Copper (II) and zinc (ii) metal-based salicyl-, furanyl-, thienyl- and pyrrolyl-derived ONNO, NNNO, ONNS & NNNS donor asymmetrically mixed schiff-bases with antibacterial and antifungal potentials

A new series of asymmetric salicyl-, furanyl-, thienyl- and pyrrolyl-derived ONNO, NNNO, ONNS & NNNS donor antibacterial and antifungal Schiff-bases and their copper(II) and zinc(II) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized. IR spectra indicated the ligands to act as quartdentate towards divalent metal ions via two azomethine-N, deprotonated-O of salicyl, furanyl-O, thienyl-S and/or pyrrolyl-N. The magnetic moments and electronic spectral data suggest octahedral geometry for Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes. NMR spectral data of the ligands and their diamagnetic zinc(II) complexes well-define their proposed structures/geometries. Elemental analyses data of the ligands and metal complexes agree with their proposed structures/geometries. The synthesized ligands, along with their metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against B. cereus, C. diphtheriae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae and S. aureus strains and for in-vitro antifungal activity against T. schoenleinii, C. glabrata, P. boydii, C. albicans, A. niger, M. canis and T. mentagrophytes. The results of these studies show the metal complexes to be more antibacterial/antifungal against one or more species as compared to the uncomplexed ligands. The brine shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in-vitro cytotoxic properties. Eight compounds, L(4), (1), (7), (8), (11), (17), (19) and (23) displayed potent cytotoxic activity with LD(50) = 1.445 x 10(- 3), 1.021 x 10(- 3), 7.478 x 10(- 4), 8.566 x 10(- 4), 1.028 x 10(- 3), 9.943 x 10(- 4), 8.730 x 10(- 4) and 1.124 x 10(- 3) M respectively, against Artemia salina.

In vitroantibacterial, antifungal & cytotoxic activity of some isonicotinoylhydrazide Schiff's bases and their cobalt (II), copper (II), nickel (II) and zinc (II) complexes

Isonicotinoylhydrazide Schiff's bases formed by the reaction of substituted and unsubstituted furyl-2-carboxaldehyde and thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde with isoniazid and, their Co (II), Cu (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II) complexes have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus cereus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes bacterial strains and for in vitro antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani and Candida glabrata. The results of these studies show the metal complexes to be more antibacterial and antifungal against one or more bacterial/fungal strains as compared to the uncomplexed compounds. The brine shrimp bioassay indicated Schiff's bases, L3 and L6 and, their Cu (II) and Ni (II) metal complexes to be cytotoxic against Artemia salina, while all other compounds were inactive (LD50 > 1000).

Intrinsically fluorescent carbon nanospheres as a nuclear targeting vector: delivery of membrane-impermeable molecule to modulate gene expression in vivo

In this report, we demonstrate glucose-derived carbon nanospheres to be an emerging class of intracellular carriers. The surfaces of these spheres are highly functionalized and do not need any further modification. Besides, the intrinsic fluorescence property of carbon nanospheres helps in tracking their cellular localization without any additional fluorescent tags. The spheres are found to target the nucleus of the mammalian cells, causing no toxicity. Interestingly, the in vivo experiments show that these nanospheres have an important ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and localize in the brain besides getting localized in the liver and the spleen. There is also evidence to show that they are continuously being removed from these tissues over time. Furthermore, these nanospheres were used as a carrier for the membrane-impermeable molecule CTPB (N-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-ethoxybenzamide), the only known small-molecule activator of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) p300. Biochemical analyses such as Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression analysis show the induction of the hyperacetylation of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) p300 (autoacetylation) as well as histones both in vitro and in vivo and the activation of HAT-dependent transcription upon CTPB delivery. These results establish an alternative path for the activation of gene expression mediated by the induction of HAT activity instead of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition.

Measurements of the vertical coherence length in neutron interferometry

The study and use of macroscopic quantum coherence requires long coherence lengths. Here we describe an approach to measuring the vertical coherence length in neutron interferometry, along with improvements to the NIST interferometer that led to a measured coherence length of 790 A. The measurement is based on introducing a path separation and measuring the loss in contrast as this separation is increased. The measured coherence length is consistent with the momentum distribution of the neutron beam. Finally, we demonstrate that the loss in contrast with beam displacement in one leg of the interferometer can be recovered by introducing a corresponding displacement in the second leg.

Measurement of natural radioactivity and dose rate assessment of terrestrial gamma radiation in the soil of southern Punjab, Pakistan

Activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th, (40)K and (137)Cs in soil samples collected from the most populous area of southern Punjab of Pakistan have been measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides are compared with the reported data from different other countries and it is found that measured activity concentrations are comparable with the worldwide measured average values reported by the UNSCEAR. Subsequently assessed radiological effects show that the mean radium equivalent activity (Ra(eq)) is 96.7 +/- 15.2 Bq kg(-1) and air absorbed dose rate (D) is 46.1 +/- 7.3 nGy h(-1). The values of internal and external radiation hazard indices are found to be less than unity. The annual effective radiation dose is calculated to be 0.28 +/- 0.05 mSv, which is well below the limit of 1.0 mSv y(-1) recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, for the general public.

Influence of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization on quality of canola (Brassica napus L.) under rainfed conditions

Field experiments were conducted at Cereal Crops Research Institute, Pirsabak, Nowshera, Pakistan, during winter 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and sulfur levels and methods of nitrogen application on canola (Brassica napus L. cv. Bulbul-98) under rainfed conditions. Four levels of S (0, 10, 20, and 30 kg/ha) and three levels of N (40, 60, and 80 kg/ha) and a control treatment with both nutrients at zero level were included in the experiments. Sulfur levels were applied at sowing while N levels were applied by three methods (100% soil application, 90% soil+10% foliar application, and 80% soil +20% foliar application). The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block (RCB) design having four replications. Oil content increased significantly up to 20 kg S/ha but further increase in S level did not enhance oil content. Glucosinolate content increased from 13.6 to 24.6 micromol/g as S rate was increased from 0 to 30 kg/ha. Protein content increased from 22.4% to 23.2% as S rate was increased from 0 to 20 kg/ha. Oil content responded negatively to the increasing N levels. The highest N level resulted in the highest values for protein (23.5%) and glucosinolate (19.9 micromol/g) contents. Methods of N application had no significant impact on any parameters under study.

Conformations in dioctyl substituted polyfluorene: A combined theoretical and experimental Raman scattering study

The structural properties of polyfluorenes (PF) are extremely sensitive to the choice of functionalizing side chains. Dioctyl substituted PF (PF8) adopts metastable structures that depend upon the thermal history and choice of solvents used in film forming conditions. We present a detailed study of the changes in the backbone and side chain morphology in PF8, induced by the various crystallographic phases, using Raman scattering techniques. The vibrational frequencies and intensities of fluorene oligomers are calculated using hybrid density-functional theory with a 3-21G(*) basis set. The alkyl side chains are modeled as limiting conformations: all anti, anti-gauche-gauche, and end gauche representations. The calculated vibrational spectra of single chain oligomers in conjunction with our experimental results demonstrate the beta phase, which is known to originate in regions of enhanced chain planarity as a direct consequence of the alkyl side chain conformation.

Measurement of natural radioactivity in bottled drinking water in Pakistan and consequent dose estimates

Natural radioactivity was determined in 11 different brands of commonly sold bottled drinking water in the federal capital Islamabad and Rawalpindi city of Pakistan using gamma spectrometry technique. Mean concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and (40)K were found to be 11.3 +/- 2.3, 5.2 +/- 0.4 and 140.9 +/- 30.6 mBq l(-1), respectively. The annual cumulative effective doses due to all three natural radionuclides for different age groups of 1-5 y, 5-10 y, 10-15 y and adults (>or=18 y) were estimated to be 4.0, 3.4, 3.1 and 4.1 microSv y(-1), respectively. Among the three natural radionuclides, annual effective doses for all age groups from 226Ra were significant. Children in the age group of 1-5 y appeared to be at risk with respect to the annual effective doses from 226Ra as compared to the other age groups. Results obtained in this study are compared with the reported values from other countries of the world and it was observed that measured activity concentrations of three natural radionuclides in the bottled drinking water were lower than these values. Annual estimated effective doses for all four age groups from the intake of natural radionuclides in bottled drinking water were also found below the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended limit of 0.1 mSv y(-1) as well as the average radiation dose of 0.29 mSv y(-1) received per head worldwide due to ingestion of natural radionuclides assessed by UNSCEAR (2000).

Induction chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin in paranasal sinus tumours

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Background: There is no standard treatment for locally advanced carcinoma of paranasal sinuses. Induction chemotherapy is frequently used to down stage the disease. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemoradiation are all in use to treat the primary following neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment. Cisplatin and gemcitabine are active agents in head and neck cancers. We evaluated the response of induction chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine in carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses. Methods: Between August 2005–November 2005, 5 patients with locally advanced carcinoma paranasal sinuses received induction chemotherapy at Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital and Research Centre. There were three males and two females, 19 to 65 (median 45) years of age. Three patients had maxillary and 2 patients had ethmoid sinus tumors. Four patients had Stage IVa and 1 patient had Stage IVb disease. All patients had biopsy proven carcinoma. Histologically the tumour was adenocarcinoma in 1 patient and squamous cell carcinoma in 4 patients. Four patients received 2 cycles and 1 patient received 1 cycle of cisplatin 75 mg/m2 day 1 and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 day 1 and 8 (repeat day 22) before radical treatment. Response was assessed in all patients with pre and post induction chemotherapy with CT or MRI scan. Results: Overall response rate was 60%. Complete response was seen in one patient and over 50% tumor regression in 2 patients. Disease remained unchanged (no response) in 1 patient. One patient progressed following one cycle and did not receive the second cycle of chemotherapy treatment. The treatment was well tolerated and no grade III or IV toxicity was seen. Conclusions: The combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin in this schedule has low toxicity and significant activity in patients with locally advanced paranasal sinus tumors and is worthy of further study.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Complex genetic networks underlying the defensive system of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Complete resistance (CR) and partial resistance (PR) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to its bacterial pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), was genetically dissected by using 2 mapping populations and 10 Xoo races. Two CR genes, 50 quantitative resistance loci, and 60 digenic interactions were identified, which showed various degrees of race specificity to the Xoo races. The complex epistasis between these loci led us to the discovery of complex genetic networks underlying the rice defensive system to Xoo. The networks consisted of two major components: one representing interactions between alleles at the R loci of rice and alleles at the corresponding avirulence loci of Xoo for CR and the other comprising interactions between quantitative resistance loci in rice and their corresponding aggressiveness loci in Xoo for PR. The race specificity of PR and its strong genetic overlap with CR indicate that PR is essentially "weaker" CR. The genetic networks discovered are expected to maintain a high level of the allelic diversity at avirulent loci in the pathogen by stabilizing selection, which may maintain a high allelic diversity at R loci in the host by the frequency-dependent selection.

Chain morphologies in semicrystalline polyfluorene: evidence from Raman scattering

The beta phase in di-octyl substituted polyfluorene (PF8) exhibits a surprising level of conformational order at nanometer length scales compared to other phases. We present Raman scattering studies of PF8 as a function of thermal cycling, which establishes a connection between the conformational isomers and the side and main chain morphology. Density-functional calculations of the vibrational spectra of single chain oligomers in conjunction with the experimental results demonstrate the incompatibility of the beta phase with the overall alpha crystalline phase in PF8.

Activity Concentration of 137Cs in soil samples from Punjab province (Pakistan) and estimation of gamma-ray dose rate for external exposure

Punjab is one of the most populated provinces of Pakistan having 34 districts. There is always a need to have baseline background level information about 137Cs and the corresponding gamma-ray doses to the population. In this respect, soil samples were collected to a depth of 30-50 cm from all 34 district headquarters of the Punjab province of Pakistan and 137Cs activity concentrations were measured. 137Cs activity concentration was found to be in the range from 1.1 +/- 1.0 to 5.3 +/- 2.5 Bq kg(-1). The average value of estimated external gamma-ray dose rate from all 34 districts of Punjab province was computed to be 0.18 +/- 0.07 nSv h(-1) from 137Cs in soil samples. The measured 137Cs activity concentration range was compared with the reported ranges in the literature from some of the other locations in the world. Results obtained in this study show that 137Cs concentration is of a lower level in the investigated area. The average value of estimated external effective dose rate is found far below the dose rate limit of 1.0 mSv y(-1) for members of the general public recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) as well as the external gamma radiation dose of 0.48 mSv y(-1) received per head from the natural sources of radiation assessed by UNSCEAR (2000). It is concluded that 137Cs soil contamination does not pose radiation hazards to the population in the investigated areas.

Metal-Based Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Biological Evaluation of Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) Complexes With Amino Acid-Derived Compounds

A series of antibacterial and antifungal amino acid-derived compounds and their cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II), and zinc(II) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments, and IR, and electronic spectral measurements. Ligands (L(1))-(L(5)) were derived by condensation of beta-diketones with glycine, phenylalanine, valine, and histidine and act as bidentate towards metal ions (cobalt, copper, nickel, and zinc) via the azomethine-N and deprotonated-O of the respective amino acid. The stoichiometric reaction between the metal(II) ion and synthesized ligands in molar ratio of M : L (1 : 1) resulted in the formation of the metal complexes of type [M(L)(H(2)O)(4)]Cl (where M = Co(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II)) and of M : L (1 : 2) of type [M(L)(2)(H(2)O)(2)] (where M = Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II)). The magnetic moment data suggested for the complexes to have an octahedral geometry around the central metal atom. The electronic spectral data also supported the same octahedral geometry of the complexes. Elemental analyses and NMR spectral data of the ligands and their metal(II) complexes agree with their proposed structures. The synthesized ligands, along with their metal(II) complexes, were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against four Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Shigella flexeneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi) and two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains and for in vitro antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani, and Candida glaberata. The results of these studies show the metal(II) complexes to be more antibacterial/antifungal against one or more species as compared to the uncomplexed ligands. The brine shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in vitro cytotoxic properties. Five compounds, (3), (7), (10), (11), and (22), displayed potent cytotoxic activity as LD(50) = 8.974 x 10(-4), 7.022 x 10(-4), 8.839 x 10(-4), 7.133 x 10(-4), and 9.725 x 10(-4) M/mL, respectively, against Artemia salina.

Antibacterial activity of 1-methyl-7-methoxy-beta-carboline and its phenacyl and coumarine analogues

Antibacterial activity of 1-methyl-7-methoxy-beta-carboline (harmaline) and its phenacyl and coumarine analogues 1-(3-nitro-phenyl)-(2-(7-methoxy-1-methyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-beta-carbolin-2-yl)-ethanone (II), 1-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-(7-methoxy-1-methyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-beta-carbolin-2-yl)-ethanone (III) 7-(methoxy-beta-carboline),15-24,de-hydro(19,20-dimethoxy)coumarine (IV), 7-(methoxy-beta-carboline)15-24,dehydro(20-methoxy)coumarine (V) were studied by disc diffusion method. All compounds were tested against three gram positive and four gram-negative bacteria. Parent compound showed good activity. All compounds revealed better results against gram positive as compared to gram-negative bacteria. 1-(3,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-(7-methoxy-1-methyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-beta-carbolin-2-yl)-ethanone (III) was found most potent compound showing broad spectrum activity when compared with all synthesized analogues. Coumarine analogues showed more or less same activity indicating that number and position of methoxy groups are not important regarding antimicrobial activity.