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Abstract
Augmentation of regenerative ability is a powerful strategy being pursued for the biomedical management of traumatic injury, cancer, and degeneration. While considerable attention has been focused on embryonic stem cells, it is clear that much remains to be learned about how somatic cells may be controlled in the adult organism. The tadpole of the frog Xenopus laevis is a powerful model system within which fundamental mechanisms of regeneration are being addressed. The tadpole tail contains spinal cord, muscle, vasculature, and other terminally differentiated cell types and can fully regenerate itself through tissue renewal--a process that is most relevant to mammalian healing. Recent insight into this process has uncovered fascinating molecular details of how a complex appendage senses injury and rapidly repairs the necessary morphology. Here, we review what is known about the chemical and bioelectric signals underlying this process and draw analogies to evolutionarily conserved pathways in other patterning systems. The understanding of this process is not only of fundamental interest for the evolutionary and cell biology of morphogenesis, but will also generate information that is crucial to the development of regenerative therapies for human tissues and organs.
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Hiukka A, Ståhlman M, Pettersson C, Levin M, Adiels M, Teneberg S, Wiklund O, Oresic M, Olofsson SO, Taskinen MR, Ekroos K, Bor,n J. ApoCIII-enriched LDL in type 2 diabetes displays altered lipid composition and increased susceptibility for sphingomyelinase. Chem Phys Lipids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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103
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Faust SN, Pollard AJ, Nadel S, Ninis N, Levin M. Ceftriaxone drug alert: no longer for first line use in meningococcal sepsis. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93:184-5. [PMID: 18209002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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104
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Kizony R, Fung J, Hughey L, Perez C, Levin M. P1.079 A functional virtual environment for exploring dual task performance during locomotion. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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105
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Moshe S, Shilo M, Yagev Y, Levy D, Slodownik D, Chodick G, Levin M. Comparison of three methods of pre-employment medical evaluations. Occup Med (Lond) 2008; 58:46-51. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqm131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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106
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Tsirigotis P, Sella T, Shapira MY, Bitan M, Bloom A, Kiselgoff D, Levin M, Libster D, Abdul Hai A, Gesundheit B, Or R, Slavin S, Resnick I. Peliosis hepatis following treatment with androgen-steroids in patients with bone marrow failure syndromes. Haematologica 2007; 92:e106-10. [PMID: 18024386 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.11343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens widely used in the treatment of bone marrow failure syndromes can in rare cases cause hepatic peliosis, a pathological entity characterized by multiple blood-filled cavities in the liver parenchyma. Bone marrow failure syndromes per se are associated with a low coagulation status, which is further magnified by bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anaemia due to deep thrombocytopenia. Both these conditions can cause bleeding; their combination is especially dangerous. We describe two cases of aplastic anaemia due to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and Fanconi syndrome, in which patients developed peliosis hepatis after prolonged treatment with androgens. One patient developed severe subcapsular bleeding, successfully treated with catheterization of the right hepatic artery and embolization of the bleeding site. The second patient bridged over deep post-transplant aplasia with high frequency platelet transfusions, and demonstrated an uncomplicated post-BMT course. We suggest avoiding or interrupting treatment with androgens in patients preparing for BMT.
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Callaghan MJ, Rockett K, Banner C, Haralambous E, Betts H, Faust S, Maiden MCJ, Kroll JS, Levin M, Kwiatkowski DP, Pollard AJ. Haplotypic diversity in human CEACAM genes: effects on susceptibility to meningococcal disease. Genes Immun 2007; 9:30-7. [PMID: 17960155 PMCID: PMC7094765 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion between the opacity-associated adhesin (Opa) proteins of Neisseria meningitidis and human carcino-embryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) proteins is an important stage in the pathogenesis of meningococcal disease, a globally important bacterial infection. Most disease is caused by a small number of meningococcal genotypes known as hyperinvasive lineages. As these are also carried asymptomatically, acquisition of them alone cannot explain why only some hosts develop meningococcal disease. Our aim was to determine whether genetic diversity in CEACAM is associated with susceptibility to meningococcal disease. Frequency distributions of alleles, genotypes and haplotypes were compared in four CEACAM genes in 384 case samples and 190 controls. Linkage disequilibrium among polymorphic sites, haplotype structures and relationships were also analysed. A number of polymorphisms were observed in CEACAM genes but the diversity of CEACAM1, to which most Opa proteins bind, was lower, and a small number of high-frequency haplotypes were detected. Dose-dependent associations of three CEACAM haplotypes with meningococcal disease were observed, with the effect of carrying these haplotypes amplified in homozygous individuals. Two haplotypes were protective while one haplotype in CEACAM6 was associated with a twofold increase in disease susceptibility. These data imply that human CEACAM may be one determinant of human susceptibility to meningococcal disease.
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108
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Gustafsson M, Levin M, Skålén K, Perman J, Fridén V, Jirholt P, Olofsson SO, Fazio S, Linton MF, Semenkovich CF, Olivecrona G, Borén J. Retention of Low-Density Lipoprotein in Atherosclerotic Lesions of the Mouse. Circ Res 2007; 101:777-83. [PMID: 17761930 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.149666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct binding of apolipoprotein (apo)B-containing lipoproteins to proteoglycans is the initiating event in atherosclerosis, but the processes involved at later stages of development are unclear. Here, we investigated the importance of the apoB–proteoglycan interaction in the development of atherosclerosis over time and investigated the role of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to facilitate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) retention at later stages of development. Atherosclerosis was analyzed in apoB transgenic mice expressing LDL with normal (control LDL) or reduced proteoglycan-binding (RK3359-3369SA LDL) activity after an atherogenic diet for 0 to 40 weeks. The initiation of atherosclerosis was delayed in mice expressing RK3359-3369SA LDL, but they eventually developed the same level of atherosclerosis as mice expressing control LDL. Retention studies in vivo showed that although higher levels of
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I-tyramine cellobiose–labeled control LDL (
131
I-TC-LDL) were retained in nonatherosclerotic aortae compared with RK3359-3369SA
131
I-TC-LDL, the retention was significantly higher and there was no difference between the groups in atherosclerotic aortae. Lower levels of control
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I-TC-LDL and RK3359-3369SA
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I-TC-LDL were retained in atherosclerotic aortae from
ldlr
−/−
mice transplanted with
lpl
−/−
compared with
lpl
+/+
bone marrow. Uptake of control LDL or RK3359-3369SA LDL into macrophages with specific expression of human catalytically active or inactive LPL was increased compared with control macrophages. Furthermore, transgenic mice expressing catalytically active or inactive LPL developed the same extent of atherosclerosis. Thus, retention of LDL in the artery wall is initiated by direct LDL–proteoglycan binding but shifts to indirect binding with bridging molecules such as LPL.
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109
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Zar HJ, Streun S, Levin M, Weinberg EG, Swingler GH. Randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of a metered dose inhaler with bottle spacer for bronchodilator treatment in acute lower airway obstruction. Arch Dis Child 2007; 92:142-6. [PMID: 16905564 PMCID: PMC2083341 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled bronchodilator treatment given via a metered dose inhaler (MDI) and spacer is optimal for relief of bronchoconstriction. Conventional spacers are expensive or unavailable in developing countries, but there is little information on the efficacy of low-cost spacers in young children. OBJECTIVE To compare the response to bronchodilator treatment given via a conventional or a low-cost bottle spacer METHODS A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of a conventional spacer compared with a bottle spacer for bronchodilator treatment in young children with acute lower airway obstruction. Bronchodilator treatment was given from an MDI via an Aerochamber or a bottle spacer. Clinical score and oximetry recording were carried out before and after 15 min of treatment. MDI-spacer treatment was repeated up to three times, depending on clinical response, after which nebulisation was used. The primary outcome was hospitalisation. RESULTS 400 children, aged (median (25th-75th centile)) 12 (6-25) months, were enrolled. The number of children hospitalised (n = 60, 15%) was identical in the conventional and bottle spacer groups (n = 30, 15% in each). Secondary outcomes including change in clinical score (-2 (-3 to -1)), oxygen saturation (0 (-1 to 1)) and number of bronchodilator treatments (2 (1 to 3)) were similar in both groups. Oral corticosteroids, prescribed for 78 (19.5%) children, were given to a similar number in the conventional (37 (18.5%)) and bottle spacer groups (41 (20.5%)). CONCLUSION A low-cost bottle spacer is as effective as a conventional spacer for bronchodilator treatment in young children with acute obstruction of the lower airways.
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Levin M, Veliz M. New therapies in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. DRUG FUTURE 2007. [DOI: 10.1358/dof.2007.032.06.1097657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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111
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Du Toit G, Levin M, Motala C, Perkin M, Stephens A, Turcanu V, Lack G. Peanut Allergy and Peanut-specific IgG4 characteristics among Xhosa Children in Cape Town. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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112
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Kelleher P, Goodsall A, Mulgirigama A, Kunst H, Henderson DC, Wilson R, Newman-Taylor A, Levin M. Interferon-gamma therapy in two patients with progressive chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Eur Respir J 2006; 27:1307-10. [PMID: 16772392 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.06.00021705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Infection by Aspergillus species causes a wide spectrum of pulmonary disease in humans. In two patients with semi-invasive Aspergillus-induced lung disease, significantly reduced levels of interferon-gamma secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells were found after in vitro stimulation with the T-cell mitogen phytohaemagglutinin. Despite anti-fungal therapy, both patients exhibited progressive disease, and adjunctive interferon-gamma therapy was associated with significant clinical improvement. The data suggest that impaired production of interferon-gamma can be seen in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Adjunctive cytokine therapy with interferon-gamma may be useful in patients with progressive disease despite adequate anti-fungal therapy.
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Demma LJ, Eremeeva M, Nicholson WL, Traeger M, Blau D, Paddock C, Levin M, Dasch G, Cheek J, Swerdlow D, McQuiston J. An Outbreak of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Associated with a Novel Tick Vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, in Arizona, 2004: Preliminary Report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1078:342-3. [PMID: 17114736 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1374.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study describes preliminary results of an investigation of RMSF in Arizona associated with the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. High numbers of dogs and heavy infestations of ticks created a situation leading to human disease.
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114
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Peterlin BL, Levin M, Cohen JA, Ward TN. Secondary cluster headache: a presentation of cerebral venous thrombosis. Cephalalgia 2006; 26:1022-4. [PMID: 16886941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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115
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Blum M, Schweickert A, Beyer T, Weber T, Andre P, Fischer A, Viebahn C, Levin M. A leftward fluid flow precedes nodal induction in Xenopus. Dev Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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116
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Solem J, Levin M, Karlsson T, Grip L, Albertsson P, Wiklund O. Composition of coronary plaques obtained by directional atherectomy in stable angina: its relation to serum lipids and statin treatment. J Intern Med 2006; 259:267-75. [PMID: 16476104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The stability and inflammatory activity in atherosclerotic plaques may be modulated by lipids and lipoproteins as well as the pleiotropic effects of statins. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of statin treatment as well as the relation of plasma lipids and lipoproteins to tissue composition in atherosclerotic plaques. DESIGN Patients with stable angina and coronary plaques suitable for directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) were randomized to atorvastatin (80 mg once daily) or placebo (29 randomized, 22 underwent DCA, 11/group). After an average treatment of 10 weeks, patients underwent DCA, tissue specimens were obtained, and the tissue composition was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Atorvastatin reduced the T-cell content, but did not change lipid, collagen, smooth muscle cell, or macrophage content. Plasma levels of apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) correlated positively with tissue collagen and inversely with metalloproteinase-9 and macrophage content. About half the specimens contained neutrophil granulocytes. CONCLUSIONS Short-term atorvastatin treatment tended to reduce the T-cell content of atherosclerotic plaques, indicating modulation of cell-mediated immunity. High plasma levels of apoAI correlated with increased collagen content and reduced inflammation, supporting the notion that plasma apoAI stabilizes atherosclerotic plaques. The significance of neutrophils in the lesions merits further study.
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Renner P, Roger T, Anderson S, Chanson A, Bochud M, Bochud P, Levin M, Calandra T. 81 Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene polymorphisms and tuberculosis. Int J Infect Dis 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1201-9712(06)80078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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118
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Sathya J, Davis L, Julien J, Guo Q, Daya D, Dayes L, Lukka H, Levin M. 14 Randomized Trial Comparing Iridium Plus External-Beam Radiation Therapy with External-Beam Radiation Therapy Alone in Node-Negative Locally Advanced Cancer of the Prostate. Radiother Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(05)80175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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119
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Abstract
Giant cell arteritis remains the most common systemic vasculitis in patients over the age of 50. Headache is the most common symptom, but is not invariably present. The headache may take almost any form, and may resemble any of the primary headaches, even cluster. Prompt diagnosis is important to prevent the well known serious complications. Accurate diagnosis allows appropriate therapy. Other forms of vasculitis may also cause headaches so correct diagnosis is essential as therapies may differ.
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Inwald DP, Peters MJ, Faust SN, Levin M, Klein NJM. The Role of Platelet CD40L in Inflammation. J Intensive Care Soc 2005. [DOI: 10.1177/175114370500600117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Levin M. Metallographische Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen. VIII. Über Gold-Thalliumlegierungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19050450105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Levin M. Metallographische Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen. X. Über Gold-Nickellegierungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19050450124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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125
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Metz J, McNeil AR, Levin M. The relationship between serum cobalamin concentration and mean red cell volume at varying concentrations of serum folate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 26:323-5. [PMID: 15485461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2257.2004.00631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is concern that exposure of patients to folic acid may prevent the development of the macrocytosis of cobalamin deficiency and thus delay the detection of the neurological complications. We examined the relationship between low cobalamin levels and mean cell volume (MCV) at different serum folate concentrations in 63,472 blood samples tested in a community pathology laboratory over 2 years. We found no evidence that high serum folate levels masked the macrocytosis of cobalamin deficiency in this population with similar increases in MCV regardless of whether the serum folate was low, normal or high. Macrocytosis appears to retain its value as a marker of cobalamin deficiency in people with serum folate concentrations above the population average.
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