101
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Lozanne AL, Ng KW, Pan S, Silver RM, Berezin A. Tunnelling spectroscopy of high-temperature superconductors. J Microsc 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1988.tb01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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102
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Cheng B, Pan S, Liu X, Zhang S, Sun X. Cell apoptosis of taste buds in circumvallate papillae in diabetic rats. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2011; 119:480-3. [PMID: 21667436 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1279714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus may result in taste disturbance. The present study has revealed that cell apoptosis of taste buds in circumvallate papillae may contribute to the taste disturbance in a rat model of type2 diabetes. Type2 diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by feeding them with a high-fat diet (30% fat), and a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg). The increased cell apoptosis of taste buds in circumvallate papilla sections was detected by TUNEL staining in diabetic rats, and the ultrastructure was further examined by transmission electronic microscopy. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses revealed the downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax, and increased activation of caspase-9 and -3, in diabetic rats, indicating that the apoptosis of taste bud cells may be mediated via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in diabetics.
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Kung HF, Kung MP, Pan S, Kasliwal R, Billings J, Guo YZ. Radiolabeling and CNS D-2 dopamine receptor specificity of iodobenzamide (IBZM) and iodolisuride (ILIS). J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580260143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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104
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Eskin D, Ratulowski J, Akbarzadeh K, Pan S. Modelling asphaltene deposition in turbulent pipeline flows. CAN J CHEM ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.20507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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105
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Wolfson SS, Pan S, Wable G, Graham N. Contrast-modulated noise shows an adaptable, rectifying, contrast-comparison process ("Buffy adaptation"). J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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106
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Wu Q, Xing Q, Chen Z, Pan S, Ren Y. Successful off-pump device closure of an isolated perimembraneous ventricular septal defect using a series of six occluders in a 5 kg infant via a minimally invasive approach. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:2659. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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107
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Parameswaran N, Thompson RCA, Sundar N, Pan S, Johnson M, Smith NC, Grigg ME. Non-archetypal Type II-like and atypical strains of Toxoplasma gondii infecting marsupials of Australia. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:635-40. [PMID: 20346947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Australia is geographically isolated and possesses a remarkable diversity of wildlife species. Marsupials are highly susceptible to infection with the cosmopolitan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Of 46 marsupials screened for T. gondii by multilocus PCR-DNA sequencing at polymorphic genes (B1, SAG3, GRA6, GRA7), 12 were PCR-positive; the majority (67%; 9/12) were infected by non-archetypal Type II-like or atypical strains. Six novel alleles were detected at B1, indicating greater diversity of genotypes than previously envisaged. Two isolates lethal to marsupials, were avirulent to mice. The data support the conclusion that Australia's isolation may have favoured the persistence of non-archetypal ancestral genotypes.
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108
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Wolfson SS, Graham N, Pan S. Two contrast-adaptation processes: One old, one new. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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109
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Maroney SA, Ferrel JP, Pan S, White TA, Simari RD, McVey JH, Mast AE. Temporal expression of alternatively spliced forms of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1106-13. [PMID: 19422457 PMCID: PMC2776060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is produced in three alternatively spliced isoforms that differ in domain structure and mechanism for cell surface binding. Tissue expression of TFPI isoforms in mice was characterized as an initial step for identification of their physiological functions. METHODS AND RESULTS Sequence homology demonstrates that TFPIalpha existed over 430 Ma while TFPIbeta and TFPIgamma evolved more recently. In situ hybridization studies of heart and lung did not reveal any cells exclusively expressing a single isoform. Although our previous studies have demonstrated that TFPIalpha mRNA is more prevalent than TFPIbeta or TFPIgamma mRNA in mouse tissues, western blot studies demonstrated that TFPIbeta is the primary protein isoform produced in adult tissues, while TFPIalpha is expressed during embryonic development and in placenta. Consistent with TFPIbeta as the primary isoform produced within adult vascular beds, the TFPI isoform in mouse plasma migrates like TFPIbeta in SDS-PAGE and mice have a much smaller heparin-releasable pool of plasma TFPIalpha than humans. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that alternatively spliced isoforms of TFPI are temporally expressed in mouse tissues at the level of protein production. TFPIalpha and TFPIbeta are produced in embryonic tissues and in placenta while adult tissues produce almost exclusively TFPIbeta.
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110
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Haldar A, Paul R, Pan S, Mitra A, Biswas C, Majumdar D, Ghosh S, Singh N, Ngachan S, Bajurbhoruea K, Prakash B. Validation of a simple, sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the determination of caprine plasma LH. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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111
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Emami E, de Grandmont P, Rompré P, Barbeau J, Pan S, Feine J. Favoring Trauma as an Etiological Factor in Denture Stomatitis. J Dent Res 2008; 87:440-4. [DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of denture stomatitis remains controversial. Trauma due to unstable dentures has been suggested as an etiological factor. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the prevalence of denture stomatitis is reduced when mandibular dentures are stabilized by implants. Data were collected at a one-year follow-up from 173 edentulous elders who had randomly received mandibular implant overdentures or conventional dentures. The diagnosis of denture stomatitis was determined according to the Newton classification. Elders wearing conventional dentures were almost 5 times more likely to have denture stomatitis than those wearing mandibular two-implant overdentures ( P < 0.0001, Fisher’s exact test). Adjusted odds ratios showed that only the type of the prosthesis (AOR = 4.54, 95% CI 2.20 to 9.40) and nocturnal wear (AOR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.24 to 7.40) predict the frequency of denture stomatitis. Thus, implant overdentures may reduce oral mucosal trauma and control denture stomatitis.
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Qi SH, Xie JL, Pan S, Xu YB, Li TZ, Tang JM, Liu XS, Shu B, Liu P. Effects of asiaticoside on the expression of Smad protein by normal skin fibroblasts and hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008; 33:171-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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113
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Liu C, Pan S, Jiang H, Sun X. Gene transfer of antisense B7.1 attenuates acute rejection against splenic allografts in rats. Transplant Proc 2008; 39:3391-5. [PMID: 18089391 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Blockade of CD80-CD28 costimulatory pathway induces unresponsiveness of T cells to alloantigens and protects allografts against immune rejection in numerous animal models. The aim of this study was to investigate whether blocking expression of B7.1 (CD80) on donor splenocytes by an antisense technique protected splenic allografts against immune rejection. Splenic grafts from Wistar-Furth rats were intra-arterially transfused with an antisense B7.1 expression vector, before they were transplanted into Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were sacrificed at scheduled times, and the splenic allografts histologically examined. Antisense gene transfer resulted in marked down-regulation of B7.1 in donor spleens, hyporesponsiveness of recipient T cells, and attenuated acute immune rejection against splenic allografts. No obvious damage to skin, liver, or gut due to graft-versus-host disease was detected in the recipients. In conclusion, blocking expression of B7.1 in donor spleens by antisense gene therapy represented a potential alloantigen-specific immunosuppressive strategy to inhibit acute rejection against splenic allografts.
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Li J, Bi D, Pan S, Zhang Y. Effect of diet with thiram on liver antioxidant capacity and tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. Br Poult Sci 2008; 48:724-8. [PMID: 18085455 DOI: 10.1080/00071660701665858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of thiram on liver antioxidant capacity and incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. 2. One hundred and twenty Avian commercial broilers were allotted at random to three treatments: control group, low thiram group (50 mg/kg) and high thiram group (100 mg/kg). 3. Blood samples were collected to determine the activity of AST (aspartate aminotransferase). At the end of the trial, broilers were killed and liver samples were collected to determine the activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase) and MDA (malondialdehyde) content, while the right proximal tibiotarsi were dissected in longitudinal section for assessment of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) incidence and TD score. 4. The results showed that thiram increased the incidence of TD and TD scores, increased serum AST activity and MDA content of liver, and decreased the activity of SOD and GSH-Px in the liver. 5. They suggest that thiram causes TD in broilers by reducing liver antioxidation capability and damaging liver function; this may be one of the mechanisms by which thiram causes TD in broilers.
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116
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Jiang H, Hou L, Qiao H, Pan S, Zhou B, Liu C, Sun X. Administration of tolerogenic dendritic cells induced by interleukin-10 prolongs rat splenic allograft survival. Transplant Proc 2005; 36:3255-9. [PMID: 15686741 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The risk and intensity in splenic graft rejection are greater than in other types of transplants, because the spleen is the largest peripheral lymphoid organ and the immunosuppressive drugs administered can cause splenic dysfunction. In this study, we demonstrate that intravenous injection of interleukin-10-treated donor-type dendritic cells into recipient rats prolongs the survival of splenic allografts. Although the mechanisms are not clear, the induction of tolerance to grafted spleens seems to rely mainly on blockage of expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86, by interleukin-10, leading to enhanced apoptosis of allospecific T cells by immature and tolerogenic dendritic cells. Administration of tolerogenic cells induced by interleukin-10 may thus represent a useful approach for protection of splenic allografts. Further study is required to investigate the operative pathways and to optimize the strategy targeting dendritic cells to induce tolerance in splenic allografts.
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Johnson KC, Conlon MSC, Pan S, Mao Y. 225: Long Term Smoking and Smoking Before the First Full-Term Pregnancy: Critical in Breast Cancer Risk? Am J Epidemiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/161.supplement_1.s57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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118
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Luo GS, Liu JG, Lu YC, Pan S, Wang JD. Two‐Phase Electro‐Electrodialysis with an Emulsion as Anolyte. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/ss-120030482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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119
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Jiang H, Liu C, Xu J, Sun B, Pan S, Qiao H, Luo L, Sun X. Gene transfer of interleukin-4 delays acute rejection of splenic allografts in rats. Transplant Proc 2004; 36:1600-3. [PMID: 15251393 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Spleen transplantation is the treatment of choice for some diseases, such as hemophilia A. However, the risk and intensity of rejection after spleen transplantation is greater and more difficult to control than other types of transplant. In the present study, we demonstrated that perfusion of IL-4 expression plasmids into donor spleens pretransplantation led to overexpression of IL-4 and downregulation of IFN-gamma in situ, associated with delayed acute rejection of the allograft. Gene transfer of IL-4 may represent a potential therapeutic approach to induce tolerance to splenic allografts.
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Luo M, Cohen CR, Narayansingh MJ, Pan S, McKinnon L, Brunham RC, Plummer FA. Identification of a novel HLA-DQA1 null allele, DQA1*0403N, from an East African woman. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 63:609-11. [PMID: 15140045 DOI: 10.1111/j.0001-2815.2004.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel DQA1 allele (DQA1*0403N) identified during sequence-based HLA-DQA1 typing of a Kenyan population. The new allele is identical to DQA1*0401 at exon 2 except for a single-nucleotide substitution at codon 53, changing it from lysine to a stop codon (CAA-->TAA). The substitution at codon 53 was confirmed by sequencing two separate polymerase chain reaction products and by sequencing multiple clones obtained following TOPO-TA cloning. The resulting stop codon at position of codon 53 in exon 2 is predicted to produce a non-functional DQA1 alpha-chain. The new allele has been named by the WHO nomenclature committee as DQA1*0403N. This is the first report of a null allele detected in the DQA1 gene.
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Pan S, Tay JH, He YX, Tay STL. The effect of hydraulic retention time on the stability of aerobically grown microbial granules. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004; 38:158-63. [PMID: 14746549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2003.01479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the development of aerobically grown microbial granules. METHODS AND RESULTS Five column-shaped sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactors (SASBRs) were seeded with aerobically grown microbial granules and operated in a cyclic mode at different HRTs. At the shortest HRT of 1 h, the strong hydraulic pressure triggered biomass washout and led to reactor failure. At the longest HRT of 24 h, which represented the weakest hydraulic selection in this study, aerobic granules were gradually substituted by bioflocs because of the lower frequency of volumetric exchange. Within the optimum range of HRTs from 2 to 12 h, however, aerobic granules became stabilized in the presence of adequate hydraulic selection in the reactors, with good mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) retention, high volumetric chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, low sludge volume index (SVI) values, good effluent quality, low sludge production rate, stronger and more compact structures, high cell hydrophobicity and high ratios of extracellular polysaccharides (PS) to extracellular proteins (PN). CONCLUSIONS HRTs between 2 and 12 h provided the hydraulic selection pressures favourable for the formation and maintenance of stable aerobic granules with good settleability and activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first systematic study on the effect of HRT on heterotrophic aerobic granules. The results of the investigation are useful in understanding how aerobic granules can be applied for wastewater treatment.
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Tay JH, Tay STL, Ivanov V, Pan S, Jiang HL, Liu QS. Biomass and porosity profiles in microbial granules used for aerobic wastewater treatment. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 36:297-301. [PMID: 12680942 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To obtain biomass and porosity profiles for aerobically grown granules of different diameters and to determine a suitable range of granule diameters for application in wastewater treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Microbial granules were cultivated in an aerobic granulated sludge reactor with model wastewaters containing acetate, or ethanol plus acetate, or glucose as the main carbon source. Granules were formed by retaining microbial aggregates using a settling time of 2 min. Sampled granules had diameters ranging from 0.45 to 3 mm. Microbial biomass in the granules was detected with the nucleic acid stain SYTO 9 and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The thickness of the microbial biomass layer was proportional to the granule diameter, and had a maximum value of 0.8 mm. The thickness of the microbial biomass layer correlated with the penetration depth of 0.1 microm fluorescent beads into the granule. CONCLUSIONS The microbial biomass and porosity studies suggest that aerobically grown microbial granules should have diameters less than a critical diameter of 0.5 mm, if deployed for wastewater treatment applications. This critical diameter is based on the assumption that whole granules should have a porous biomass-filled matrix. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work could contribute to the development of aerobic granulation technology for effective biological wastewater treatment.
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Tay JH, Pan S, Tay STL, Ivanov V, Liu Y. The effect of organic loading rate on the aerobic granulation: the development of shear force theory. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2003; 47:235-240. [PMID: 12906295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of organic loading rate (OLR) on aerobic granulation was studied by adopting three column-shaped, sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactors (SASBR). The reactors had been fed with laboratory prepared, synthetic dextrose-nutrient broth substrate. Experimental results showed clearly that the formation, characteristics and stability of aerobic granules had a close relationship with the strength of OLR applied. Aerobic granules appeared firstly under the OLR of 4 kg COD x (m3 x day)(-1). The system stabilization was demonstrated by its little-changed amount and morphology of granules. The characteristics of the stabilized granules were: 5.4 mm in mean diameter, 1.29 in roundness, 118 mg O2 x (mg VSS x hr)(-1) in SPOUR. The respective biomass SVI was 50 mL x (g MLVSS)(-1) and the averaged COD removal rate was 95%. Under the OLR of 8 kg COD x (m3 x day)(-1), granules appeared two days later than those for 4 kg COD x (m3 x day)(-1) and they always coexisted with flocs. The formed granule bed was not as compact as that under 4 kg COD x (m3 x day)(-1). There were no granules formed under the OLR of 1 kg COD x (m3 x day)(-1). Instead, flocs with rather loose structure dominated reactor mixed-liquor. The respective SVI's were 65 and 138 mL x (g MLVSS)(-1) under OLR of 8 and 1 kg COD x (m3 x day)(-1). It was proposed that the growth and maintenance of aerobic granules follow the shear force balance theory. Under the OLR of 4 kg COD x (m3 x day)(-1), a balance was reached between the aeration shear force and organic loading rate. Under this favored condition aerobic granules formed quickly and, became stabilized with the experimental parameters remained unchanged.
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Abstract
AIMS To determine the optimal size of aerobically grown granules for wastewater treatment by measuring specific layers within the granules. METHODS AND RESULTS A variety of biological layers were detected by oligonucleotide probes, specific fluorochromes, and fluorescent microspheres. The channels in the granule matrix penetrated to depths of 900 microm. A layer of obligate anaerobic bacteria was detected at a depth of 800 microm below the granule surface. Dead cells were also observed in the granule interior. CONCLUSIONS Aerobically grown granules contained layers of aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The optimal diameter of the aerobic granule is less than 1600 microm. This is twice the distance from the granule surface to the anaerobic layer. This approach can be used to optimize the thickness of other microbial aggregates such as flocs, colonies and biofilms.
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Abstract
Relatively little attention has been paid to the aetiology of male breast cancer and the current understanding of female breast cancer, primarily related to reproductive events, cannot be readily transferred to understanding the cancer in males. However, since male breast cancer occurs in the absence of factors related to childbearing and menstruation, its aetiology may provide special insights into the causes of breast cancer in women. We examined lifestyle risk factors for male breast cancer as part of a Canadian, multi-site, population-based, case-control study. Eighty-one newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed cases and 1905 male controls aged 42-74 were analysed using unconditional logistic regression. Increased risks were found for men with a mother or sister with breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.65, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.62-8.19). Higher physical activity levels (moderate, and strenuous recreational plus occupational) were associated with a decreased risk of male breast cancer (highest quartile, adjusted OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.26-0.91). Similarly, higher risks were associated with higher weight 2 years before interview (2.19, 95% CI 1.08-4.43), maximum weight (OR 2.66) and higher body mass index (OR 1.60). Higher vegetable consumption and coffee consumption were associated with decreased risk, whereas higher beta-carotene, vitamin E and calcium supplementation were associated with statistically significant increased risk. The small number of cases and multiple comparisons preclude strong conclusions, but our study is consistent with studies suggesting obesity and family history increase risk, and physical activity decreases risk of breast cancer.
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