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Engelmann K, Shen H, Finn OJ. MCF7 side population cells with characteristics of cancer stem/progenitor cells express the tumor antigen MUC1. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2419-26. [PMID: 18381450 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy, radiation, and growth inhibitory drugs preferentially eliminate actively growing cancer cells. Cancer recurrence is currently thought to be due to nondividing cancer stem/progenitor cells that are resistant to these therapies. Different therapeutic approaches need to be considered for the elimination of the cancer stem cell population. Immunotherapy is one such approach. In addition to specificity and lack of toxicity, immunotherapy targets cancer cells irrespective of their state of proliferation, as long as they express particular tumor antigens. For that reason, it is important to examine if the tumor antigens that are currently being tested as immunotherapeutic agents are also present on cancer stem cells. This study aimed to determine if one well-known tumor antigen, MUC1, which is being tested as an immunotherapy target on tumor cells, is also expressed on the quiescent cancer stem/progenitor cells. We used the so-called side population (SP) cells found in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line, which we first confirmed by cell surface markers and gene profiling to be highly enriched in cells that fulfill specific functional, phenotypic, and molecular criteria for being tumor stem/progenitor cells. We show that these cells express MUC1 and give rise to MUC1(+) tumors in vivo, which maintain the MUC1(+) SP population. MUC1 on SP cells is hypoglycosylated and heavily sialylated; the characteristics of the tumor-specific form were expressed on mature cancer cells and recognized by tumor-specific T cells and antibodies. This suggests that stem/progenitor cells, like mature tumor cells, would be targets of MUC1-directed immunotherapy.
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Ryan SO, Turner MS, Revers L, Gariepy J, Finn OJ. Tolerance and immunity to tumor‐associated antigen MUC1 in MUC1.Tg mice. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1078.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Engelmann K, Shen H, Finn OJ. MCF7 Side Population (SP) cells with characteristics of cancer stem/progenitor cells express the tumor antigen MUC1. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1079.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang L, Finn OJ. SNP in exon 2 of the MUC1 gene generates a candidate minor histocompatibility antigen through alternative splicing. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1079.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vlad AM, Budiu R, Thaller J, Edwards RP, Finn OJ. Involvement of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells in ovarian endometriosis and ovarian epithelial tumors. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1078.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pejawar‐Gaddy S, Viscidi R, Bossis I, Finn OJ. All in one: VLP‐MUC1 vaccine for prevention and treatment of epithelial tumors. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1077.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lepisto AJ, Moser AJ, Zeh H, Lee K, Bartlett D, McKolanis JR, Geller BA, Schmotzer A, Potter DP, Whiteside T, Finn OJ, Ramanathan RK. A phase I/II study of a MUC1 peptide pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine as adjuvant therapy in patients with resected pancreatic and biliary tumors. CANCER THERAPY 2008; 6:955-964. [PMID: 19129927 PMCID: PMC2614325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic and biliary cancers are relatively resistant to chemotherapy and radiation and may therefore provide an opportunity for testing the potential of immunotherapy. MUC1 is an epithelial cell glycoprotein that is highly overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated in many adenocarcinomas, including pancreatic tumors, providing a tumor specific antigen and target. We performed a Phase I/II clinical trial of a MUC1 peptide-loaded DC vaccine in 12 pancreatic and biliary cancer patients following resection of their primary tumors. The primary endpoints were vaccine toxicity and immunogenicity and the secondary endpoint was clinical outcome. The vaccine was well tolerated and no toxicity was observed. Three patients had pre-existing MUC1 antibody responses that remained stable post vaccination. MUC1-specific T cell responses were difficult to evaluate due to increases in activity of all CD8 and CD4 T cells following each vaccination. Prior to vaccination, patients entered onto this trial had a significantly higher percentage of FoxP3+CD4+ T cells compared to age matched healthy controls. The percentage of these cells also increased transiently following each injection, returning to baseline or below before the next injection. Vaccinated patients have been followed for over four years and four of the twelve patients are alive, all without evidence of recurrence. Study of the immune parameters in long-term survivors several years after vaccination may yield the sought after immune correlates of clinical responses that analysis of immune responses shortly after vaccination has not revealed.
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Abstract
Cancer patients mount adaptive immune responses against their tumors. However, tumor develops many mechanisms to evade effective immunosurveillance. T-cell death caused by tumor plays a critical role in establishing tumor immunotolerance. Chronic stimulation of T cells by tumors leads to activation-induced cell death. Abortive stimulation of T cells by tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells loaded with tumor antigens leads to autonomous death of tumor-specific T cells. Therapeutic approaches that prevent T-cell death in the tumor microenvironment and tumor draining lymph nodes, therefore, should boost adaptive immune responses against cancer.
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Beatty PL, Plevy SE, Sepulveda AR, Finn OJ. Cutting edge: transgenic expression of human MUC1 in IL-10-/- mice accelerates inflammatory bowel disease and progression to colon cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:735-9. [PMID: 17617560 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell MUC1 is aberrantly expressed on human epithelial adenocarcinomas where it functions as a regulator of immune responses and an oncogene. Normally expressed at low levels in healthy colonic epithelium, MUC1 was reported to be overexpressed in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and thus may be expected to play an important role in regulating chronic inflammation and its progression to colitis-associated colon cancer. Studies in the immunobiology and pathology of IBD and colitis-associated colon cancer have been done in various mouse models but none could properly address the role of MUC1 due to low homology between the mouse and the human molecule. We report that IL-10(-/-) mice, a widely accepted mouse model of IBD, crossed to human MUC1-transgenic mice, develop MUC1(+) IBD characterized by an earlier age of onset, higher inflammation scores, and a much higher incidence and number of colon cancers compared with IL-10(-/-) mice.
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Abstract
Vaccination as an approach to control cancer growth and recurrence, also known as active-specific immunotherapy (ASI), has been successful at inducing immune responses, even in patients with advanced or metastatic disease. Clinical responses, as determined by the criteria set for chemotherapy and radiation, have been much more difficult to assess. In general, the effectiveness of ASI in advanced disease is expected to be limited. The lack of toxicity in thousands of vaccinated patients with many different tumor types, and clearly observed, albeit rare, efficacy, support the use of ASI in early disease following resection of the primary tumor or removal of precancerous lesions. This setting will permit a much more rational assessment of the long-term efficacy of ASI, as well as its toxicity. Given that ASI relies on a healthy immune system to be effective, it is also predicted to be more successful when it is employed prior to the use of standard chemotherapy. At the very least, it should be given primary consideration in situations where the role of cytotoxic chemotherapy is equivocal and patients are in need of a nontoxic alternative.
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Terry KL, Titus-Ernstoff L, McKolanis JR, Welch WR, Finn OJ, Cramer DW. Incessant ovulation, mucin 1 immunity, and risk for ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:30-5. [PMID: 17220329 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk for ovarian cancer correlates directly with "ovulatory years or cycles" estimated from time not pregnant, breast-feeding, or using oral contraceptives. Recently, we reported that several factors known to reduce ovarian cancer risk may operate by inducing antibodies against mucin 1 (MUC1), a glycoprotein overexpressed in ovarian cancer. Conversely, other events might increase risk by interfering with the development of protective immunity. In this study, we examined whether the total number of ovulatory cycles decreases the likelihood of anti-MUC1 antibodies and provides an immune basis for the association between "incessant ovulation" and ovarian cancer risk. METHODS From 1998 to 2003, we enrolled 668 epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 721 controls residing in eastern Massachusetts or New Hampshire, collected information on menstrual and reproductive events, and obtained blood samples from controls to measure anti-MUC1 antibodies. Using logistic regression, we calculated odds ratios to evaluate the influence of reproductive factors, including the estimated lifetime number of ovulatory cycles on ovarian cancer risk and on the presence of MUC1 antibodies in controls. RESULTS Overall, we observed that early age at first birth, cycle lengths >or=30 days, and oral contraceptive use increased the likelihood of having anti-MUC1 antibodies. Estimated ovulatory cycles were correlated positively with ovarian cancer risk and inversely with the presence of anti-MUC1 antibodies among controls ages 46 to 60 years. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that suppression of MUC1-specific immunity should be considered as an additional explanation for the observation that ovarian cancer risk increases with the lifetime number of ovulatory cycles.
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Finn OJ. Human tumor antigens, immunosurveillance, and cancer vaccines. Immunol Res 2007; 36:73-82. [PMID: 17337768 DOI: 10.1385/ir:36:1:73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a serious health problem as well as a scientific challenge. A lot has been learned about the process of transformation of a normal cell into a tumor cell by studying genes and proteins that regulate this process either in cis or in trans. However, whether these molecular mechanisms succeed in fulfilling their potential to give a clinically evident disease depends in great measure on the host response to those molecular changes. The work of my laboratory aims to provide evidence in animal models as well as in cancer patients that immune system can control cancer growth and that this important function can be improved through vaccination with well-defined tumor antigens.
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Turner MS, Cohen PA, Finn OJ. Lack of effective MUC1 tumor antigen-specific immunity in MUC1-transgenic mice results from a Th/T regulatory cell imbalance that can be corrected by adoptive transfer of wild-type Th cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2787-93. [PMID: 17312122 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein tumor Ag MUC1 is overexpressed on the majority of epithelial adenocarcinomas. CTLs that recognize MUC1 and can kill tumor cells that express this molecule have been found in cancer patients, yet they are present in low frequency and unable to eradicate MUC1(+) tumors. Patients also make anti-MUC1 Abs but predominantly of the IgM isotype reflecting the lack of effective MUC1-specific Th responses. Mice transgenic for the human MUC1 gene (MUC1-Tg) are similarly hyporesponsive to MUC1. We used a vaccine consisting of dendritic cells loaded with a long synthetic MUC1 peptide to investigate the fate and function of MUC1-specific CD4(+) Th elicited in wild-type (WT) or MUC1-Tg mice or adoptively transferred from vaccinated WT mice. We show that hyporesponsiveness of MUC1-Tg mice to this vaccine is a result of insufficient expansion of Th cells, while at the same time their regulatory T cells are efficiently expanded to the same extent as in WT mice and exert a profound suppression on MUC1-specific B and T cell responses in vivo. Adoptive transfer of WT Th cells relieved this suppression and enhanced T and B cell responses to subsequent MUC1 immunization. Our data suggest that the balance between Th and regulatory T cells is a critical parameter that could be modulated to improve the response to cancer vaccines.
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Su EW, Kane LP, Finn OJ. MUC1 Mucin Expressed no Activated T Cells has a Regulatory Function (87.17). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.87.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
MUC1 (CD227) is a large (>400kDa), heavily glycosylated, type-I transmembrane protein present most notably on the apical surface of ductal epithelia. In epithelial adenocarcinomas MUC1 is overexpressed as a hypoglycosylated protein in a non-polarized fashion. Because of these attributes, MUC1 has been studied foremostly as a tumor-associated antigen. The role of MUC1 in other cell types remained largely unexplored until MUC1 was found to be expressed by activated human T cells from healthy donors. Preliminary studies we have performed on the role of MUC1 in T cells point towards MUC1 as a negative regulator of effector T cell function. Crosslinking of MUC1 limits the proliferative capacity of primary human T cells activated with anti-CD3, as well as the ability of these cells to make IL-2 and upregulate IL-2Rα. Studies using the Jurkat T cell line have yielded intriguing results. When MUC1 is present and crosslinked, Jurkat T cells activated with anti-CD3 do not secrete IL-2. Paradoxically, knockdown of MUC1 in Jurkat T cells with siRNA also renders them unable to produce IL-2 when similarly activated. Because failure to secrete IL-2 and proliferate following TCR ligation are characteristics of T cell hyporesponsiveness, elucidating the exact role of MUC1 in T cell activation in the context of other co-inhibitory or co-activating receptors is important. To do so, we have been employing luciferase reporter assays to determine the effect of MUC1 expression and crosslinking on well-characterized signaling pathways activated during the engagement of TCR/CD3 and CD28. This will add to our current, limited, knowledge on MUC1 signaling in T cells.
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Finn OJ, Salter RD. Immunology in Pittsburgh. Immunol Res 2007; 36:1-2. [PMID: 17337760 DOI: 10.1385/ir:36:1:1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine has a long tradition of excellence in immunology research and training. Faculty, students, and postdoctoral fellows walk through hallways that are pictorial reminders of the days when Dr. Jonas Salk worked here to develop the polio vaccine, or when Dr. Niels Jerne chaired the Microbiology Department and worked on perfecting the Jerne Plaque Assay for antibody-producing cells. Colleagues and postdoctoral fellows of Professor Salk are still on the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh Medical School as are graduate students of Professor Jerne. A modern research building, the 17 story high Biomedical Science Tower, is a vivid reminder of the day when Dr. Thomas Starzl arrived in Pittsburgh and started building the most prominent solid-organ-transplant program in the world. The immunology research that developed around the problem of graft rejection and tolerance induction trained numerous outstanding students and fellows. Almost 20 yr ago, the University of Pittsburgh founded the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (UPCI) with the renowned immunologist Dr. Ronald Herberman at its helm. This started a number of new research initiatives in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. A large number of outstanding young investigators, as well as several well-established tumor immunologists, were recruited to Pittsburgh at that time.
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Abstract
The immune system is alerted to the presence of a pathogen through the activation of the innate immune system. The message is transmitted to the cells of the adaptive immunity through activated antigen-presenting cells. The development of specific immunity capable of eliminating the pathogen is orchestrated by cytokines and chemokines produced by the innate system. When everything functions optimally, the pathogen is eradicated and specific memory response is established. This finely tuned system can be subverted by pathogens, leading to disease. Immunity to cancer is orchestrated in the same way and it is now recognized that the early stages of tumour development are recognized by the cells of innate immunity that transmit this message to the cells of adaptive immunity. The molecules that alert the immune system and are also its targets are tumour antigens. Two important antigens for lung tumour-specific immunity are MUC1 and cyclin B1. We discuss how each molecule interacts with the innate and the adaptive immunity and the types of the immune responses that result for these interactions. We also discuss the state of immunosuppression of adaptive immunity in cancer patients due to chronic activation of the innate immune system.
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Saito H, Dubsky P, Dantin C, Finn OJ, Banchereau J, Palucka AK. Cross-priming of cyclin B1, MUC-1 and survivin-specific CD8+ T cells by dendritic cells loaded with killed allogeneic breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 8:R65. [PMID: 17129372 PMCID: PMC1797030 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to take up whole tumor cells and process their antigens for presentation to T cells ('cross-priming') is an important mechanism for induction of tumor specific immunity. Methods In vitro generated DCs were loaded with killed allogeneic breast cancer cells and offered to autologous naïve CD8+ T cells in 2-week and/or 3-week cultures. CD8+ T cell differentiation was measured by their capacity to secrete effector cytokines (interferon-γ) and kill breast cancer cells. Specificity was measured using peptides derived from defined breast cancer antigens. Results We found that DCs loaded with killed breast cancer cells can prime naïve CD8+ T cells to differentiate into effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Importantly, these CTLs primed by DCs loaded with killed HLA-A*0201- breast cancer cells can kill HLA-A*0201+ breast cancer cells. Among the tumor specific CTLs, we found that CTLs specific for HLA-A2 restricted peptides derived from three well known shared breast tumor antigens, namely cyclin B1, MUC-1 and survivin. Conclusion This ability of DCs loaded with killed allogeneic breast cancer cells to elicit multiantigen specific immunity supports their use as vaccines in patients with breast cancer.
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Ryan SO, Gantt KR, Finn OJ. Tumor antigen-based immunotherapy and immunoprevention of cancer. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 142:179-89. [PMID: 17106205 DOI: 10.1159/000097020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Any approach to the treatment and prevention of cancer must face the daunting reality that each cancer may be as individual as the patient in whom it has evolved. The challenge is also to develop a therapy that would eradicate that which is abnormal while preserving what is normal. For many years, therapies have been sought that could target a specific abnormal cancerous processes, such as rapid division or increased vascular flow, but with only limited success. Unfortunately, these successes have also been accompanied by varying degrees of toxicity and there is currently no standard therapy that can eradicate clinical disease and prevent recurrence while leaving normal tissue unharmed. However, approaches directed towards manipulating tumor-specific immunity hold promise for effective treatment and lasting cure. These approaches are based on the exceptional specificity of the immune system, the potential for long-term protective memory, and the accumulated evidence that affected individuals have spontaneous immune responses against their own tumors.
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Alajez NM, Eghtesad S, Finn OJ. Cloning and expression of human membrane-bound and soluble engineered T cell receptors for immunotherapy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2006; 2006:68091. [PMID: 16883054 PMCID: PMC1510948 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/68091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the design and construction of several gene vectors for expression in mammalian cells of membrane-bound and soluble human T cell receptors (TR). We designed a vector (TR-ALPHA-IRES-TR-BETA pEF4) that encodes high-level expression of the full-length TR on the surface of T cells. Furthermore, we engineered TR that does not require the presence of endogenous CD3 molecules for surface expression and thus expression is not limited to T cells. We also constructed a vector encoding a single-chain TR (scTR) as a fusion protein of V-ALPHA-V-BETA-C-BETA with CD3Z. Since it is encoded and expressed as a single molecule, this scTR is well suited for gene therapy. Lastly, we successfully used a mammalian expression vector for generation of soluble human TR. The approaches we used here for manipulation of a human tumor-specific TR can be useful for other investigators interested in TR-based immunotherapy.
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Egloff AM, Weissfeld J, Land SR, Finn OJ. Evaluation of anticyclin B1 serum antibody as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for lung cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1062:29-40. [PMID: 16461786 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1358.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary aims of this study were to establish a high-throughput assay and analytic procedures that would allow us to assess with accuracy and reproducibility the presence of anti-cyclin B1 antibodies in a large cohort of subjects at-risk for development of lung cancer. The overall goal is to identify factors significantly associated with immune responses against this lung tumor antigen and to evaluate the relationship between anticyclin B1 antibodies and lung cancer risk in a prospective cohort. Successful cancer treatment relies on early detection. The immune system could respond to tumor antigens arising from altered host factors and provide an early readout for cancer presence. This study examines immune responses to the tumor antigen cyclin B1. Lung cancer patients have antibodies against cyclin B1. Unscheduled overexpression of this cell cycle regulator occurs early in tumorigenesis and might be detected by the immune system long before clinical diagnosis of cancer. Antibodies recognizing cyclin B1 were measured using semiautomated ELISAs in sera samples from subjects without detectable lung cancer enrolled in the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study (PLuSS), a longitudinal study of long-term smokers over age 50. Factors significantly associated with antibody presence were identified using linear regression analysis. We have established a highly reproducible, semiautomated ELISA-based assay for the high-throughput assessment of serum antibody titers. Using this technology and a small subset of PluSS subjects, cyclin B1 antibody levels were found to be high in a small proportion of subjects tested. Regression analysis identified gender as well as age in women smokers to be significant determinants of cyclin B1 antibody levels, association not seen in male subjects. This work represents an important first step toward defining the importance of the presence of anticyclin B1 antibodies in an at-risk population and assessing the predictive value of serum cyclin B1 antibody as relates to lung cancer risk.
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Egloff AM, Vella LA, Finn OJ. Cyclin B1 and other cyclins as tumor antigens in immunosurveillance and immunotherapy of cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6-9. [PMID: 16397206 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell division is an indispensable event in tumor progression, and numerous molecules involved in this process have been the focus of intense investigation in tumor biology. Cyclins, molecules that orchestrate normal cell cycle progression, are abnormally overexpressed in various human cancers. We review evidence that the immune system recognizes some abnormally expressed cyclins as tumor antigens, such as cyclin B1, and we analyze the potential of cyclins D, E, and A to serve a similar function in cancer immunosurveillance.
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