dose escalations were planned using a modified Fibonacci sequence. One patient was enrolled on each dose level during the first stage of this trial. In the second stage, patients were enrolled in cohorts of three, proceeding in an up-and-down manner based on toxicities observed. MTD was determined by logistic regression analysis. Pharmacokinetic assessment was performed during the first cycle of treatment.

RESULTS

Dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) observed during this trial were principally neurologic and were self-limited. Although hematologic toxicity was rare, the few patients with significant hematologic changes experienced late nadirs with prolonged time to recovery. The MTD was estimated as 381 mg/m2 (80% CI, 343 to 415 mg/m2). Although there was a long elimination half-life, accumulation of penclomedine over the 5 days of administration was negligible.

CONCLUSION

The novel trial design used in this study was safe and appeared effective in limiting the numbers of patients treated at lower-dose levels. Reversible neurotoxicity was dose-limiting. Although the estimated MTD was 381 mg/m2, any dose within the CI would be reasonable for phase II study.

Effect of endotoxin administration on the severity of acute pancreatitis in two experimental models

CONCLUSIONS

Endotoxemia can transform acute pancreatitis (AP) into a more severe form of the disease in models of AP provoked by common pancreatico-biliary duct ligation or L-arginine injection.

BACKGROUND

It has been shown that systemic endotoxemia is a common feature in severe AP. The effect of endotoxemia on the course of experimental pancreatitis is unknown.

METHODS

AP was induced by common pancreatico-biliary duct ligation (experiment 1) and i.p. injection of 250 mg/100 g body wt of L-arginine (experiment 2). Test animals of both experiments received i.p. injections of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/100 g body wt of endotoxin at the induction of AP. Saline-treated and only endotoxin-dosed animals served as controls for both experiments. Mortality rates and pancreatic histology were investigated at 48 h.

RESULTS

The mortality rate was significantly elevated (60%, p < 0.05) in experiment 1 when 1.0 mg/100 g of endotoxin was given. In experiment 2, the mortality rate was also increased (30%) at this dose of endotoxin without reaching significance. Histologic changes were more severe in both groups of AP treated by the two doses of endotoxin than without it. Acinar necrosis and hemorrhage were highly elevated (p < 0.01) in both experiments when AP was combined with 1.0 mg/100 g body wt of endotoxin. The animals receiving only endotoxin showed only slight inflammatory and necrotic changes.

[Tumors of the papilla of Vater--diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas]

Benign and malignant tumors of papilla Vateri are rare diagnoses in the endoscopic practice. Sixteen patients with benign and 22 cases of malignant tumors are presented. In all of them endoscopic cholangiopancreatography with or without papillotomy followed by biopsy and operation in 13 cases was performed. Biopsy confirmed the endoscopy in 71%. Adenomyosis, supposed by endoscopy was proved by repeated histology in only 2/9 cases although invasive component of the tumor was found in 3/9 patients at operation underlying precancerous nature of this entity. Among 5 cases of villous adenoma one developed malignant alterations during 4 years of follow-up. Biopsy was not more effective after papillotomy than without it, and 5-7 days of delay for recovery of thermic lesion did not ameliorate success rate of histology. For malignant diseases surgical therapy should be considered if staging of tumor and general condition of the patient permits. In unresectable cases endoscopic palliation (papillotomy or polypectomy with or without drainage) can increase survival. In patients with benign tumors operative endoscopy followed by regular ultra-sonography and endoscopy seems to be necessary.

[Change of trend in the treatment of type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetics]

Medical opinion about the significance of non-insulin-dependent diabetes has been recently changed for three reasons: epidemiological evidence about the continuously increasing disease-prevalence, accumulation of new intriguing details on the pathophysiology of the disease, and the growing clinical evidence about the importance of accelerated atheromatosis related to any stage of the disease. The new theoretical approach resulted in some new aspects of therapeutical management as well. There is an emphasis on the early recognition, the very strict metabolic control and the individualized form of the therapy. Well organized regular medical care for the diabetics, recognition and effective treatment of comorbidities (dyslipidemia, high blood pressure), self-involvement of the patients in the management (ie. patient education) are the corner stones of this approach. The authors give a short review about the armamentura of the therapy available nowadays, including rules of indication for different sulfonylurea drugs, combined sulfonylurea-insulin treatment and single insulin regimes as well.