The chromosomal location of T-cell receptor genes and a T cell rearranging gene: possible correlation with specific translocations in human T cell leukaemia

We have examined the chromosomal location of human T cell-specific genes which are involved in antigen recognition and of a gene which specifically rearranges in T cells. The genes encoding both the variable and constant region segments of the T cell receptor alpha chain are found on chromosome 14 while the delta chain gene of the T cell receptor-associated T3 complex is localised to chromosome 11. Further, the two tandemly arranged T cell-specific rearranging genes, designated gamma, were mapped to chromosome 7, but apparently not closely linked to the previously mapped T cell receptor beta-chain gene. The locations of the three different genes, which undergo rearrangement in T cells, may correlate with the chromosomal breakpoints known to be involved in translocations within abnormal human T cells.

Expression of T-cell antigen receptor genes during fetal development in the thymus

The T-cell antigen receptor is a heterodimeric molecule composed of alpha- and beta-subunits of relative molecular mass 40,000-50,000 (refs 1-6). Recently, the genes encoding both the beta- and alpha- chains have been cloned. By comparing amino-acid and nucleic-acid sequences, it is clear that these genes encode the alpha- and beta-proteins of the T-cell receptor. In addition, a third receptor-like gene, the gamma-chain gene, has been identified, which has many structural and sequence characteristics in common with the alpha- and beta-chain genes. The role of the gamma-chain gene in T-cell development is unknown. We have reported recently that the beta-chain genes are transcriptionally turned on in the thymus at about day 17 of fetal development. Here we report that the alpha-chain also is transcriptionally activated during this time, but that the gamma-chain gene is active in the thymus at day 14, reaches a peak steady-state level at day 15 and rapidly declines thereafter. If the gamma-chain gene has a functional role, it would seem to be involved very early in T-cell development, before the mature T-cell receptor is expressed.

One gene encodes two distinct Ia-associated invariant chains

Murine immune response region-encoded Ia antigens are associated not only with invariant (Ii) chain but also with several other polypeptides, most notably a 41K protein. The present report demonstrates a striking similarity between Ii and 41K. These polypeptides were found to be serologically cross-reactive, and they also display a similar peptide composition on partial enzymatic digestion. Both polypeptides are derived from distinct unglycosylated precursors, as demonstrated by tunicamycin treatment and cellfree translation. Hybrid selection of mRNA, as well as Northern blotting with an Ii cDNA, shows the presence of two mRNA coding for the Ii chain and the 41K protein. Rat fibroblasts transfected with a mouse genomic Ii clone synthesize both the murine Ii chain and the 41K protein. These observations demonstrate that a single Ii gene encodes two distinct but closely related proteins.

One gene encodes two distinct Ia-associated invariant chains

Murine immune response region-encoded Ia antigens are associated not only with invariant (Ii) chain but also with several other polypeptides, most notably a 41K protein. The present report demonstrates a striking similarity between Ii and 41K. These polypeptides were found to be serologically cross-reactive, and they also display a similar peptide composition on partial enzymatic digestion. Both polypeptides are derived from distinct unglycosylated precursors, as demonstrated by tunicamycin treatment and cellfree translation. Hybrid selection of mRNA, as well as Northern blotting with an Ii cDNA, shows the presence of two mRNA coding for the Ii chain and the 41K protein. Rat fibroblasts transfected with a mouse genomic Ii clone synthesize both the murine Ii chain and the 41K protein. These observations demonstrate that a single Ii gene encodes two distinct but closely related proteins.

The gene encoding the T-cell receptor alpha-chain maps close to the Np-2 locus on mouse chromosome 14

Serological and molecular genetic analyses of T-cell clones have shown that the T-cell antigen receptor apparently comprises two glycosylated, disulphide-linked polypeptide chains (alpha and beta), both of which span the cell membrane. Cloning of the genes encoding the two chains from mouse and human DNA has shown that the alpha- and beta-chains are composed of variable (V) and conserved (C) regions in agreement with peptide mapping data. Gene segments encoding variable and conserved domains of the beta-chain have been identified and undergo rearrangements during T-cell differentiation. The genes encoding the alpha-chain, so far described at the level of complementary DNA clones, also identify DNA rearrangements. Thus, the genes encoding the T-cell receptor show the same structure and dynamic behaviour as immunoglobulin genes, indicating that the two gene families belong to the same supergene family; this evolutionary relationship is supported by the fact that the genes encoding the beta-chain of the T-cell receptor are closely linked to immunoglobulin kappa light-chain genes on chromosome 6 in mouse. In man, however, the beta genes map to chromosome 7 (ref. 14) whereas the kappa-chain genes are located on chromosome 2, indicating that linkage between the two gene families is not needed for proper expression. Here we describe genomic clones encoding the constant portion of the T-cell receptor alpha-chain and map the gene to chromosome 14 in mouse, close to the gene for purine nucleoside phosphorylase (Np-2) which, in man, has been associated with T-cell immunodeficiencies.

Multiple duplications of complement C4 gene correlate with H-2-controlled testosterone-independent expression of its sex-limited isoform, C4-Slp

Mouse liver cDNA clones related to the C4 and C4-Slp isoforms of the fourth component of complement differ by few nucleotide changes within a region of substantial divergence from human C4. It is suggested that the mouse C4 gene duplication is an evolutionarily recent event with respect to the time of mammalian radiation. This conclusion is reinforced by the presence of a single C4 gene in the Syrian hamster. Most H-2 haplotypes, including those characterized by an undetectable C4-Slp protein, possess two C4 gene copies which, in contrast to the neighboring factor B, show a marked restriction site polymorphism. The genetic variation of this region is emphasized by the presence in the mouse of a rare "polymorphism" for C4 gene number. Multiple C4-related gene copies characterize those exceptional wild-derived H-2 haplotypes, H-2w7, H-2w16, and H-2w19, that determine the expression of the C4-Slp protein in female animals.

Isolation of mouse N-CAM-related cDNA: detection and cloning using monoclonal antibodies

Clones coding for the mouse neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) were isolated from a cDNA library prepared in the expression vector lambda gt 11 from mRNA extracted from a mouse neuroblastoma cell line. This library was screened with two anti-N-CAM monoclonal antibodies directed against different sites on the molecule and with rabbit anti-N-CAM serum. Two clones were identified with the first monoclonal antibody, three with the second one, none reacted with both. The relevance of these cDNA clones to N-CAM was confirmed by several observations. First, cDNA sequences detected with one monoclonal antibody cross-hybridized with those identified by the other antibody. Second, the different fusion proteins all bound the rabbit serum in addition to one monoclonal antibody. Finally, the probes hybridized to discrete mRNA species of sufficient lengths to code for the very large N-CAM polypeptides in RNA preparations from N-CAM-expressing, but not from N-CAM-negative cells. An additional mRNA species not seen in embryonic brain was expressed in adult mouse brain. Genomic blot experiments indicated that sequences corresponding to one of our probes are present only a few times in the mouse genome.

Ontogeny of the T-cell antigen receptor within the thymus

The expression of T-cell antigen receptors during T-cell ontogeny is an important issue that bears directly on such questions as where T-cell tolerance is acquired, at what stage T cells become susceptible to repertoire selection, and why most thymocytes die within the thymus. The thymus rudiment is colonized during days 11 and 12 of gestation, but it is not until day 19 that significant numbers of functional thymocytes are present. Although much is known about the ontogeny of function- and specificity-associated surface molecules such as Ly2 and MT4 (the murine equivalent of human T4) during this period, the ontogeny of the T-cell antigen receptors remains obscure. We have now addressed this question on three levels: DNA rearrangement, messenger RNA transcription and expression of cell-surface receptor-like proteins. Our results suggest that T-cell receptors are first expressed within the thymus around day 17 of gestation, independently of and probably before the expression of Ly2 and MT4. Furthermore, these data suggest that all major adult thymocyte subpopulations, including the small cortical cells, most of which die within the thymus, express receptors.

Inbred and wild mice carry identical deletions in their E alpha MHC genes

Several inbred strains and a certain percentage of wild mice bear a deletion in the E alpha gene of the mouse major histocompatibility complex (H-2). This mutation prevents transcription of the E alpha gene and hence functional expression of the E alpha E beta dimer on the cell surface. Two strains were selected for a more precise localization of this deletion. BALB.B is a congenic line carrying the H-2b haplotype on the BALB/c background. CRO435 is an outbred stock derived from a wild mouse captured near Cairo, Egypt; it carries the H-2w37 haplotype including a null Ew28 alpha allele, as well as semi-lethal mutations in the H-2 linked t complex (tTuw7). From these two strains, we have isolated genomic clones that contain fragments spanning the E alpha deletion, and have sequenced the breakpoint region. The deletions in the two strains are identical, spanning 627 bp which include the promoter region and the signal peptide exon of the E alpha gene. Limited sequence comparison suggests that the Eb alpha allele of BALB.B is more closely related to the Ew28 alpha allele of CRO435 than both of these are to an E alpha-expressor allele, Ed alpha. It is therefore likely that the Eo deletions in the various inbred strains and wild mice are of the same origin, and we propose that they have been disseminated throughout the mouse population because of linkage to the t complex.

Tracts of high or low sequence divergence in the mouse major histocompatibility complex

The K, I and S regions of the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are composed of long tracts of DNA which differ in sequence divergence. A correlation exists between the location of an MHC gene in a variable or conserved chromosomal tract and the degree of polymorphism and diversity of the proteins encoded by its alleles. Variable tracts appear to be the result of mechanisms which mutate certain coding and non-coding sequences to the same extent and selective pressures operating on the genes.

Genomic constitution of an H-2:Tla variant leukemia

A TL+ leukemia of a (B6 X A)F1 hybrid mouse (H-2b/H-2a) was previously subjected to immunoselection against H-2a by passage in (B6 X A.SW)F1 mice (H-2b/H-2s). A variant leukemia line was obtained that serologically lacked not only the H-2a phenotype but also the TL phenotype determined by the linked cis Tlaa allele of strain A. The H-2b phenotype and the TL phenotype of the Tlab allele of the B6 strain, which is expressed only by leukemia cells, were retained by the variant. Southern blotting with an H-2 cDNA probe that identifies restriction fragment polymorphisms distinguishing alleles of the H-2 and Tla regions of the B6 and A strains indicates that both the H-2a and Tlaa alleles are missing from the genome of this H-2a:Tlaa negative variant. Since the variant has two apparently unaltered chromosomes 17, where the H-2:Tla complex is situated, and since the intensity of bands in Southern blotting is suggestive of H-2b homozygosity, it is considered that loss of the H-2a:Tlaa haplotype by the variant was accompanied by duplication of the H-2b:Tlab haplotype. The implied change from heterozygosity to homozygosity that the variant has undergone with respect to H-2:Tla was not paralleled by a similar change at the three other loci tested, since the variant retained heterozygosity for Pep-3 (chromosome 1), Gpi-1 (chromosome 7), and Es-1 (chromosome 8).

Interleukin-3 supports growth of mouse pre-B-cell clones in vitro

Study of the differentiation of immunoglobulin-producing B lymphocytes has been hampered by the inability to maintain homogeneous populations of precursor cells in vitro. We describe here that interleukin-3 supports the growth of freshly isolated fetal liver pre-B cells and the long-term culture of interleukin-3 dependent pre-B-cell clones that can be induced to mature into antibody secreting cells in vitro.

Cell-type-specific cDNA probes and the murine I region: the localization and orientation of Ad alpha

Labeled cDNA probes highly enriched for B-cell-specific (B-T) and T-suppressor-cell-specific (Ts-B) sequences were used to screen a set of genomic cosmid clones spanning 230 kilobases of the murine immune response (I) region. With the B-cell derived probe, four I-region genes were detectable (A beta, E beta, E beta 2, and E alpha), as well as an additional (fifth) region of hybridization. The T-cell probe, prepared from a putative I-J positive suppressor cell hybridoma, was negative in a parallel experiment. A genomic fragment corresponding to the new region of hybridization seen with the B-cell cDNA probe identified a discrete mRNA species in RNA blotting analysis that had a pattern of expression strikingly similar to E alpha mRNA in a variety of lymphoid tumor lines. This fragment was also used to isolate cDNA clones from a library highly enriched (20-40 times) for B-cell-specific sequences (selected cDNA cloning). DNA sequence analysis of one of these cDNA clones indicates that this gene encodes the A alpha molecule of the d haplotype (Ad alpha). These findings establish that the order of the class II genes in the Ia complex is as follows: centromere-A beta-A alpha-E beta-E beta 2-E alpha.

Beta-2 microglobulin types in mice of wild origin

To determine the distribution of beta-2 microglobulin (B2m) alleles in wild mice we have typed mice derived from natural populations in Europe, North Africa, South America, and East Asia. Mus musculus domesticus mice from Germany, France, Italy, and Peru were all B2ma as were most from the United Kingdom. M.m. musculus mice from Denmark and Czechoslovakia, several stocks of M.m. molossinus from Japan, and M.m. castaneus from China, Thailand, and the Philippines were of B2mb type. This is consistent with the notion that C57BL/6 may have obtained some of its genes, including B2m, from Eastern mice. A BglI restriction site characteristic of B2mb was also found in mice from Czechoslovakia and Japan, confirming that B2mb is a naturally occurring allele of B2m. A new type of beta 2m (beta 2mwl) was found in four stocks of M. spretus from Portugal, Spain, and Morocco. This molecule differs in apparent size and charge from the a and b types. Beta 2mw2 was found together with beta 2ma in one stock of M.m. domesticus (brevirostris) from Morocco. Beta 2mw3 and beta 2mw4 were found in a few M.m. bactrianus from Pakistan. In all cases tested, these new beta 2m molecules associate with class I histocompatibility antigens.

Genes of the major histocompatibility complex in mouse and man

The genes of the major histocompatibility complex code for cell-surface molecules that play an important role in the generation of the immune response. These genes and molecules have been studied intensively over the last five decades by geneticists, biochemists, and immunologists, but only recently has the isolation of the genes by molecular biologists facilitated their precise characterization. Many surprising findings have been made concerning their structure, multiplicity, organization, function, and evolution.

Expression of I-Ak class II genes in mouse L cells after DNA-mediated gene transfer

The I-region of the mouse H-2 complex encodes I-region-associated or Ia antigens which are involved in lymphocyte interactions and in the regulation of immune responsiveness. Two Ia antigens, termed I-A and I-E, have been identified; both are cell-surface integral membrane glycoproteins which consist of two noncovalently linked polypeptide chains designated alpha (molecular weight (MW) approximately 34,000) and beta(approximately 28,000 MW). Their expression is restricted to B lymphocytes and to antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages. Inside the cell, these alpha beta dimers are associated noncovalently with a nonpolymorphic chain of 31,000 MW designated the invariant (Ii) chain. Cloning of 200 kilobases (kb) of the I-region from mice of the H-2d and H-2k haplotypes was accomplished recently in our laboratory, and the genes encoding the four polypeptide chains, A alpha, A beta, E alpha and E beta, were identified. We now describe the successful expression of I-Ak molecules in transfected mouse L cells.

RNA transcripts for I-J polypeptides are apparently not encoded between the I-A and I-E subregions of the murine major histocompatibility complex

The I-J subregion of the mouse major histocompatibility complex has been reported to encode antigenic determinants expressed by suppressor T cells. Previously, cosmid clones were obtained from mouse sperm DNA that contain all of the sequences between the I-A and I-E subregions, where I-J has been mapped genetically. However, hybridization of these sequences to RNA prepared from several I-J-positive suppressor T-cell hybridomas did not reveal the presence of a transcript. In addition, no rearrangements in this DNA were detected in the suppressor T cells that we have analyzed. Our results indicate that the I-J polypeptides are not encoded between the I-A and I-E subregions of the major histocompatibility complex. We discuss several hypotheses concerning the possible location and expression of I-J genes.

[Genetic analysis of sacB, the structural gene of a secreted enzyme, levansucrase of Bacillus subtilis Marburg]

The structural gene sacB encoding B. subtilis levansucrase, a secreted enzyme, expresses in E. coli. E. coli hosts of the sacB gene are poisoned by sucrose. This property allowed a powerful selection of mutants affected in the cloned gene. The plasmidic mutations were readily introduced in the B. subtilis chromosome. Using a collection of plasmids bearing various deletions extending in sacB we developed a technique of deletion mapping based on plasmid integration in the chromosome of B. subtilis. A generalization of this technique is discussed.

Genetic mapping in the major histocompatibility complex by restriction enzyme site polymorphisms: most mouse class I genes map to the Tla complex

From a genomic library constructed from sperm DNA of the inbred BALB/c mouse, we previously isolated 54 cosmid clones that contain 36 class I genes and can be divided by restriction map analyses into 13 gene clusters. We have isolated single- and low-copy DNA probes from each of these clusters to visualize restriction enzyme site polymorphisms in the DNAs from various congeneic and recombinant congeneic mice. These polymorphisms permit us to map each of the 13 cosmid clusters to a precise location in the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse. Thirty-one of 36 class I genes map into the Tla complex of the major histocompatibility complex whereas the remaining 5 genes map to the H-2 complex. Thus, all 36 class I genes are located in the major histocompatibility complex. Analysis of the number of restriction enzyme fragments visualized by the single- and low-copy DNA probes suggests that the class I genes in different inbred strains of mice probably undergo gene duplications and deletions, presumably by homologous but unequal crossing-over.

Cloning structural gene sacB, which codes for exoenzyme levansucrase of Bacillus subtilis: expression of the gene in Escherichia coli

A clone bearing the structural gene sacB, coding for the exoenzyme levansucrase, was isolated from a library of Bacillus subtilis DNA that was cloned in phage lambda charon 4A on the basis of the transforming activity of the chimeric DNA. This lambda clone also was found to contain the sacR and smo loci. Subcloning the sacB-sacR region in plasmid pBR325 resulted in a clone which directed levansucrase synthesis in Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence coding for the secreted protein was localized on the physical map of the cloned DNA.

Chromosomal localization of gut, fruC, and pfk mutations affecting genes involved in Bacillus subtilis D-glucitol catabolism

Mutations affecting the genes involved in B. subtilis D-glucitol catabolism were mapped either by PBS1-mediated transduction or DNA-mediated transformation. It was shown that the genes gutA and gutB coding for the D-glucitol permease and the D-glucitol dehydrogenase, respectively, and regulatory locus gutR are clustered in a gut operon localized between purB and dal close to the pha marker. A mutation affecting fructokinase activity (fruC) was mapped near the gut markers. The fruC gene does not belong to the operon. A mutation affecting phosphofructokinase activity (pfk) was mapped between the leuA and aroG markers.

DNA sequence of the gene encoding the E alpha Ia polypeptide of the BALB/c mouse

A 3.4-kilobase DNA fragment containing the gene coding for the E alpha chain of an Ia (I region-associated) antigen from the BALB/c mouse has been sequenced. It contains at least three exons, which correlate with the major structural domains of the E alpha chain-the two external domains alpha 1 and alpha 2, and the transmembrane-cytoplasmic domain. The coding sequence of the mouse E alpha gene shows striking homology to its counterpart at the DNA and protein levels. The translated alpha 2 exon demonstrates significant similarity to beta 2-microglobulin, to immunoglobulin constant region domains, and to certain domains of transplantation antigens. These observations and those of others suggest that the Ia antigen, transplantation antigen, and immunoglobulin gene families share a common ancestor.

A molecular map of the immune response region from the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse

A stretch of 200 kilobases (kb) of DNA from the I region of the mouse major histocompatibility complex has been cloned and characterized. It contains the genes for the biochemically defined class II proteins E alpha, E beta and A beta. DNA blot analyses suggest that the I region may contain only 6-8 class II genes. Correlation of our molecular map with the genetic map of the I region confines two of the five I subregions, I-J and I-B, to less than 3.4 kb of DNA at the 3' end of the E beta gene where a hotspot for recombination has been observed. Indeed, the I-A and I-E subregions may be contiguous. If so, the I-B and I-J subregions are not encoded in the I region between the I-A and I-E subregions.

Heavy chain genes of rabbit IgG: isolation of a cDNA encoding gamma heavy chain and identification of two genomic C gamma genes

A cDNA library was constructed by using rabbit spleen poly(A)+RNA as template, and from this library was isolated a cDNA clone, p2a2, that encodes 179 amino acids of the heavy chain of rabbit IgG. The nucleotide sequence of p2a2 showed that it encodes the COOH-terminal eight amino acids of the CH1 domain, the hinge region, the CH2 domain, and the NH2-terminal half of the CH3 domain of C gamma. Southern blot hybridization analysis of rabbit sperm DNA showed that two EcoRI fragments hybridized strongly with the C gamma cDNA. The p2a2 cDNA was used as a probe to isolate recombinant Charon 4A phage clones containing C gamma sequences from a genomic library of rabbit liver DNA. Two distinct DNA segments were identified by restriction mapping and hybridization analysis, suggesting that the haploid rabbit genome may contain two different C gamma genes.

gamma Heavy chain disease in man: cDNA sequence supports partial gene deletion model

Human gamma heavy chain disease (HCD) is characterized by the presence in serum of a short monoclonal Ig gamma chain unattached to light chains. Although most HCD proteins have internal deletions, in some the defect is NH2-terminal. The OMM gamma 3 HCD serum protein is of the latter type, having undergone an extensive NH2-terminal deletion with a sequence starting within the hinge. A cell line synthesizing the OMM protein has enabled us to study the biogenesis of the abnormal molecule. In vitro translation of isolated mRNA yields a protein containing a hydrophobic NH2-terminal leader sequence. In the intact cell, the precursor molecule is processed normally to yield a protein with an NH2-terminal sequence homologous to the beginning of the variable (V) region. The nucleotide sequence of cDNA prepared from the OMM mRNA encodes a 19-amino acid leader followed by the first 15 residues of the V region. An extensive internal deletion encompasses the remainder of the V and the entire CH1 domain. Immediately following the short V region, there is information in the cDNA for the entire normal hinge. The primary synthetic product is thus an internally deleted molecule that undergoes postsynthetic degradation to yield the NH2-terminally deleted serum protein. The structure of the OMM mRNA suggests that the protein abnormality results from a partial gene deletion rather than defective splicing.

Clusters of genes encoding mouse transplantation antigens

We constructed a cosmid library from BALB/c mouse sperm DNA and isolated 64 cosmid clones with cDNA probes for transplantation antigens (class I molecules). Of these clones, 54 mapped into 13 gene clusters containing 36 distinct class I genes and encompassing 837 kilobases of DNA. One gene cluster mapped to the L region and a second cluster with seven genes to the Qa-2,3 region of the major histocompatibility complex. Restriction map and Southern blot analyses suggest that there are subgroups of class I genes. Using a 5' flanking sequence of the L gene as a hybridization probe, we show the L gene to be present in mouse strains expressing this antigen but deleted or mutated in strains failing to express it. Our data suggest that gene duplication and deletion presumably by homologous but unequal crossing-over has altered the size and organization of the class I clusters in different mouse strains and probably is an important mechanism for generating polymorphism in these genes. Analysis of the 36 class I genes with cDNA probes specific for the 5' and 3' ends shows that the exon encoding the third external domain is far more conserved than those encoding the first and second external domains of the transplantation antigen. These differences in variability have interesting functional implications.

Localization in mouse-L-Cell chromosomal sites of transferred immunoglobulin genes

Mouse thymidine kinase negative (tk-) L-cells were cotransformed with two different kappa light chain genes (cloned from mouse myeloma) and the tk gene from Herpes simplex virus I. (Transformation is defined as change in the genotype by introduction of foreign DNA.) About 80% of the tk+ -transformants contained varying amounts of transferred kappa light chain sequences, one transformant about 150 copies per genome. The transferred immunoglobulin genes appear to be organized in a nucleosomal substructure, as deduced from digestion experiments with micrococcal nuclease. In situ hybridization experiments revealed, that the transferred genes are not distributed randomly across the chromosomes of the recipient cell. Instead they are clustered at one or a few chromosomal locations.

A pseudogene homologous to mouse transplantation antigens: transplantation antigens are encoded by eight exons that correlate with protein domains

We have isolated about 30 to 40 different BALB/c mouse sperm DNA genomic clones that hybridize to cDNA clones encoding proteins homologous to transplantation antigens. One of these clones (27.1) was selected for sequence because it was polymorphic in Southern blot analysis of the DNAs from BALB/c and CBA mice. A fragment of 5.7 kilobases of this clone was completely sequenced and found to contain a pseudogene whose sequence is highly homologous to the sequences of known transplantation antigens. Pseudogene 27.1 is split into eight exons that correlate with the structurally defined protein domains of transplantation antigens. Using Southern blot hybridization on the DNAs of different inbred mouse strains, we mapped the pseudogene to the Qa-2,3 region, a part of the Tla complex on chromosome 17 that is adjacent to the major histocompatibility complex. The Qa2,3 region encodes lymphoid differentiation antigens homologous to the transplantation antigens in size, in peptide map profiles and in their association with beta2-microglobulin. These mapping studies suggest that gene 27.1 may be a pseudogene for eigher a Qa antigen or an as yet undefined transplantation antigen. Accordingly, we may have isolate genes encoding lymphoid differentiation antigens of the Tla complex as well as those encoding transplantation antigens among the 30 to 40 different genomic clones isolated from our sperm library.

Three cDNA clones encoding mouse transplantation antigens: homology to immunoglobulin genes

We constructed cDNA libraries from poly(A)+ RNA isolated from cell lines of two different inbred strains of mice, and screened the libraries with a cDNA clone encoding a human transplantation antigen. Three cDNA clones were identified, sequenced and found to encode amino acid sequences highly homologous to portions of a known mouse transplantation antigen. Comparison of the cDNA sequences of mouse transplantation antigens with the constant region domains of the mouse immunoglobulin mu gene reveals a striking homology, which suggests that the two genes share a common ancestor. Antibody genes undergo DNA rearrangement during B cell differentiation that are correlated with their expression. In contrast, DNA blots with these cDNA probes suggest that the genes for the transplantation antigens are not rearranged in the genomes of liver or embryo cells, which express these antigens, as compared with sperm cells, which do not express these antigens. In Bam Hl-digested liver DNAs from different inbred strains of mice, 10-15 bands of hybridization were found. Accordingly, the genes encoding the transplantation antigens appear to constitute a multigene family with similar gene numbers in different mice.

DNA sequence of the constant gene region of the mouse immunoglobulin kappa chain

The constant (C; ref. 3) gene segment of the immunoglobulin kappa light chain and about 1 kb upstream as well as downstream of the segment have been sequenced. The sequences of the C gene segment itself and parts of the upstream region were determined both in liver and in myeloma T DNA clones derived from the same mouse inbred strain. The sequences were identical, i.e. no somatic mutations were detected. Two sites in the region not coding for protein are discussed as possible targets of aberrant variable (V) gene translocations. Doublet frequencies were calculated in the approx. 2500 bp of the C region sequence reported in this paper and in the approx. 3400 bp of two rearranged V gene regions.

Functional and non-functional joining in immunoglobulin light chain genes of a mouse myeloma

Leader, variable (V) and joining (J) gene segments, and adjacent regions of two rearranged alleles of the same kappa-chain producing mouse myeloma, comprising approximately 3,200 base pairs, have been sequenced. Sequence comparisons are reported. V-J joining in one of the alleles leads to a reading frame with a stop codon within the J-gene segments. Allelic exclusion is apparently realized in this tumour through the formation of such a non-functional allele.

An unusual translocation of immunoglobulin gene segments in variants of the mouse myeloma MPC11

Immunoglobulin light chain genes of the mouse are composed in germ-line DNA of four separate segments, the leader, V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant) segments. In immunocompetent cells a V and J gene segment are joined by a site-specific recombination event. In variants of the mouse myeloma MPC11 a so-called kappa (k) light chain fragment is expressed which consists of the MOPC321 leader peptide, joined to the kappa constant region peptide. Using the Southern blotting technique we found that the gene coding for the light chain fragment has apkparently been generated by an aberrant translocation of a V gene segment identical or very similar to the MOPC321 V gene segment into the large intervening sequence between the J and the C gene segments. The resulting deletion of the splice signals of the J segments could be the reason for the observed splicing between leader and C region sequences, a phenomenon which may be of general interest for the understanding of the splicing mechanism.

Cloning of V region fragments from mouse liver DNA and localization of repetitive DNA sequences in the vicinity of immunoglobulin gene segments

Two different kappa light chain genes have previously been isolated from one mouse myeloma. The V (variable, abbreviations in ref. 2) gene segments of the two genes were now used to identify their germline counterparts in EcoRI digests of mouse liver DNA. In addition two sets of related V gene segments were found which hybridize with either of the two DNA probes. Five of the V region fragments of one set were cloned in a lambda phage vector and partially characterized by restriction mapping and Southern blot hybridization. Repetitive DNA sequences were found on each of the five fragments as well as on other cloned immunoglobulin gene containing fragments. Cross-hybridization between some but not all of the regions containing repetitive DNA sequences was observed.

Two rearranged immunoglobulin kappa light chain genes in one mouse myeloma

The organization of immunoglobulin gene segments coding for kappa light chains has been studied in uncloned and cloned DNA from mouse liver and a mouse myeloma. It is known that the C (constant, ref. 2) gene segment is present in the tumor DNA on two EcoRI fragments of 14 and 20 kb and in liver DNA on a 15 kb fragment. The 14 kb myeloma and the 15 kb liver fragment have been cloned previously. Here we report on the cloning of the 20 kb myeloma fragment and present detailed restriction maps covering about 22 kb of DNA surrounding the C gene segment in liver and tumor DNA. The region on the 20 kb fragment has been localized where a DNA rearrangement had occurred. The presence of two rearranged kappa light chain genes in one tumor is discussed in regard to the molecular basis of allelic exclusion.

A rearranged DNA sequence possibly related to the translocation of immunoglobulin gene segments

A 5.3 kb EcoRI fragment (T3, abbreviations in ref. 2) has been cloned from DNA of a kappa light chain producing mouse myeloma. The fragment hybridizes to the k' flanking sequences of the J1 gene segment but not to C gene sequences of kappa light chain DNA. Restriction nuclease mapping and partial nucleotide sequencing showed that the fragment consists of sequences from the 5' side of the J1 and form the 3' side of a V gene segment, which apparently had been linked in a genomic rearrangement process. These rearranged flanking sequences are not the flanking sequences of the V and J gene segments which had been joined to form the two kappa light chain genes of the myeloma. Fragments with the hybridization properties of T3 have been found also in two other kappa and one lambda chain producing myelomas. The linking of flanking sequences in the myeloma genome is discussed with respect to the mechanism of recombination between V and J gene segments.

Levansucrase of Bacillus subtilis. Characterization of a form isolated from phenol-treated cells and activated by Triton X-100

A macromolecular complex including an inactive and protease-sensitive form of levansucrase was isolated from phenol treatment of Bacillus subtilis. This complex has a weak affinity for hydroxyapatite. Its molecular weight is evaluated at 300 000. This levansucrase form may be activated either by Triton X-100, above its critical micellar concentration, or by phospholipase C. The enzyme form associated with the complex is quite different from the exocellular levansucrase, which is protease-insensitive and detergent-insensitive, shows high affinity for hydroxyapatite and has a molecular weight of 54 000. Triton X-100 disaggregates this complex. The active levansucrase released becomes protease-insensitive and has the same apparent sedimentation coefficient as the exocellular enzyme. Possible relationships between the existence of this trapped complex and the secretion process of levansucrase are discussed.

Cloning of immunoglobulin kappa light chain genes from mouse liver and myeloma MOPC 173

The organization of the kappa chain constant region gene was compared in DNA from an immunoglobulin-producing mouse myeloma (MOPC 173) and from liver. In situ hybridization using the Southern blotting technique revealed constant region gene-containing EcoRI-DNA fragments of 14 and 20 kb in the myeloma tissue whereas one EcoRI-DNA fragment with a length of 15 kb was found in liver DNA. After enrichment by RPC-5 chromatography and preparative electrophoresis the 14 kb fragment from MOPC 173 DNA and the 15 kb fragment from liver DNA were cloned in the bacteriophage lambda vector Charon 4A using in vitro packaging. Extensive characterization of the two fragments by restriction endonuclease mapping, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy (R-loop and heteroduplex) showed that both fragments contain the constant region but no MOPC 173 variable region gene. Both fragments are homologous over a length of 12.5 kb including the constant region but differ from one another starting about 2.7 kb from the 5' end of the constant region gene. This indicates that the 14 kb EcoRI-DNA fragment from the myeloma tissue clearly resulted from somatic DNA rearrangement although it does not seem to carry the MOPC 173 variable region gene. These observations suggest that somatic DNA rearrangement of immunoglobulin light chain genes can involve both homologous chromosomes.Images

Reconstituted histone--DNA complexes

Complexes of λdv 21 plasmid DNA with calf thymus histones are reconstituted in the presence and absence of urea, and, in the absence of urea, at 4 and 37 °C. It has been concluded previously on the basis of restriction nuclease digestion of complexes reconstituted in the presence of urea that the preferential binding of individual histones to certain DNA sequences is abolished, by specific histone-histone interactions, when a mixture of the four small histones is used (Steinmetz, Streeck & Zachau 1975 Nature, Lond. 258, 447). This conclusion holds also for the other conditions tested here. An exception is the pair of arginine-rich histones (H3-H4) which appears to bind specifically when reconstituted in the absence of urea by a one step dialysis procedure and non-specifically when the salt is removed by a stepwise dialysis procedure. The subunits which are formed when the four small histones are present simultaneously are very similar to nucleosome core particles according to the fragment patterns obtained with micrococcal nuclease. Protection of 155, 285, 420, 560 etc. nucleotide pairs is observed. When histone H1 is present in addition to the four small histones a 175 nucleotide pair fragment is protected, but no 200 nucleotide pair fragment or multiples thereof were formed under our conditions.

Closely spaced nucleosome cores in reconstituted histone.DNA complexes and histone-H1-depleted chromatin

It has been demonstrated by digestion studies with micrococcal nuclease that reconstitution of complexes from DNA and a mixture of the four small calf thymus histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 leads to subunits closely spaced in a 137 +/- 7-nucleotide-pair register. Subunits isolated from the reconstituted complex contain nearly equimolar amounts of the four histones and sediment at 11.6S. On DNase I digestion both the reconstituted complex and the separated subunits gave rise to series of single-stranded DNA fragments with a 10-nucleotide periodicity. This indicates that the reconstitution leads to subunits very similar to nucleosome cores. Nucleosome cores closely spaced in a 140-nucleotide-pair register were also obtained upon removal of histone H1 from chromatin by dissociation with 0.63 M NaCl and subsequent ultracentrifugation. In reconstitution experiments with all five histones (including histone H1) our procedure did not lead to tandemly arranged nucleosomes containing about 200 nucleotide pairs of DNA. In the presence of EDTA, DNase II cleaved calf thymus nuclei and chromatin at about 200-nucleotide-pair intervals whereas in the presence of Mg2+ cleavage at intervals of approximately half this size was observed. The change in the nature of the cleavage pattern, however, was no longer found after removal of histone H1 from chromatin. This indicates that H1 influences the accessibility of DNase II cleavage sites in chromatin. This finding is discussed with respect to the influence of histone H1 on chromatin superstructure.

Construction of a kit of reference strains for rapid genetic mapping in Bacillus subtilis 168

A set of nine reference strains bringing convenient markers in the genetic background of Bacillus subtilis Marburg 168 has been prepared to allow rapid mapping of new markers.

Mapping of mutations affecting synthesis of exocellular enzymes in Bacillus subtilis. Identity of the sacUh, amyB and pap mutations

The sacUh, amyB and pap mutations are identical with respect to their pleiotropic phenotype and their genetic location. Strains bearing these mutations overproduce several exocellular enzymes: alpha amylase, lavansucrase and proteases, they are poorly or not at all transformable and most of them are devoid of flagella. These mutations are tightly linked to the sacU- mutations by transformation and therefore lie between the hisA1 and gtaB290 markers. It is possible that the sacUh, amyB and pap mutations on one hand and the sacU- mutations on the other are two different classes of alterations of the same regulatory gene controlling the synthesis of some exocellular enzymes and several other cellular functions. Furthermore an amy- mutation, leading to the lack of alpha-amylase activity, was mapped between the lin2 and aroI906 markers which are not linked to the sacU locus.