101
|
Tang E, Haggerty CM, Khiabani RH, de Zélicourt D, Kanter J, Sotiropoulos F, Fogel MA, Yoganathan AP. Numerical and experimental investigation of pulsatile hemodynamics in the total cavopulmonary connection. J Biomech 2012. [PMID: 23200904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools have been extensively applied to study the hemodynamics in the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) in patients with only a single functioning ventricle. Without the contraction of a sub-pulmonary ventricle, pulsatility of flow through this connection is low and variable across patients, which is usually neglected in most numerical modeling studies. Recent studies suggest that such pulsatility can be non-negligible and can be important in hemodynamic predictions. The goal of this work is to compare the results of an in-house numerical methodology for simulating pulsatile TCPC flow with experimental results. Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) was acquired on TCPC in vitro models to evaluate the capability of the CFD tool in predicting pulsatile TCPC flow fields. In vitro hemodynamic measurements were used to compare the numerical prediction of power loss across the connection. The results demonstrated the complexity of the pulsatile TCPC flow fields and the validity of the numerical approach in simulating pulsatile TCPC flow dynamics in both idealized and complex patient specific models.
Collapse
|
102
|
Haggerty CM, de Zélicourt DA, Restrepo M, Rossignac J, Spray TL, Kanter KR, Fogel MA, Yoganathan AP. Comparing pre- and post-operative Fontan hemodynamic simulations: implications for the reliability of surgical planning. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40:2639-51. [PMID: 22777126 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Virtual modeling of cardiothoracic surgery is a new paradigm that allows for systematic exploration of various operative strategies and uses engineering principles to predict the optimal patient-specific plan. This study investigates the predictive accuracy of such methods for the surgical palliation of single ventricle heart defects. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based surgical planning was used to model the Fontan procedure for four patients prior to surgery. The objective for each was to identify the operative strategy that best distributed hepatic blood flow to the pulmonary arteries. Post-operative magnetic resonance data were acquired to compare (via CFD) the post-operative hemodynamics with predictions. Despite variations in physiologic boundary conditions (e.g., cardiac output, venous flows) and the exact geometry of the surgical baffle, sufficient agreement was observed with respect to hepatic flow distribution (90% confidence interval-14 ± 4.3% difference). There was also good agreement of flow-normalized energetic efficiency predictions (19 ± 4.8% error). The hemodynamic outcomes of prospective patient-specific surgical planning of the Fontan procedure are described for the first time with good quantitative comparisons between preoperatively predicted and postoperative simulations. These results demonstrate that surgical planning can be a useful tool for single ventricle cardiothoracic surgery with the ability to deliver significant clinical impact.
Collapse
|
103
|
Fogel MA, Sundareswaran KS, de Zelicourt D, Dasi LP, Pawlowski T, Rome J, Yoganathan AP. Power loss and right ventricular efficiency in patients after tetralogy of Fallot repair with pulmonary insufficiency: Clinical implications. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 143:1279-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
104
|
Buckley EM, Hance D, Pawlowski T, Lynch J, Wilson FB, Mesquita RC, Durduran T, Diaz LK, Putt ME, Licht DJ, Fogel MA, Yodh AG. Validation of diffuse correlation spectroscopic measurement of cerebral blood flow using phase-encoded velocity mapping magnetic resonance imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:037007. [PMID: 22502579 PMCID: PMC3380925 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.3.037007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a novel optical technique that appears to be an excellent tool for assessing cerebral blood flow in a continuous and non-invasive manner at the bedside. We present new clinical validation of the DCS methodology by demonstrating strong agreement between DCS indices of relative cerebral blood flow and indices based on phase-encoded velocity mapping magnetic resonance imaging (VENC MRI) of relative blood flow in the jugular veins and superior vena cava. Data were acquired from 46 children with single ventricle cardiac lesions during a hypercapnia intervention. Significant increases in cerebral blood flow, measured both by DCS and by VENC MRI, as well as significant increases in oxyhemoglobin concentration, and total hemoglobin concentration, were observed during hypercapnia. Comparison of blood flow changes measured by VENC MRI in the jugular veins and by DCS revealed a strong linear relationship, R=0.88, p<0.001, slope=0.91±0.07. Similar correlations were observed between DCS and VENC MRI in the superior vena cava, R=0.77, slope=0.99±0.12, p<0.001. The relationship between VENC MRI in the aorta and DCS, a negative control, was weakly correlated, R=0.46, slope=1.77±0.45, p<0.001.
Collapse
|
105
|
Schwartz MC, Rome JJ, Gillespie MJ, Whitehead K, Harris MA, Fogel MA, Glatz AC. Relation of left ventricular end diastolic pressure to right ventricular end diastolic volume after operative treatment of tetralogy of fallot. Am J Cardiol 2012; 109:417-22. [PMID: 22078963 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is associated with poor outcomes after tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair, although its cause is not known, and its relation to right ventricular (RV) performance has never been examined. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that RV dilation leads to LV diastolic dysfunction after TOF repair. Patients with repaired TOF who underwent cardiac catheterization and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging within 6 months from January 2003 and April 2011 were reviewed to assess the relation of LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and indexed RV end-diastolic volume (RVEDVi). Thirty-eight patients were included at a median age of 10.1 years (range 0.6 to 54.7). There was a significant linear association between RVEDVi and LVEDP (p = 0.05). RV end-diastolic pressure (p <0.001), right pulmonary artery systolic pressure (p = 0.009), left pulmonary artery systolic pressure (p = 0.02), and total cardiopulmonary support time (p = 0.04) during TOF repair were also significantly associated with LVEDP. Compared to patients with LVEDP <12 mm Hg, those with LVEDP ≥12 mm Hg had significantly higher mean RVEDVi (135.2 ± 47.8 vs 98.6 ± 28 ml/m(2), p = 0.007) and mean RV end-diastolic pressure (11.7 ± 1.6 vs 8.5 ± 2.8 mm Hg, p = 0.0003). In conclusion, after TOF repair, LVEDP is significantly associated with RVEDVi. Furthermore, mean RVEDVi is significantly higher in patients with LVEDP ≥12 mm Hg. These findings support the theory that RV dilation may impair LV diastolic function and that LV parameters may also be important to consider in determining timing of pulmonary valve replacement.
Collapse
|
106
|
Glatz AC, Rome JJ, Small AJ, Gillespie MJ, Dori Y, Harris MA, Keller MS, Fogel MA, Whitehead KK. Systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow, as measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, is associated with acute post-Fontan clinical outcomes. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:218-25. [PMID: 22228054 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.111.966986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic-pulmonary collateral (SPC) flow occurs commonly in single ventricle patients after superior cavo-pulmonary connection, with unclear clinical significance. We sought to evaluate the association between SPC flow and acute post-Fontan clinical outcomes using a novel method of quantifying SPC flow by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS All patients who had SPC flow quantified by CMR imaging before Fontan were retrospectively reviewed to assess for acute clinical outcomes after Fontan completion. Forty-four subjects were included who had Fontan completion between May 2008 and September 2010. SPC flow prior to Fontan measured 1.5±0.9 L/min/m(2), accounting for 31±11% of total aortic flow and 44±15% of total pulmonary venous flow. There was a significant linear association between natural log-transformed duration of hospitalization and SPC flow as a proportion of total aortic (rho=0.31, P=0.04) and total pulmonary venous flow (rho=0.29, P=0.05). After adjustment for Fontan type and presence of a fenestration, absolute SPC flow was significantly associated with hospital duration ≥7 days (odds ratio [OR]=9.2, P=0.02) and chest tube duration ≥10 days (OR=22.7, P=0.009). Similar associations exist for SPC flow as a percentage of total aortic (OR=1.09, P=0.048 for hospitalization ≥7 days; OR=1.24, P=0.007 for chest tube duration ≥10 days) and total pulmonary venous flow (OR=1.07, P=0.048 for hospitalization ≥7 days; OR=1.18, P=0.006 for chest tube duration ≥10 days). CONCLUSIONS Increasing SPC flow before Fontan, as measured by CMR imaging, is associated with increased duration of hospitalization and chest tube following Fontan completion.
Collapse
|
107
|
Giroud JM, Jacobs JP, Fricker FJ, Spicer D, Backer C, Franklin RC, Beland MJ, Krogmann ON, Aiello VD, Colan SD, Everett AD, Gaynor JW, Kurosawa H, Maruszewski B, Stellin G, Tchervenkov CI, Walters HL, Weinberg P, Fogel MA, Jacobs ML, Elliott MJ, Anderson RH. Web based “Global Virtual Museum of Congenital Cardiac Pathology”. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
108
|
Sundareswaran KS, Haggerty CM, de Zélicourt D, Dasi LP, Pekkan K, Frakes DH, Powell AJ, Kanter KR, Fogel MA, Yoganathan AP. Visualization of flow structures in Fontan patients using 3-dimensional phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 143:1108-16. [PMID: 22088274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to analyze 3-dimensional (3D) blood flow patterns within the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) using in vivo phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC MRI). METHODS Sixteen single-ventricle patients were prospectively recruited at 2 leading pediatric institutions for PC MRI evaluation of their Fontan pathway. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 comprised 8 patients with an extracardiac (EC) TCPC, and group 2 comprised 8 patients with a lateral tunnel (LT) TCPC. A coronal stack of 5 to 10 contiguous PC MRI slices with 3D velocity encoding (5-9 ms resolution) was acquired and a volumetric flow field was reconstructed. RESULTS Analysis revealed large vortices in LT TCPCs and helical flow structures in EC TCPCs. On average, there was no difference between LT and EC TCPCs in the proportion of inferior vena cava flow going to the left pulmonary artery (43% ± 7% vs 46% ± 5%; P = .34). However, for EC TCPCs, the presence of a caval offset was a primary determinant of inferior vena caval flow distribution to the pulmonary arteries with a significant bias to the offset side. CONCLUSIONS 3D flow structures within LT and EC TCPCs were reconstructed and analyzed for the first time using PC MRI. TCPC flow patterns were shown to be different, not only on the basis of LT or EC considerations, but with significant influence from the superior vena cava connection as well. This work adds to the ongoing body of research demonstrating the impact of TCPC geometry on the overall hemodynamic profile.
Collapse
|
109
|
Valsangiacomo Buechel ER, Fogel MA. Congenital Cardiac Defects and MR-Guided Planning of Surgery. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2011; 19:823-40; viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
110
|
Fogel MA, Pawlowski TW, Harris MA, Whitehead KK, Keller MS, Wilson J, Tipton D, Harris C. Comparison and usefulness of cardiac magnetic resonance versus computed tomography in infants six months of age or younger with aortic arch anomalies without deep sedation or anesthesia. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108:120-5. [PMID: 21679782 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present project investigated whether cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) of aortic arch anomalies can be performed successfully in infants <6 months of age without the use of cardiac anesthesia or deep sedation. We performed a retrospective review of infants ≤6 months old from 2005 to 2009 who underwent either CMR or computed tomography angiography to investigate aortic arch abnormalities. The CMR procedure used a "feed and swaddle" protocol without deep sedation or cardiac anesthesia. Of the 52 infants referred for CMR, 24 underwent the feed and swaddle protocol (aged 2.6 ± 1.4 months). One patient awoke during the study, and examination of the remaining 23 yielded a definitive diagnosis (success rate 96%). The scanning time was 6.2 ± 3.1 minutes, with the large airways evaluation accounting for 1/2 the time. Single-shot axial steady-state free precession, in which the definitive diagnosis was made, accounted for 0.59 ± 0.3 minutes. Fifteen infants were diagnosed with a vascular ring. Of the 8 infants who underwent surgery, the diagnostic accuracy was 100%. During the same period, 19 patients, who had undergone computed tomography angiography (aged 1.67 ± 1.20 months), were referred for aortic arch evaluation. Of these 19 patients, 6 (32%) underwent sedation or anesthesia. The imaging time was 0.08 ± 0.06 minutes, significantly different from the CMR times (p <0.01). However, the overall room times (31.3 ± 22.3 and 35.8 ± 3.86 minutes, respectively) were not different between the CMR and angiographic groups. The radiation dose was 1.41 ± 1.03 mSv. In conclusion, CMR evaluation of aortic arch anomalies in children <6 months old can be successfully completed quickly using a feed and swaddle approach with high diagnostic accuracy. This protocol avoids the risks of sedation, as well as the radiation associated with computed tomography angiography.
Collapse
|
111
|
Dori Y, Sarmiento M, Glatz AC, Gillespie MJ, Jones VM, Harris MA, Whitehead KK, Fogel MA, Rome JJ. X-ray magnetic resonance fusion to internal markers and utility in congenital heart disease catheterization. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4:415-24. [PMID: 21536785 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.111.963868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-ray magnetic resonance fusion (XMRF) allows for use of 3D data during cardiac catheterization. However, to date, technical requirements have limited the use of this modality in clinical practice. We report on a new internal-marker XMRF method that we have developed and describe how we used XMRF during cardiac catheterization in congenital heart disease. METHODS AND RESULTS XMRF was performed in a phantom and in 23 patients presenting for cardiac catheterization who also needed cardiac MRI for clinical reasons. The registration process was performed in < 5 minutes per patient, with minimal radiation (0.004 to 0.024 mSv) and without contrast. Registration error was calculated in a phantom and in 8 patients using the maximum distance between angiographic and 3D model boundaries. In the phantom, the measured error in the anteroposterior projection had a mean of 1.15 mm (standard deviation, 0.73). The measured error in patients had a median of 2.15 mm (interquartile range, 1.65 to 2.56 mm). Internal markers included bones, airway, image artifact, calcifications, and the heart and vessel borders. The MRI data were used for road mapping in 17 of 23 (74%) cases and camera angle selection in 11 of 23 (48%) cases. CONCLUSIONS Internal marker-based registration can be performed quickly, with minimal radiation, without the need for contrast, and with clinically acceptable accuracy using commercially available software. We have also demonstrated several potential uses for XMRF in routine clinical practice. This modality has the potential to reduce radiation exposure and improve catheterization outcomes.
Collapse
|
112
|
Harris MA, Whitehead KK, Gillespie MJ, Liu TY, Cosulich MT, Shin DC, Goldmuntz E, Weinberg PM, Fogel MA. Differential Branch Pulmonary Artery Regurgitant Fraction Is a Function of Differential Pulmonary Arterial Anatomy and Pulmonary Vascular Resistance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4:506-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
113
|
Haggerty CM, Sundareswaran KS, Pekkan K, Kanter KR, Fogel MA, Yoganathan AP. SERIAL CHANGES IN SINGLE VENTRICLE FLOWS FROM GLENN TO TOTAL CAVOPULMONARY CONNECTION: COMPARISON OF MRI TO LUMPED PARAMETER MODELING. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(11)60478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
114
|
Fogel MA, Pawlowski T, Harris M, Keller M, Glatz A, Diaz L, Whitehead K. MYOCARDIAL SCARRING IN SINGLE VENTRICLES THROUGHOUT STAGED SURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION: IMPACT ON VENTRICULAR FUNCTION AND CLINICAL STATUS. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(11)60427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
115
|
de Zélicourt DA, Haggerty CM, Sundareswaran KS, Whited BS, Rossignac JR, Kanter KR, Gaynor JW, Spray TL, Sotiropoulos F, Fogel MA, Yoganathan AP. Individualized computer-based surgical planning to address pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in patients with a single ventricle with an interrupted inferior vena cava and azygous continuation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 141:1170-7. [PMID: 21334010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations caused by abnormal hepatic flow distribution can develop in patients with a single ventricle with an interrupted inferior vena cava. However, preoperatively determining the hepatic baffle design that optimizes hepatic flow distribution is far from trivial. The current study combines virtual surgery and numeric simulations to identify potential surgical strategies for patients with an interrupted inferior vena cava. METHODS Five patients with an interrupted inferior vena cava and severe pulmonary arteriovenous malformations were enrolled. Their in vivo anatomies were reconstructed from magnetic resonance imaging (n = 4) and computed tomography (n = 1), and alternate virtual surgery options (intracardiac/extracardiac, Y-grafts, hepato-to-azygous shunts, and azygous-to-hepatic shunts) were generated for each. Hepatic flow distribution was assessed for all options using a fully validated computational flow solver. RESULTS For patients with a single superior vena cava (n = 3), intracardiac/extracardiac connections proved dangerous, because even a small left or right offset led to a highly preferential hepatic flow distribution to the associated lung. The best results were obtained with either a Y-graft spanning the Kawashima to split the flow or hepato-to-azygous shunts to promote mixing. For patients with bilateral superior vena cavae (n = 2), results depended on the balance between the left and right superior inflows. When those were equal, connecting the hepatic baffle between the superior vena cavae performed well, but other options should be pursued otherwise. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates how virtual surgery environments can benefit the clinical community, especially for patients with a single ventricle with an interrupted inferior vena cava. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the optimal baffle design to the superior inflows underscores the need to characterize both preoperative anatomy and flows to identify the best option.
Collapse
|
116
|
Dasi LP, Whitehead K, Pekkan K, de Zelicourt D, Sundareswaran K, Kanter K, Fogel MA, Yoganathan AP. Pulmonary hepatic flow distribution in total cavopulmonary connections: extracardiac versus intracardiac. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 141:207-14. [PMID: 20621314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations can occur after the Fontan procedure and are believed to be associated with disproportionate pulmonary distribution of hepatic venous effluent. We studied the effect of total cavopulmonary connection geometry and the effect of increased cardiac output on distribution of inferior vena caval return to the lungs. METHODS Ten patients undergoing the Fontan procedure, 5 with extracardiac and 5 with intracardiac configurations of the total cavopulmonary connection, previously analyzed for power loss were processed for calculating the distribution of inferior vena caval return to the lungs (second-order accuracy). One idealized total cavopulmonary connection was similarly analyzed under parametric variation of inferior vena caval offset and cardiac output flow split. RESULTS Streaming of the inferior vena caval return in the idealized total cavopulmonary connection model was dependent on both inferior vena caval offset magnitude and cardiac output flow-split ratio. For patient-specific total cavopulmonary connections, preferential streaming of the inferior vena caval return was directly proportional to the cardiac output flow-split ratio in the intracardiac total cavopulmonary connections (P < .0001). Preferential streaming in extracardiac total cavopulmonary connections correlated to the inferior vena caval offset (P < .05) and did not correlate to cardiac output flow split. Enhanced mixing in intracardiac total cavopulmonary connections is speculated to explain the contrasting results. Exercising tends to reduce streaming toward the left pulmonary artery in intracardiac total cavopulmonary connections, whereas for extracardiac total cavopulmonary connections, exercising tends to equalize the streaming. CONCLUSIONS Extracardiac and intracardiac total cavopulmonary connections have inherently different streaming characteristics because of contrasting mixing characteristics caused by their geometric differences. Pulmonary artery diameters and inferior vena caval offsets might together determine hepatic flow streaming.
Collapse
|
117
|
de Zélicourt DA, Marsden A, Fogel MA, Yoganathan AP. Imaging and patient-specific simulations for the Fontan surgery: current methodologies and clinical applications. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2010; 30:31-44. [PMID: 25620865 PMCID: PMC4302339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
118
|
Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, Ho VB, Jerosch-Herold M, Kramer CM, Manning WJ, Patel M, Pohost GM, Stillman AE, White RD, Woodard PK. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:2614-62. [PMID: 20513610 PMCID: PMC3042771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
119
|
Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, Ho VB, Jerosch-Herold M, Kramer CM, Manning WJ, Patel M, Pohost GM, Stillman AE, White RD, Woodard PK. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation 2010; 121:2462-508. [PMID: 20479157 PMCID: PMC3034132 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3181d44a8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
120
|
Dasi LP, Sundareswaran K, de Zelicourt D, Pekkan K, Whitehead K, Sharma S, Kanter K, Fogel MA, Yoganathan AP. Reply to the Editor. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
121
|
Fogel MA, Sundareswaran K, Harris M, Goldmuntz E, Yoganathan A. VORTEX FLOW FORMATION IN PATIENTS AFTER TETRALOGY OF FALLOT REPAIR WITH PULMONARY REGURGITATION UTILIZING 3-DIMENSIONAL PHASE ENCODED VELOCITY MAPPING - A CLUE TO POWER LOSS, POOR EXERCISE PERFORMANCE AND BETTER SURGERY. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(10)60721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
122
|
Dasi LP, Sundareswaran KS, Sherwin C, de Zelicourt D, Kanter K, Fogel MA, Yoganathan AP. Larger aortic reconstruction corresponds to diminished left pulmonary artery size in patients with single-ventricle physiology. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 139:557-61. [PMID: 19880146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary artery size is a crucial determinant of hemodynamic energy loss in total cavopulmonary connections. We investigated the effect of aortic arch reconstruction on left pulmonary artery size based on their anatomic proximity. METHODS Thirty-two patients undergoing the Fontan operation, 16 with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 16 with non-hypoplastic left heart syndrome, were selected from the multicenter Fontan magnetic resonance imaging database at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The 16 datasets were consecutive with full anatomic reconstructions of the total cavopulmonary connection and aortic arch with no artifacts. The size of the aorta along the transverse arch and left pulmonary artery size in the region below the aortic arch was quantified by using a previously validated skeletonization technique. RESULTS The transverse aortic and left pulmonary artery measurements (median, maximum, and minimum, respectively) for non-hypoplastic left heart syndrome were 2.2, 3.1, and 1.5 cm/m and 1.2, 1.6, and 0.2 cm/m, respectively, compared with 2.5, 4.1, and 2.0 cm/m and 0.9, 1.5, and 0.4 cm/m for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Thus the transverse aortic diameter of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome was, on average, 24% greater than that for patients with non-hypoplastic left heart syndrome (P < .05), whereas the left pulmonary artery diameter of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome was smaller than that of patients with non-hypoplastic left heart syndrome (P < .05). Regression analysis showed a significant negative correlation (P < .05) between aortic and left pulmonary artery diameters in both the hypoplastic left heart syndrome and non-hypoplastic left heart syndrome groups. However, when the study population was regrouped into reconstructed aorta and nonreconstructed aorta groups, the negative correlation was only significant for patients with reconstructed aortas, regardless of ventricular pathology (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS Stage 1 aortic reconstruction procedures that result in a large aorta limit left pulmonary artery size in patients undergoing the Fontan operation.
Collapse
|
123
|
Sundareswaran KS, de Zélicourt D, Sharma S, Kanter KR, Spray TL, Rossignac J, Sotiropoulos F, Fogel MA, Yoganathan AP. Correction of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation using image-based surgical planning. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2:1024-30. [PMID: 19679291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to develop an image-based surgical planning framework that 1) allows for in-depth analysis of pre-operative hemodynamics by the use of cardiac magnetic resonance and 2) enables surgeons to determine the optimum surgical scenarios before the operation. This framework is tailored for applications in which post-operative hemodynamics are important. In particular, it is exemplified here for a Fontan patient with severe left pulmonary arteriovenous malformations due to abnormal hepatic flow distribution to the lungs. Patients first undergo cardiac magnetic resonance for 3-dimensional anatomy and flow reconstruction. After analysis of the pre-operative flow fields, the 3-dimensional anatomy is imported into an interactive surgical planning interface for the surgeon to virtually perform multiple surgical scenarios. Associated hemodynamics are predicted by the use of a fully validated computational fluid dynamic solver. Finally, efficiency metrics (e.g., pressure decrease and hepatic flow distribution) are weighted against surgical feasibility to determine the optimal surgical option.
Collapse
|
124
|
Margossian R, Schwartz ML, Prakash A, Wruck L, Colan SD, Atz AM, Bradley TJ, Fogel MA, Hurwitz LM, Marcus E, Powell AJ, Printz BF, Puchalski MD, Rychik J, Shirali G, Williams R, Yoo SJ, Geva T. Comparison of echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measurements of functional single ventricular volumes, mass, and ejection fraction (from the Pediatric Heart Network Fontan Cross-Sectional Study). Am J Cardiol 2009; 104:419-28. [PMID: 19616678 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of the size and function of a functional single ventricle (FSV) is a key element in the management of patients after the Fontan procedure. Measurement variability of ventricular mass, volume, and ejection fraction (EF) among observers by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and their reproducibility among readers in these patients have not been described. From the 546 patients enrolled in the Pediatric Heart Network Fontan Cross-Sectional Study (mean age 11.9 +/- 3.4 years), 100 echocardiograms and 50 CMR studies were assessed for measurement reproducibility; 124 subjects with paired studies were selected for comparison between modalities. Interobserver agreement for qualitative grading of ventricular function by echocardiography was modest for left ventricular (LV) morphology (kappa = 0.42) and weak for right ventricular (RV) morphology (kappa = 0.12). For quantitative assessment, high intraclass correlation coefficients were found for echocardiographic interobserver agreement (LV 0.87 to 0.92, RV 0.82 to 0.85) of systolic and diastolic volumes, respectively. In contrast, intraclass correlation coefficients for LV and RV mass were moderate (LV 0.78, RV 0.72). The corresponding intraclass correlation coefficients by CMR were high (LV 0.96, RV 0.85). Volumes by echocardiography averaged 70% of CMR values. Interobserver reproducibility for the EF was similar for the 2 modalities. Although the absolute mean difference between modalities for the EF was small (<2%), 95% limits of agreement were wide. In conclusion, agreement between observers of qualitative FSV function by echocardiography is modest. Measurements of FSV volume by 2-dimensional echocardiography underestimate CMR measurements, but their reproducibility is high. Echocardiographic and CMR measurements of FSV EF demonstrate similar interobserver reproducibility, whereas measurements of FSV mass and LV diastolic volume are more reproducible by CMR.
Collapse
|
125
|
Whitehead KK, Gillespie MJ, Harris MA, Fogel MA, Rome JJ. Noninvasive quantification of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow: a major source of inefficiency in patients with superior cavopulmonary connections. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2:405-11. [PMID: 19808629 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.108.832113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow (SPCF) is common in single-ventricle patients with superior cavopulmonary connections (SCPC). Because no validated method to quantify that SPCF exists, neither its hemodynamic burden nor its clinical impact can be systematically evaluated. We hypothesize that (1) the difference in total ascending aortic (Ao) and caval flow (superior vena cava [SVC]+inferior vena cava [IVC]) and (2) the difference between pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery flow (PV-PA) provide 2 independent estimators of SPCF. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured Ao, SVC, IVC, right (RPA) and left (LPA) PA, and left (LPV) and right (RPV) PV flows in 17 patients with SCPC during routine cardiac MRI studies using through-plane phase-contrast velocity mapping. Two independent measures of SPCF were obtained: model 1, Ao-(SVC+IVC); and model 2, (LPV-LPA)+(RPV-RPA). Values were normalized to body surface area, Ao, and PV, and comparisons were made using linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis. SPCF ranged from 0.2 to 1.4 L/min for model 1 and 0.2 to 1.6 L/min for model 2, for an average indexed SPCF of 0.5 to 2.8 L/min/m(2): 11% to 53% (mean, 37%) of Ao and 19% to 77% (mean, 54%) of PV. The mean difference between model 1 and model 2 was 0.01 L/min (P=0.40; 2-SD range, -0.45 to 0.47 L/min). CONCLUSIONS We present a noninvasive method for SPCF quantification in patients with SCPC. It should provide an important clinical tool in treating these patients. Furthermore, we show that SPCF is a significant hemodynamic burden in many patients with bidirectional Glenn shunt physiology. Future investigations will allow objective study of the impact of collateral flow on outcome.
Collapse
|