Complement system in nutritional deficiency

To break the vicious circle between malnutrition and severe infection which has been linked to the great magnitude of infant deaths worldwide, we have been searching by means of clinical and experimental studies for measures which provide for rapid enhancement of body defenses. Based on clinical observations of malnourished children and the sequence of recovery during nutritional rehabilitation, it is suggested that the complement system is a more important factor during the early stage of nutritional recovery than CMI. In animal experiments using malnourished rats, nutritional deprivation affected various components of the body defense system to various extents, CMI being the most susceptible to influence. The complement system acted to maintain host defense even when CMI was impaired. Also observed was the earlier recovery of serum complement to normal or higher levels as compared with that of CMI. The complement system responded to bacterial infection much earlier than other immunologic responses, even in malnourished rats with depressed CMI. The infected rats showed a much higher rate of de novo synthesis of complement proteins than noninfected rats, and this effect was predominant in the malnourished group. Based on these animal experiments, we attempted to induce rapid heightened resistance to infection in malnourished rats by enhancing the complement system. After administration of proper doses of lentinan or Zn-chlorophyllin, which are known to activate C3 in vitro, to malnourished rats, heightened resistance against bacterial infection was induced together with a heightened complement response. In contrast, after administration of cobra venom factor, which is known to reduce C3 activity both in vitro and in vivo, resistance against bacterial infection was reduced, even in well-nourished rats. In summary, we have analyzed in the malnourished state the mechanism of heightened resistance against bacterial infection after activation of C3 by lentinan or Zn-chlorophyllin. These C3 activators enhanced C3b formation and iC3b formation in vivo, eventually resulting in enhanced interaction of iC3b present on invaders with CR3 on phagocytic cells.

Zinc-binding proteins of newborn rat epidermis

Hematoxylin stain was used to demonstrate localization of Zn2+-binding proteins in the skin of the newborn rat. The binding protein showed different solubilities and the zinc binding was dissociated at pH 4.5. Epidermal proteins were extracted stepwise in Tris-HCl buffer containing NaCl at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C, 1 M potassium phosphate, and 4 M urea. Zn2+-binding protein was obtained from each extract by means of Zn2+ chelate affinity chromatography. We detected elution of histidine-rich protein from the affinity column with a pH 4.5 buffer by 3H-histidine labeling and immunoreactivity to rabbit IgG directed to histidine-rich protein. Amino acid analysis demonstrated that the compositions of the Zn2+-binding proteins soluble in the different extracts not only resemble each other, but are essentially the same as those of histidine-rich protein of the newborn rat skin as previously reported. However, sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis showed multiple protein bands ranging from Mr less than 25,000 to Mr greater than 200,000. The findings indicate that histidine-rich protein of different forms and solubility exists, in the epidermis and may be involved in the biological function of the cells through metal-binding.

Effects of trace elements in polymerization of keratin proteins and destruction of the filaments by processing techniques for electron microscopy

Keratin extracted from keratinized cells of newborn rats polymerizes into filaments in vitro and this polymerization has been shown to be greatly stimulated by addition of divalent cations. In this study we investigated the optimum conditions for filament formation by use of CaCl2, ZnCl2, and GdCl3, a trivalent lanthanide. It was found that a concentration about 10 times higher was required for elongation and formation of wider filaments with CaCl2 when compared with that for ZnCl2, GdCl3 caused enhanced polymerization with an even lower concentration. Effects of fixation(s) and other processing techniques used for routine electron microscopy on the polymerized keratin filaments were also examined by electron microscopy and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Degradation of keratin protein was detected in various steps involved in handling of the keratin filaments. These results indicate that ultrastructural studies of keratin in epidermal cells in situ may be improved by re-evaluation of presently used experimental procedures.

Determination of a localized surface plasmon resonance mode of Cu7S4 nanodisks by plasmon coupling

Plasmon properties such as peak position, extinction cross-section and local electric field intensity are strongly dependent on excited, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) modes. In non-spherical copper chalcogenide nanoparticles, assignment of the LSPR peaks to the corresponding oscillation modes has been controversial and requires experimental verification. We determined the in-plane LSPR mode of roxbyite Cu₇S₄ nanodisks from the plasmon coupling effect of nanodisks in solution. Compared with individual Cu₇S₄ nanodisks, self-assembled Cu₇S₄ nanodisk arrays in chloroform exhibited a blue-shifted LSPR peak with weaker optical density. This strongly suggests that the singular LSPR peak in the near-infrared region mainly originates from the in-plane oscillation mode. In addition, we demonstrate that the same LSPR peak can be readily tuned by controlling the number of disks in the array.

First results of electron temperature measurements by the use of multi-pass Thomson scattering system in GAMMA 10

A multi-pass Thomson scattering (TS) has the advantage of enhancing scattered signals. We constructed a multi-pass TS system for a polarisation-based system and an image relaying system modelled on the GAMMA 10 TS system. We undertook Raman scattering experiments both for the multi-pass setting and for checking the optical components. Moreover, we applied the system to the electron temperature measurements in the GAMMA 10 plasma for the first time. The integrated scattering signal was magnified by approximately three times by using the multi-pass TS system with four passes. The electron temperature measurement accuracy is improved by using this multi-pass system.

Ultrasound evaluation of muscle thickness changes in the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles considering the influence of posture and muscle contraction

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate muscle thickness changes in the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominis (TrA) muscles between the neutral position and trunk rotation, under a state of rest without voluntary contractions, and isometric contractions to both sides with resistance of 50% of the maximum trunk rotation strength. [Subjects] The subjects of this study were 21 healthy young men. [Methods] Muscle thickness changes in the EO, IO, and TrA in each position and state were evaluated by ultrasound. The range of motion at maximum trunk rotation and the maximum strength of trunk rotation were measured using a hand-held dynamometer. [Results] In the neutral position and at 50% trunk rotation to the right side, the thicknesses of the IO and TrA significantly increased with resistance. In both states, the thicknesses of the IO and TrA significantly increased at 50% trunk rotation to the right side. [Conclusion] The muscular contractions of the IO and TrA were stronger during ipsilateral rotation than in the neutral position and with resistance than at rest. Moreover, the muscular contraction was strongest in the resistive state during ipsilateral rotation.

The Postural Control Characteristics of Individuals with and without a History of Ankle Sprain during Single-leg Standing: Relationship between Center of Pressure and Acceleration of the Head and Foot Parameters

[Purpose] This study aimed to investigate the postural control characteristics of individuals with and without a history of ankle sprain during single-leg standing by examining the relationship between various parameters of center of pressure (COP) and head and foot acceleration. [Subjects] Twenty subjects with and 23 subjects without a history of ankle sprain (sprain and control groups, respectively) participated. [Methods] Mean and maximum COP velocity and maximum COP range in the anteroposterior and mediolateral components of movement were calculated using a gravicorder. The anteroposterior and mediolateral maximum accelerations of the head and foot, as well as the root mean square (RMS) of each acceleration parameter, were measured using accelerometers. [Results] In the mediolateral component, a significant positive correlation was found between maximum acceleration of the foot and all COP parameters in the sprain group. [Conclusion] Our findings suggest that mediolateral momentary motion of the foot in individuals with a history of ankle sprain has relevance to various parameters of COP.

Purification and Some Properties of Acidocin 8912, a Novel Bacteriocin Produced byLactobacillus acidophilusTK8912

Acidocin 8912, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus TK8912, was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive chromatographies on CM-cellulose, Sephadex G-50, Sephadex G-25, and reversed-phase HPLC on Aquapore RP-300. The purified acidocin 8912 migrated as a single band on SDS-PAGE. The molecular weight was estimated to be 5200 by SDS-PAGE, and 5400 by HPLC gel filtration on TSKgel G3000PWXL. Both the amino acid composition and the N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis indicated that acidocin 8912 was a peptide composed of presumably 50 amino acids containing a Lys residue at the N-terminus. The purified acidocin 8912 showed a bactericidal effect on sensitive cells but not a bacteriolytic effect.

Correlation of shoulder and elbow injuries with muscle tightness, core stability, and balance by longitudinal measurements in junior high school baseball players

[Purpose] The present study longitudinally investigated injury occurrences and the risk factors for muscle tightness, core stability, and dynamic standing balance among junior high school student baseball players. [Subjects] Thirty-nine male students, belonging to baseball clubs at 2 junior high schools, participated in this study. [Methods] Study measurements were obtained twice, once in the early stage of the baseball season (March) and once at the end of the season (July). All subjects underwent muscle tightness testing, the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), and trunk endurance testing during each measurement session. [Results] Fifteen players experienced episodes of elbow or shoulder pain while throwing. Players in the pain group demonstrated a significant increase in the tightness of their shoulder internal rotators, axis-leg quadriceps, and axis-leg hamstrings. There was no clear evidence of differences of changes in core stability and dynamic standing balance between the groups. [Conclusion] The results of this study suggest that lower extremity muscle tightness early in a season and the subsequent decline in the flexibility of the axis-leg quadriceps and hamstrings during the season may be due to an increased upper extremity load while throwing, thus producing shoulder and elbow pain.

Relationship between Lower Extremity Tightness and Star Excursion Balance Test Performance in Junior High School Baseball Players

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between lower extremity tightness and lower extremity balance, measured by the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), in junior high school baseball players. [Subjects] Thirty-three male students belonging to baseball clubs in 2 junior high schools participated in this study. [Methods] For the SEBT, we chose to examine the anterior (ANT), posterior (POS), lateral (LAT), and medial (MED) directions. Regarding muscle tightness measurement, the angle of each joint of the bilateral iliopsoas, quadriceps, hamstring, gastrocnemius, hip internal rotator, and hip external rotator was measured. [Results] The ANT direction of the SEBT was significantly negatively correlated with gastrocnemius tightness. The MED direction of the SEBT was significantly positively correlated with hip internal rotator tightness and hamstrings tightness and significantly negatively correlated with gastrocnemius tightness. The LAT direction of the SEBT was significantly negatively correlated with iliopsoas tightness and gastrocnemius tightness. [Conclusion] Since the rate of upper extremity injury is high in these subjects and this could be due to tightness and instability of the lower extremity from a kinetic viewpoint, the SEBT could be used as a standard evaluation test when examining upper extremity injuries in young baseball players.

Postural Control Characteristics during Single Leg Standing of Individuals with a History of Ankle Sprain: Measurements Obtained Using a Gravicorder and Head and Foot Accelerometry

[Purpose] This study aimed to validate the postural control characteristics of individuals with a history of ankle sprain during single leg standing by using a gravicorder and head and foot accelerometry. [Subjects] Twenty subjects with and 23 subjects without a history of ankle sprain (sprain and control groups, respectively) participated. [Methods] The anteroposterior, mediolateral, and total path lengths, as well as root mean square (RMS) of each length, were calculated using the gravicorder. The anteroposterior, mediolateral, and resultant acceleration of the head and foot were measured using accelerometers and were evaluated as the ratio of the acceleration of the head to the foot. [Results] There was no significant difference between the two groups in path length or RMS acceleration of the head and foot. However, the ratios of the mediolateral and resultant components were significantly higher in the sprain group than in the control group. [Conclusion] Our findings suggest that individuals with a history of ankle sprain have a higher head-to-foot acceleration ratio and different postural control characteristics than those of control subjects.

Time course of axial and radial diffusion kurtosis of white matter infarctions: period of pseudonormalization

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Diffusion kurtosis is a statistical measure for quantifying the deviation of the water diffusion profile from a Gaussian distribution. The current study evaluated the time course of diffusion kurtosis in patients with cerebral infarctions, including perforator, white matter, cortical, and watershed infarctions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Subjects were 31 patients, representing 52 observations of lesions. The duration between the onset and imaging ranged from 3 hours to 122 days. Lesions were categorized into 4 groups listed above. Diffusion kurtosis images were acquired with b-values of 0, 1000, and 2000 s/mm(2) applied in 30 directions; variables including DWI signal, ADC, fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, axial diffusivity, radial kurtosis, and axial kurtosis, were obtained. The time courses of the relative values (lesion versus contralateral) for these variables were evaluated, and the pseudonormalization period was calculated.

RESULTS

Diffusion kurtosis was highest immediately after the onset of infarction. Trend curves showed that kurtosis decreased with time after onset. Pseudonormalization for radial/axial kurtosis occurred at 13.2/59.9 days for perforator infarctions, 33.1/40.6 days for white matter infarctions, 34.8/35.9 days for cortical infarctions, and 34.1/28.2 days after watershed infarctions. For perforator infarctions, pseudonormalization occurred in the following order: radial kurtosis, ADC, axial kurtosis, and DWI.

CONCLUSIONS

Diffusion kurtosis variables in lesions increased early after infarction and decreased with time. Information provided by diffusion kurtosis imaging, including axial and radial kurtosis, seems helpful in conducting a detailed evaluation of the age of infarction, in combination with T2WI, DWI, and ADC.

Dextromethorphan for neuropathic pain with Churg-Strauss syndrome

Abstract A 48-year old man who had been treated with prednisolone, aminophylline, and pranlukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, was diagnosed with Churg-Strauss syndrome based on the findings of asthma, eosinophilia, mononeuropathy, and extravascular eosinophils. Intractable neuropathic pain of the legs was successfully controlled with an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, dextromethorphan. We suggest that dextromethorphan receptor antagonists may be a useful treatment for the pain of neuropathy caused by vasculitis syndrome.

The Relationship between Trunk Function and Injury among Junior High School Soccer Players

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between trunk stability and injury among young soccer players. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects were 19 male soccer players in junior high school. The presence of injury was noted, and trunk stability was measured by using the bench test and sideways bench test, which were modified from “The 11+” exercises. [Results] There was no significant difference in endurance time in the bench test or sideways bench test between the injury group (n=9) and non-injury group (n=10). Comparison within each group revealed no significant difference in endurance time between the right and left sideways bench tests in the non-injury group; however, the time in the left sideways bench test was significantly longer than that in the right in the injury group. [Conclusion] This study suggests that there is a relationship between asymmetric trunk stability and injury. Further research investigating the relationship between asymmetric trunk function and balance skills is necessary.

Electromyographic study of neck muscle activity according to head position in rugby tackles

[Purpose] This study examined differences in neck muscle activity in two different head positions during tackles with the aim of contributing to the prevention of sports injuries. [Subjects] The subjects were 28 male high-school rugby players. [Methods] Two tackle positions were considered: a head-up position and a head-down position. Muscle activities of the sternocleidomastoid muscles and the upper, middle, and lower parts of the trapezius muscles were measured. [Results] Muscle activities of the sternocleidomastoid muscles and the right upper trapezius muscle were significantly increased in the head-up position, and the activity of the lower trapezius was significantly increased in the head-down position. [Conclusion] Tackling with the head-up position increases neck muscle activity and stability of the head and the neck.

Effect of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in the Nationwide Survey of Primary Liver Cancer in Japan

BACKGROUND

The efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear.

METHODS

The outcome of 476 patients with HCC who underwent hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin (HAIC) were compared with 1466 patients who did not receive active therapy.

RESULTS

A survival benefit of the therapy after adjusting for known risk factors was observed (hazard ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.41-0.56; P<0.0001). In propensity score-matched analysis (n=682), median survival time was longer for patients who underwent chemotherapy (14.0 months) than for patients who did not receive active treatment (5.2 months, P<0.0001).

CONCLUSION

For advanced HCC, HAIC is considered to be an effective treatment.

Proton-exchange mechanism of specific Cs+ adsorption via lattice defect sites of Prussian blue filled with coordination and crystallization water molecules

We have revealed the fundamental mechanism of specific Cs(+) adsorption into Prussian blue (PB) in order to develop high-performance PB-based Cs(+) adsorbents in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear accident. We compared two types of PB nanoparticles with formulae of Fe(III)4[Fe(II)(CN)6]3·xH2O (x = 10-15) (PB-1) and (NH4)0.70Fe(III)1.10[Fe(II)(CN)6]·1.7H2O (PB-2) with respect to the Cs(+) adsorption ability. The synthesised PB-1, by a common stoichiometric aqueous reaction between 4Fe(3+) and 3[Fe(II)(CN)6](4-), showed much more efficient Cs(+) adsorption ability than did the commercially available PB-2. A high value of the number of waters of crystallization, x, of PB-1 was caused by a lot of defect sites (vacant sites) of [Fe(II)(CN)6](4-) moieties that were filled with coordination and crystallization water molecules. Hydrated Cs(+) ions were preferably adsorbed via the hydrophilic defect sites and accompanied by proton-elimination from the coordination water. The low number of hydrophilic sites of PB-2 was responsible for its insufficient Cs(+) adsorption ability.