Simple method to detect triclofos and its metabolites in plasma of children by combined use of liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Triclofos sodium (TCS) and chloral hydrate (CH) are widely used as sedatives for children, but no analytical method to simultaneously monitor concentrations of blood TCS, CH and their metabolites, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and trichloroethanol (TCEOH), has been reported. The present study aimed to develop a simple analytical method for TCS and its metabolites (TCA, TCEOH and CH) in small-volume plasma from children. After acidification of specimens, TCS formic acid adduct or the metabolites derivatized using water/sulfuric acid/methanol (6:5:1, v/v) were measured by combined use of liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. The limits of detection and quantification levels (µg/ml) were 0.10 and 0.29 for TCS, 0.24 and 0.72 for TCA, 0.10 and 0.31 for TCEOH, and 0.25 and 0.76 for CH, respectively. The mean recoveries were 82.8-107% for TCS, 85.4-101% for TCA, 91.6-107% for TCEOH, and 88.9-109% for CH. Within-run and between-run precision (percent of relative standard deviation, %RSD) using this method ranged from 1.1 to 15.7% and 3.6 to 13.5%, respectively, for TCS and all of its metabolites. The calibration curves were obtained with standard spiked plasma, and all of the coefficients of determination were more than 0.975. Subsequently, we applied the present method to plasma taken from five children after sedation induced by CH and TCS. In addition to TCS and CH, elevated TCA and TCEOH concentrations were detected. This new method can be applied for the pharmacokinetic analysis of TCS and its metabolites and the determination of the optimal TCS dosage in children.

Evaluating the effect of injecting triamcinolone acetonide in two sessions for preventing esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection

Background and study aims  Several previous reports indicate that endoscopic injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) after widespread endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is effective for preventing esophageal stricture. We investigated the efficacy of injecting TA in two sessions for preventing stricture formation post-ESD. Patients and methods  Sixty-six consecutive patients with widespread mucosal defects that affected more than three-fourths of the circumference of the esophagus were included. The study group (n = 40) received TA injections over two sessions: immediately after and 14 days after ESD. The control group (n = 26) did not receive a TA injection. This study was performed retrospectively against historical controls. The primary endpoint of this study was frequency of stricture after TA injection. The secondary endpoint was number of required endoscopic balloon dilations (EBDs) after TA injection. Results  The post-ESD stricture rate among patients who had subcircumferential mucosal defects was 45.7 % in the study group (16/35 patients), which was significantly lower than the rate of 73.9 % in the control group (17/23 patients; P  = 0.031). The number of EBD procedures required was significantly lower in the study group (median 0, range 0 - 7) than in the control group (median 4, range 0 - 20; P  < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the study and control groups among the patients who had full circumferential mucosal defects. Conclusion  This study showed that performing two sessions of TA injection is an effective and safe treatment for prevention of esophageal stricture following subcircumferential ESD.

Role of deleterious single nucleotide variants in the coding regions of TNFAIP3 for Japanese autoimmune hepatitis with cirrhosis

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an autoimmune liver disease and cirrhosis is sometimes complicated with AIH at diagnosis, influencing its prognosis. TNFAIP3 gene encodes A20, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB pathway, and is a susceptibility gene for autoimmune diseases. We investigated deleterious variants in the coding regions of TNFAIP3 gene of Japanese AIH patients or those with cirrhosis. The deleterious variants in the coding regions of TNFAIP3 gene were analyzed by the cycle sequencing method and the frequencies of deleterious TNFAIP3 alleles of AIH or AIH with cirrhosis were compared with those of Japanese controls. The deleterious alleles in TNFAIP3 were not associated with AIH. A significant association was shown for the deleterious alleles in TNFAIP3 (P = 0.0180, odds ratio (OR) 4.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53-11.95) with AIH with cirrhosis at presentation. The serum IgM levels in AIH patients with deleterious alleles in TNFAIP3 were tended to be lower than those without (P = 0.0152, Q = 0.1216). The frequency of deleterious alleles in TNFAIP3 was higher in the AIH subset without the DRB1 risk alleles than that with (P = 0.0052, OR 5.10, 95%CI 1.55-16.74). The deleterious alleles in TNFAIP3were associated with AIH with cirrhosis.

Efficacy of gelatin hydrogels incorporating triamcinolone acetonide for prevention of fibrosis in a mouse model

Introduction

Triamcinolone acetonide (TA), a steroid, is often used clinically to prevent dysfunctions associated with fibrosis. The objective of this study was to examine whether TA can be suspended in a gelatin sheet for tissue engineering using a mouse skin wound model.

Methods

TA was suspended in biodegradable gelatin and freeze-dried in a sheet form. The sheet was analyzed for homogeneity and controlled release of TA by high-performance liquid chromatography. We made two skin wounds on the dorsal side of mice. Gelatin sheets with TA (TA sheet) and without TA (control sheet) were attached to each skin wound. To determine the efficacy of the prepared TA sheet on the skin wounds, TA-sheet versus TA-injection experiments were conducted. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess the grade of epithelialization and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunohistochemical staining was conducted to evaluate myofibroblast infiltration.

Results

In the TA-release test in vitro, 7.7 ± 2.3% of TA was released from the sheet by 24 h. After replacing the initial phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with collagenase PBS, the amount of released TA increased over time. The wound area/original skin wound area after 15 days with the TA sheet was significantly larger than that with the control sheet (26.9 ± 5.5% vs 10.7 ± 2.6%, p = 0.023). The α-SMA positive area/whole area with the TA sheet was significantly lower than that with the control sheet (4.65 ± 0.66% vs 7.24 ± 0.7%, p = 0.023). Furthermore, the α-SMA positive area/whole area with the TA sheet was significantly lower than that with TA injection (5.32 ± 0.45% vs 7.93 ± 0.75%, p = 0.013).

Conclusions

We developed a TA sheet and confirmed both the homogeneity of the suspended TA and controlled-release of the TA in the presence of collagenase in vitro. The TA sheet caused less myofibroblast infiltration into the tissue than the control sheet or TA injection did.

Esophageal diverticulum: New perspectives in the era of minimally invasive endoscopic treatment

Esophageal diverticula are rare conditions that cause esophageal symptoms, such as dysphagia, regurgitation, and chest pain. They are classified according to their location and characteristic pathophysiology into three types: epiphrenic diverticulum, Zenker’s diverticulum, and Rokitansky diverticulum. The former two disorders take the form of protrusions, and symptomatic cases require interventional treatment. However, the esophageal anatomy presents distinct challenges to surgical resection of the diverticulum, particularly when it is located closer to the oral orifice. Since the condition itself is not malignant, minimally invasive endoscopic approaches have been developed with a focus on alleviation of symptoms. Several types of endoscopic devices and techniques are currently employed, including peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). However, the use of minimally invasive endoscopic approaches, like POEM, has allowed the development of new disorder called iatrogenic esophageal diverticula. In this paper, we review the pathophysiology of each type of diverticulum and the current state-of-the-art treatment based on our experience.

Predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence associated with the use of direct-acting antiviral agent therapy for hepatitis C virus after curative treatment: A prospective multicenter cohort study

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have suggested an association between the use of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for treating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the resulting decrease in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, it is unclear whether DAAs prevent the recurrence of HCC after curative treatment for HCC. This study aimed to prospectively investigate HCC recurrence and its predictors after curative treatment for HCC.

METHODS

A total of 3012 patients with chronic HCV infection, with or without cirrhosis, who were treated with DAAs were enrolled between January 1, 2015 and January 31, 2017 as per the institutional review board approved study protocol at 15 institutions, including 10 university hospitals and five high-volume centers in the Kyusyu area of Japan. Of the 3012 patients, 459 patients who had HCC but were cured with surgery or ablation therapy (curative treatment) before the use of DAAs were included in the analysis.

RESULTS

During a mean follow-up period of 29.4 months, 217 (47.2%) patients developed HCC recurrence. The median time to recurrence was 34.0 months, and the 1-, 2-, and 3-year cumulative HCC recurrence rates were 27.1%, 43.4%, and 50.8%, respectively. The risk factors for HCC recurrence were the α-fetoprotein (AFP) level before DAA therapy (P = 0.0047) and the number of curative treatments for HCC before DAA therapy (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

A high AFP level and multiple occurrences of HCC before DAA therapy are associated with a high risk for HCC recurrence after curative treatment. Follow-up after DAA therapy should include special attention to the abovementioned risk factors.

Empowering rice seedling growth by endophytic Bradyrhizobium sp. SUTN9-2

Bradyrhizobium sp. strain SUTN9-2 was confirmed as rice endophytic bacteria and also as rice growth promotion agent. SUTN9-2 showed the capability of plant growth promotion characteristics, such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase productions and nitrogen fixation. In this study, the ability of SUTN9-2 to stimulate rice growth was investigated at different stages with N-free and NH₄ NO₃ under in vivo condition. The rice dry weight and chlorophyll content could be enhanced when SUTN9-2 was inoculated in N-free, especially at seedling stage (7 and 14 dai). The rice dry weight was also increased when SUTN9-2 was inoculated with NH₄ NO₃ at 7 and14 dai. The results of quantitative analysis of IAA and ACC deaminase were inconsistent with the expression of genes involved in IAA (nit) and ACC deaminase (acdS) productions. This inconsistently could implied that IAA and ACC deaminase produced from SUTN9-2 do not directly affect rice growth, but other factors resulting from the production of IAA and ACC deaminase could be involved. Moreover, the expression of genes involved in nitrogen fixation (nifH and nifV) of SUTN9-2 was also induced in rice tissues. This finding suggested that rice growth promotion may be supported by NH₄ NO₃ together with nitrogen fixation by SUTN9-2. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Indole-3-acetic acid, 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase productions and nitrogen fixation may play important roles in rice growth promotion by endophytic SUTN9-2, especially at early rice seedling growth stage, which has the potential to be used as rice seedling growth promoter in the system of rice intensification.

Short-term outcomes of multicenter prospective cohort study of gastric endoscopic resection: 'Real-world evidence' in Japan

OBJECTIVES

A Japanese multicenter prospective cohort study examining endoscopic resection (ER) for early gastric cancer (EGC) has been conducted using a Web registry developed to determine the short-term and long-term outcomes based on absolute and expanded indications. We hereby present the short-term outcomes of this study.

METHODS

All consecutive patients with EGC or suspected EGC undergoing ER at 41 participating institutions between July 2010 and June 2012 were enrolled and prospectively registered into the Web registry. The baseline characteristics were entered before ER, and the short-term outcomes were collected at 6 months following ER.

RESULTS

Nine thousand six hundred and sixteen patients with 10 821 lesions underwent ER (endoscopic submucosal dissection [ESD]: 99.4%). The median procedure time was 76 min, and R0 resections were achieved for 91.6% of the lesions. Postoperative bleeding and intraoperative perforation occurred in 4.4% and 2.3% of the patients, respectively. Significant independent factors correlated with a longer procedure time (120 min or longer) were as follows: tumor size >20 mm, upper-third location, middle-third location, local recurrent lesion, ulcer findings, gastric tube, male gender, and submucosa. Histopathologically, 10 031 lesions were identified as common-type gastric cancers. The median tumor size was 15 mm. Noncurative resections were diagnosed for 18.3% of the lesions. Additional surgery was performed for 48.6% (824 lesions) of the 1695 noncurative ER lesions with a possible risk of lymph node (LN) metastasis. Among them, 64 (7.8%) exhibited LN metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

This multicenter prospective study showed favorable short-term outcomes for gastric ESD.

Dynamics of hepatitis B virus serum markers in an acute hepatitis B patient in the incubation phase

Patients with acute hepatitis B (AHB) usually present after developing symptoms; therefore, the temporal kinetics of viral markers during the incubation period have not been documented clearly. We describe an AHB infection before the onset of hepatitis, throughout the course of the disease and without anti-viral therapy. The patient initially visited our hospital for immunization against HBV and was found to be positive for viral markers: 0.0 IU/mL of anti-HBs, 0.06 S/CO of anti-HBc and 2.93 IU/mL of HBsAg. During the 14 days after his first visit, HBsAg, HBV DNA, HBe antigen and HBV core-related antigen, but not anti-HBc or anti-HBs, levels increased. On day 22, he developed acute hepatitis. The period of logarithmic viral replication was estimated to be 7.0 days. HBV genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated transmission from the patient's wife. Although sexual intercourse could not be ruled, another possible route of transmission was the unusual occurrence of kissing his wife when she had macroscopic bleeding after tooth brushing, 2 months before his positive HBsAg result; the day of the episode being consistent with the calculated HBV replication velocity. This study reveals the temporal kinetics of viral markers during the incubation period of AHB.

Optimal duration of prone positioning in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-regression analysis

INTRODUCTION

Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have demonstrated that prolonged (≥16 hours) prone positioning can reduce the mortality associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the effectiveness and optimal duration of prone positioning was not fully evaluated. To fill these gaps, we will first investigate the effectiveness of prone positioning compared with the conventional management of patients with ARDS, regarding outcomes using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Second, if statistical heterogeneity in effectiveness with regard to short-term mortality (intensive care unit death or ≤30-day mortality) is shown, we will conduct a meta-regression analysis to explore the association between duration and effectiveness, and determine the optimal duration of prone positioning.

METHOD AND ANALYSIS

Relevant studies are collected using PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the WHO International Clinical Trials Platform Search Portal. Randomised controlled trials comparing prone and supine positioning in adults with ARDS will be included in the meta-analysis. Two independent investigators will screen trials obtained by search eligibility and extract data from selected studies to standardised data recording forms. For each selected trial, the risk of bias and quality of evidence will be evaluated using the GRADE system. Meta-regression analyses will be performed to identify the most important factors associated with short-term mortality, and subgroup analysis will be used to analyse the following: duration of mechanical ventilation in the prone position per day, patient severity, tidal volume and cause of ARDS. If heterogeneity or inconsistency among the studies is detected, subgroup analysis will be conducted on factors that may cause heterogeneity.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This study requires no ethical approval. The results obtained from this systematic review and meta-analysis will be disseminated through international conference presentations and publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42017078340.

Selective release of miRNAs via extracellular vesicles is associated with house-dust mite allergen-induced airway inflammation

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may facilitate cell-to-cell communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs). The biological roles of miRNAs in EVs on allergic airway inflammation are unclear.

METHODS

Airway-secreted EVs (AEVs) were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of control and house-dust mite (HDM) allergen-exposed HDM-sensitized mice. The expression of miRNAs in AEVs or miRNAs and mRNAs in lung tissue was analysed using miRNA microarray.

RESULTS

The amount of AEV increased 8.9-fold in BALF from HDM-exposed mice compared with that from sham-control mice. HDM exposure resulted in significant changes in the expression of 139 miRNAs in EVs and 175 miRNAs in lung tissues, with 54 miRNAs being common in both samples. Expression changes of these 54 miRNAs between miRNAs in AEVs and lung tissues after HDM exposure were inversely correlated. Computational analysis revealed that 31 genes, including IL-13 and IL-5Ra, are putative targets of the miRNAs up-regulated in AEVs but down-regulated in lung tissues after HDM exposure. The amount of AEV in BALF after HDM exposure was diminished by treatment with the sphingomyelinase inhibitor GW4869. The treatment with GW4869 also decreased Th2 cytokines and eosinophil counts in BALFs and reduced eosinophil accumulation in airway walls and mucosa.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that selective sorting of miRNA including Th2 inhibitory miRNAs into AEVs and increase release to the airway after HDM exposure would be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation.

Comparative Studies of Coagulative and Fibrinolytic Faculties between the Japanese Monkey and the Human

In the present study, the coagulative and the fibrinolytic faculties of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) were investigated and compared with those of the human.

Regarding the coagulative faculty, the plasmic fibrinogen level, prothrombin times, and partial thromboplastin times of the Japanese monkey were similar to those of the human, but the antithrombin level in the monkey was higher than that in the human.

Regarding the fibrinolytic faculty, the simian plasminogen level was significantly higher than the human, but the simian, plasma clot and the euglobulin clot lysis times were extremely prolonged, which means that the Japanese monkey has a great fibrinolytic potential, but that it is difficult to activate.

In addition, the human and simian reactivities of plasminogen to streptokinase were also investigated and compared.

Management decision based on lymphovascular involvement leads to favorable outcomes after endoscopic treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) invading the muscularis mucosae (MM) and submucosa up to 200 µm (SM1) has a risk of metastasis. The aims of this study were to investigate the long-term outcome of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for MM/SM1 ESCC and to assess the management after ESD in our hospital.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at a single institution. Patients with MM or SM1 ESCC who were treated with ESD were included. Additional prophylactic therapy was added if lymphovascular involvement (LVI) was noted in the ESD specimens.

RESULTS

A total of 102 patients were analyzed. The median length of follow-up was 71.5 months (range 9 - 144 months) and the median number of CTs was 6 (range 0 - 24). LVI was found in 21 patients (20.6 %), and 12 patients underwent additional prophylactic therapy. The 5-year overall survival, disease-specific survival, and tumor-free survival rates were 84.1 %, 97.5 %, and 82.1 %, respectively. A total of 26 patients died, but only 2 of them died from ESCC. The cumulative metastasis rate was 11.8 %, and LVI was a significant predictor of metastasis (hazard ratio 5.42, 95 % confidence interval 1.39 - 21.18; P = 0.02). There were no differences between patients with MM ESCC and those with SM1 ESCC.

CONCLUSIONS

The long-term outcome after ESD for MM/SM1 ESCC was favorable with additional prophylactic therapy and strict adherence to follow-up. These results indicate that our management decision based on LVI is a valid approach and that ESD can be offered as a therapeutic option to MM/SM1 ESCCs.

Predictors of benefit from high-altitude climate therapy in adults with severe asthma

BACKGROUND

High-altitude climate therapy has been shown to benefit patients with severe asthma but it is not known which patients benefit most from this treatment. In the current study we aimed to identify clinical, functional and inflammatory predictors of favourable outcome of high-altitude climate therapy.

METHODS

This is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort including 136 adult patients with a diagnosis of severe refractory asthma, referred to the Dutch Asthma Centre in Davos (1600 metres above sea level), Switzerland. They had assessments of medication usage, asthma-related quality of life (Asthma-related Quality of Life Questionnaire, AQLQ), asthma control, body mass index (BMI), sino-nasal symptoms, fatigue, lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1), exercise tolerance, allergy and inflammation (fraction of exhaled nitric oxide, blood eosinophils) at entry and after 12 weeks of treatment. Five clinically relevant outcomes were considered: AQLQ, oral corticosteroid dose, FEV1, body mass index and blood eosinophils. Independent predictors of beneficial outcome were identified by multiple linear regression analysis.

RESULTS

Lower blood eosinophil counts (p < 0.01), younger age (p = 0.02) and poorer asthma control (p < 0.01) were independently associated with greater reduction in the dose of oral corticosteroids. Lower fatigue score at baseline (p = 0.01) was associated with greater weight loss (reduction in BMI). Higher levels of total IgE at baseline (p < 0.01), and higher doses of inhaled corticosteroids (p = 0.03) were associated with greater decreases in blood eosinophils. There were no predictors for improvement in AQLQ or FEV1.

CONCLUSIONS

The beneficial effect of high-altitude climate therapy in adults with severe asthma can be predicted by patient characteristics, such as age, blood eosinophils and degree of asthma control before admission.

Sex-specific relevance of diabetes to occlusive vascular and other mortality: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual data from 980 793 adults from 68 prospective studies

BACKGROUND

Several studies have shown that diabetes confers a higher relative risk of vascular mortality among women than among men, but whether this increased relative risk in women exists across age groups and within defined levels of other risk factors is uncertain. We aimed to determine whether differences in established risk factors, such as blood pressure, BMI, smoking, and cholesterol, explain the higher relative risks of vascular mortality among women than among men.

METHODS

In our meta-analysis, we obtained individual participant-level data from studies included in the Prospective Studies Collaboration and the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration that had obtained baseline information on age, sex, diabetes, total cholesterol, blood pressure, tobacco use, height, and weight. Data on causes of death were obtained from medical death certificates. We used Cox regression models to assess the relevance of diabetes (any type) to occlusive vascular mortality (ischaemic heart disease, ischaemic stroke, or other atherosclerotic deaths) by age, sex, and other major vascular risk factors, and to assess whether the associations of blood pressure, total cholesterol, and body-mass index (BMI) to occlusive vascular mortality are modified by diabetes.

RESULTS

Individual participant-level data were analysed from 980 793 adults. During 9·8 million person-years of follow-up, among participants aged between 35 and 89 years, 19 686 (25·6%) of 76 965 deaths were attributed to occlusive vascular disease. After controlling for major vascular risk factors, diabetes roughly doubled occlusive vascular mortality risk among men (death rate ratio [RR] 2·10, 95% CI 1·97-2·24) and tripled risk among women (3·00, 2·71-3·33; χ2 test for heterogeneity p<0·0001). For both sexes combined, the occlusive vascular death RRs were higher in younger individuals (aged 35-59 years: 2·60, 2·30-2·94) than in older individuals (aged 70-89 years: 2·01, 1·85-2·19; p=0·0001 for trend across age groups), and, across age groups, the death RRs were higher among women than among men. Therefore, women aged 35-59 years had the highest death RR across all age and sex groups (5·55, 4·15-7·44). However, since underlying confounder-adjusted occlusive vascular mortality rates at any age were higher in men than in women, the adjusted absolute excess occlusive vascular mortality associated with diabetes was similar for men and women. At ages 35-59 years, the excess absolute risk was 0·05% (95% CI 0·03-0·07) per year in women compared with 0·08% (0·05-0·10) per year in men; the corresponding excess at ages 70-89 years was 1·08% (0·84-1·32) per year in women and 0·91% (0·77-1·05) per year in men. Total cholesterol, blood pressure, and BMI each showed continuous log-linear associations with occlusive vascular mortality that were similar among individuals with and without diabetes across both sexes.

INTERPRETATION

Independent of other major vascular risk factors, diabetes substantially increased vascular risk in both men and women. Lifestyle changes to reduce smoking and obesity and use of cost-effective drugs that target major vascular risks (eg, statins and antihypertensive drugs) are important in both men and women with diabetes, but might not reduce the relative excess risk of occlusive vascular disease in women with diabetes, which remains unexplained.

FUNDING

UK Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, European Union BIOMED programme, and National Institute on Aging (US National Institutes of Health).

Newly developed magnifying endoscopic classification of the Japan Esophageal Society to identify superficial Barrett's esophagus-related neoplasms

AIM AND METHODS

The Japan Esophageal Society created a working committee group consisting of 11 expert endoscopists and 2 pathologists with expertise in Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma. The group developed a consensus-based classification for the diagnosis of superficial BE-related neoplasms using magnifying endoscopy.

RESULTS

The classification has three characteristics: simplified, an easily understood classification by incorporating the diagnostic criteria for the early gastric cancer, including the white zone and demarcation line, and the presence of a modified flat pattern corresponding to non-dysplastic histology by adding novel diagnostic criteria. Magnifying endoscopic findings are composed of mucosal and vascular patterns, and are initially classified as "visible" or "invisible." Morphologic features were evaluated for "visible" patterns, and were subsequently rated as "regular" or "irregular," and the histology, non-dysplastic or dysplastic, was predicted.

CONCLUSION

We introduce the process and outline of the magnifying endoscopic classification.