Decreased pregnancy rate is linked to abnormal uterine peristalsis caused by intramural fibroids

BACKGROUND

The relationship between fibroids and infertility remains an unsolved question, and management of intramural fibroids is controversial. During the implantation phase, uterine peristalsis is dramatically reduced, which is thought to facilitate embryo implantation. Our aims were to evaluate (i) the occurrence and frequency of uterine peristalsis in infertile women with intramural fibroids and (ii) whether the presence of uterine peristalsis decreases the pregnancy rate.

METHODS

Ninety-five infertile patients with uterine fibroids were examined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) presence of intramural fibroids, excluding submucosal type; (ii) no other significant infertility factors (excluding endometriosis); and (iii) regular menstrual cycles, and MRI performed at the time of implantation (luteal phase day 5-9). The frequency of junctional zone movement was evaluated using cine-mode-display MRI. After MRI, patients underwent infertility treatment for up to 4 months, and the pregnancy rate was evaluated prospectively.

RESULTS

Fifty-one patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and 29 (57%) and 22 (43%) patients were assigned to the low (0 or 1 time/3 min) or high frequency (≥ 2 times/3 min) uterine peristalsis group, respectively. Endometriosis incidence was the same in both groups. Ten out of the 29 patients (34%) in the low-frequency group achieved pregnancy, compared with none of the 22 patients (0%) in the high-frequency group (P< 0.005). Comparing pregnant and non-pregnant cases, 4 of 10 patients (40%) and 9 of 41 patients (22%), respectively, had endometriosis (not significant).

CONCLUSIONS

A higher frequency of uterine peristalsis during the mid-luteal phase might be one of the causes of infertility associated with intramural-type fibroids.

Intraperitoneal administration of telomerase-specific oncolytic adenovirus sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin and affects survival in a xenograft model with peritoneal dissemination

Despite tremendous development in chemotherapy for ovarian cancer over the past few decades, the prognosis of advanced cases with massive peritoneal dissemination is still unsatisfactory, and novel treatment modalities that can combine with chemotherapy are urgently needed. We recently developed virotherapy for solid tumors using telomerase-specific replication-selective adenoviruses (Telomelysin: OBP-301), in which the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene promoter has been inserted to direct tumor-specific E1 gene expression. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effects of OBP-301, combined with cisplatin (CDDP), on ovarian cancer cells. In vitro treatment of SKOV3 cells with OBP-301 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01–100 induced significant cell death in a dose-dependent manner, with moderate cytotoxicity at an MOI of 1–10 and maximal cytotoxicity at an MOI of 100. In contrast, OBP-301 treatment of normal human cells showed no significant cell death at an MOI of 1–10 and exhibited modest cytotoxicity at an MOI of 100. The effects of low-dose CDDP at 0.5–1 μM, which induced only 20% cell death, were significantly augmented by combination with OBP-301 at an MOI of 1–10, finally achieving 40% cell death. Such enhancement of CDDP sensitivity was also observed in CDDP-resistant ovarian cancer cells. The combinatorial effects were further tested using a xenograft mouse model of SKOV3 with peritoneal dissemination. After intraperitoneal administration of OBP-301, we confirmed that injected OBP-301 fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene (OBP-401) was preferentially localized to peritoneal disseminations, as determined by fluorescence imaging. Treatment of mice with CDDP at low dose (0.5 mg kg^–1) had modest effects, showing a 10% decrease in disseminations, whereas combination with intraperitoneal administration of OBP-301 at an MOI of 10 led to enhanced effects, achieving an approximately 80% decrease in disseminations. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed improved overall survival of mice treated with CDDP plus OBP-301 compared with CDDP alone. These findings support the therapeutic potential of intraperitoneal administration of OBP-301 to sensitize ovarian cancer cells to CDDP.

Novel algorithm of large-scale simultaneous linear equations

We review our recently developed methods of solving large-scale simultaneous linear equations and applications to electronic structure calculations both in one-electron theory and many-electron theory. This is the shifted COCG (conjugate orthogonal conjugate gradient) method based on the Krylov subspace, and the most important issue for applications is the shift equation and the seed switching method, which greatly reduce the computational cost. The applications to nano-scale Si crystals and the double orbital extended Hubbard model are presented.

Controlling hematopoiesis through sumoylation-dependent regulation of a GATA factor

GATA factors establish transcriptional networks that control fundamental developmental processes. Whereas the regulator of hematopoiesis GATA-1 is subject to multiple posttranslational modifications, how these modifications influence GATA-1 function at endogenous loci is unknown. We demonstrate that sumoylation of GATA-1 K137 promotes transcriptional activation only at target genes requiring the coregulator Friend of GATA-1 (FOG-1). A mutation of GATA-1 V205G that disrupts FOG-1 binding and K137 mutations yielded similar phenotypes, although sumoylation was FOG-1 independent, and FOG-1 binding did not require sumoylation. Both mutations dysregulated GATA-1 chromatin occupancy at select sites, FOG-1-dependent gene expression, and were rescued by tethering SUMO-1. While FOG-1- and SUMO-1-dependent genes migrated away from the nuclear periphery upon erythroid maturation, FOG-1- and SUMO-1-independent genes persisted at the periphery. These results illustrate a mechanism that controls trans-acting factor function in a locus-specific manner, and differentially regulated members of the target gene ensemble reside in distinct subnuclear compartments.

Automutanolysin disrupts clinical isolates of cariogenic streptococci in biofilms and planktonic cells

INTRODUCTION

Dental caries remains one of the most common chronic infectious diseases throughout the world. The formation of dental plaque is one of the caries risk factors. As a consequence, the removal of plaque may reduce the incidence of caries development. We identified an autolysin produced by Streptococcus mutans named auto-mutanolysin (Aml). Aml selectively lyses S. mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. The specificity towards these cariogenic bacteria suggests that Aml may be used to prevent dental caries. Here, with the aim towards therapeutic application, we investigated the lytic activity of Aml against clinical isolates of S. mutans and S. sobrinus using planktonic cells and biofilms.

METHODS

Planktonic cell suspensions and biofilms of clinically isolated streptococci were treated with Aml in the absence or the presence of Triton X-100. The lytic activity of Aml was monitored as the change in turbidity. The disruption of biofilms was evaluated by detecting the released DNA by polymerase chain reaction and observing the alteration of optical density of treated biofilms.

RESULTS

Triton X-100 enhances the lytic ability of Aml. Using planktonic cells, Aml had various lysis levels against clinical strains. Repeated Aml treatment showed disruption of the biofilm using the representative clinical strains.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates that Aml has an ability to lyse planktonic and biofilm cells of clinically isolated mutans streptococci in the presence of Triton X-100. These results suggest the possibility of using Aml as an alternative or additional approach for caries prevention.

Evaluation of a novel oxidation ditch system for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal from domestic sewage

A novel oxidation ditch system using anaerobic tanks and innovative dual dissolved oxygen (DO) control technology is proposed for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal from domestic sewage. A continuous bench-scale experiment running for more than 300 days was performed to evaluate the system. Monitoring and controlling the airflow and recirculation flow rate independently using DO values at two points along the ditch permitted maintenance of aerobic and anoxic zone ratios of around 0.30 and 0.50, respectively. The ability to optimize aerobic and anoxic zone ratios using the dual DO control technology meant that a total nitrogen removal efficiency of 83.2-92.9% could be maintained. This remarkable nitrogen removal performance minimized the nitrate recycle to anaerobic tanks inhibiting the phosphorus release. Hence, the total phosphorus removal efficiency was also improved and ranged within 72.6-88.0%. These results demonstrated that stabilization of the aerobic and anoxic zone ratio by dual DO control technology not only resulted in a marked improvement of nitrogen removal, but it also enhanced phosphorus removal.

Discovering hematopoietic mechanisms through genome-wide analysis of GATA factor chromatin occupancy

GATA factors interact with simple DNA motifs (WGATAR) to regulate critical processes, including hematopoiesis, but very few WGATAR motifs are occupied in genomes. Given the rudimentary knowledge of mechanisms underlying this restriction and how GATA factors establish genetic networks, we used ChIP-seq to define GATA-1 and GATA-2 occupancy genome-wide in erythroid cells. Coupled with genetic complementation analysis and transcriptional profiling, these studies revealed a rich collection of targets containing a characteristic binding motif of greater complexity than WGATAR. GATA factors occupied loci encoding multiple components of the Scl/TAL1 complex, a master regulator of hematopoiesis and leukemogenic target. Mechanistic analyses provided evidence for crossregulatory and autoregulatory interactions among components of this complex, including GATA-2 induction of the hematopoietic corepressor ETO-2 and an ETO-2-negative autoregulatory loop. These results establish fundamental principles underlying GATA factor mechanisms in chromatin and illustrate a complex network of considerable importance for the control of hematopoiesis.

[A novel selected segmental inflation technique for anatomical segmentectomy]

Radical segmentectomy is being performed for small-sized lung cancer. However, it is not always easy to identify the intersegmental border. In this report, we present a new method to recognize it easier by using the nozzle of fibrin sealant spray kit. The diseased segment can be inflated through a pin hole which is placed distal to the ligation at segmental bronchus. In our 20 cases, successful inflation of diseased segment was easily done through thoracoscopic procedure.

De novo mutations of voltage-gated sodium channel alphaII gene SCN2A in intractable epilepsies

BACKGROUND

Mutations of voltage-gated sodium channel alpha(II) gene, SCN2A, have been described in a wide spectrum of epilepsies. While inherited SCN2A mutations have been identified in multiple mild epilepsy cases, a de novo SCN2A-R102X mutation, which we previously reported in a patient with sporadic intractable childhood localization-related epilepsy, remains unique. To validate the involvement of de novo SCN2A mutations in the etiology of intractable epilepsies, we sought to identify additional instances.

METHODS

We performed mutational analyses on SCN2A in 116 patients with severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy, infantile spasms, and other types of intractable childhood partial and generalized epilepsies and did whole-cell patch-clamp recordings on Na(v)1.2 channels containing identified mutations.

RESULTS

We discovered 2 additional de novo SCN2A mutations. One mutation, SCN2A-E1211K, was identified in a patient with sporadic infantile spasms. SCN2A-E1211K produced channels with altered electrophysiologic properties compatible with both augmented (an approximately 18-mV hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of activation) and reduced (an approximately 22-mV hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation and a slowed recovery from inactivation) channel activities. The other de novo mutation, SCN2A-I1473M, was identified in a patient with sporadic neonatal epileptic encephalopathy. SCN2A-I1473M caused an approximately 14-mV hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of activation.

CONCLUSIONS

The identified de novo mutations SCN2A-E1211K, -I1473M, and -R102X indicate that SCN2A is an etiologic candidate underlying a variety of intractable childhood epilepsies. The phenotypic variations among patients might be due to the different electrophysiologic properties of mutant channels.

[Catamenial pneumothorax with breast cancer treated successfully by goserelin acetate]

A 47-year-old woman with 4 episodes of right pneumothorax related to onset of menstruation was reported. A month ago, she was undergone breast conserving resection for breast cancer. She had recurrent right pneumothorax a month later and operation was performed. Thoracoscopy revealed the presence of multiple fenestrations in the right diaphragm. Thoracoscopic partial resection of the diaphragm was performed. Histopathological findings of the lesion showed spindle cells with hemosiderosis. Immunohistochemistry showed that spindle cells were estrogen receptor (ER) positive and progesterone receptor (PgR) positive, compatible with endometriosis. She was treated by tamoxifen and goserelin acetate for breast cancer and endometriosis. Two years later, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue was converted from goserelin acetate to leuprorelin acetate. She was diagnosed as having recurrence of right pneumothorax 17 months later and was treated with a chest tube. Additionally, GnRH analogue was re-converted to goserelin acetate. Since then, she has been asymptomatic free for 18 months. A catamenial pneumothorax is rare disease with difficulty of diagnosis and treatment We herein report a case of the disease that was treated successfully by goserelin acetate.

Intra-articular distal ulnar fractures associated with distal radial fractures in older adults: early experience in fixation of the radius and leaving the ulna unfixed

There is no clear consensus about the best management of intra-articular distal ulnar fractures associated with distal radial fractures in older adults. We describe a treatment wherein the distal radial fractures were securely fixed with a palmar plate, leaving the associated ulnar fractures unfixed. The wrists of 14 patients with a mean age of 74 years were reviewed at an average of 18 months after surgery. The results were excellent in 11 cases and good in three, according to the modified Gartland and Werley score. All fracture sites displayed union, and there was no instability of the distal radioulnar joint. A widening of the distal radioulnar joint space was present in one wrist. Angular deformity of the distal ulnar metaphysis was seen in five wrists. This treatment could be an alternative to open reduction with internal fixation for intra-articular distal ulnar fractures in older adults.

Domain boundary formation in helical multishell gold nanowires

Helical multishell gold nanowires are studied theoretically for the formation mechanism of the helical domain boundary. Nanowires with a wire length of more than 10 nm are relaxed by quantum mechanical molecular dynamics simulation with a tight-binding form Hamiltonian. In the results, non-helical nanowires are transformed into helical ones with the formation of atom pair defects at the domain boundary, where the defective atom pair is moved from an inner shell. Analysis of local electronic structure shows a competitive feature of the energy gain of reconstruction on the wire surface and the energy loss of the defect formation. A simple energy scaling theory gives a general explanation of domain boundary formation.

Development of the simulation package 'ELSES' for extra-large-scale electronic structure calculation

An early-stage version of the simulation package 'ELSES' (extra-large-scale electronic structure calculation) is developed for simulating the electronic structure and dynamics of large systems, particularly nanometer-scale and ten-nanometer-scale systems (see www.elses.jp). Input and output files are written in the extensible markup language (XML) style for general users. Related pre-/post-simulation tools are also available. A practical workflow and an example are described. A test calculation for the GaAs bulk system is shown, to demonstrate that the present code can handle systems with more than one atom species. Several future aspects are also discussed.

New measurement of the K+-->pi+ nunu branching ratio

Three events for the decay K+-->pi+ nunu have been observed in the pion momentum region below the K+-->pi+pi0 peak, 140 < Ppi < 199 MeV/c, with an estimated background of 0.93+/-0.17(stat.) -0.24+0.32(syst.) events. Combining this observation with previously reported results yields a branching ratio of B(K+-->pi+ nunu) = (1.73(-1.05)+1.15) x 10(-10) consistent with the standard model prediction.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy alters the expression of B and T lymphocyte attenuator, a co-inhibitory molecule, in allergic rhinitis

BACKGROUND

B7/CD28 family co-signalling molecules play a key role in regulating T cell activation and tolerance. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) alters allergen-specific T cell responses. However, the effect of SIT on the expression of various co-signalling molecules has not been clarified.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to determine whether SIT might affect the expression of three co-inhibitory molecules, programmed death (PD)-1, B7-H1 and B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), in Japanese cedar pollinosis (JCP).

METHODS

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from JCP patients who had or had not received SIT. PBMC were cultured in the presence or absence of Cry j 1, after which the cell surface expression of PD-1, B7-H1 and BTLA, as well as IL-5 production, were determined. In addition, the effect of BTLA cross-linking on IL-5 production was examined.

RESULTS

After Cry j 1 stimulation, no significant differences in PD-1 and B7-H1 expression were observed between SIT-treated and SIT-untreated patients. BTLA expression was down-regulated in untreated patients after Cry j 1 stimulation and up-regulated in SIT-treated patients. Up-regulation of BTLA in SIT-treated patients was particularly apparent in a CD4(+) T cell subset. IL-5 production was clearly reduced among SIT-treated patients, and the observed changes in BTLA expression correlated negatively with IL-5 production. Moreover, immobilization of BTLA suppressed IL-5 production in JCP patients.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that both IL-5 production and down-regulation of BTLA in response to allergen are inhibited in SIT-treated patients with JCP. BTLA-mediated co-inhibition of IL-5 production may contribute to the regulation of allergen-specific T cell responses in patients receiving immunotherapy.

[Short-term outcome of extracardiac lateral tunnel using the atrial free wall and autologous pericardium]

BACKGROUND

Several modifications to the original Fontan procedure have been proposed in order to decrease postoperative morbidity. Lateral tunnel and extracardiac total cavo-pulmonary connection are 2 such modifications.

PATIENTS

Between August 2005 and December 2005, the extracardiac lateral tunnel procedure was performed in 5 patients. The age at operation ranged from 19 to 59 months (median 24 months) and the weight ranged from 9.2 to 16.1 kg (median 11.4 kg).

RESULTS

There was no mortality. The mean operation time was 466 +/-118 minutes. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 198 +/- 61 minutes. The mean durations of intubation, intensive care unit stay, drainage tube use, and hospital stay were 1 +/- 1, 7 +/- 3, 12 +/- 5 and 30 +/- 2 days, respectively. Postoperative catheterization findings demonstrated that the mean superior venous caval pressure, inferior venous caval pressure, ventricular volume and ventricular ejection fraction were 10.0 +/- 1.4 mmHg, 11.0 +/- 2.4 mmHg, 140 +/- 47% of normal and 58.0 +/- 6.8% , respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The short-term results of the extracardiac lateral tunnel compared favorably with the results of different types of Fontan operation. In addition this procedure has the potential for growth and anticoagulation therapy is unnecessary.

[Polysplenia with anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to right atrium caused by atrial septal displacement; report of a case]

A 3-year-old girl with polysplenia, atrial septal defect (ASD), and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) was admitted to our unit to have total correction. Preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) and transesophageal echo (TEE) showed that the pulmonary veins were connected with what normally constitutes the posterior wall of the left atrium, but right pulmonary veins became incorporated into the right atrium because of the atrial septal displacement. In the procedure, intracardiac inspection revealed absence of septum secondum and leftward deviation of septum primum. Deviated septum primum was incised at the posterior edge and shifted rightward to incorporate right pulmonary veins into the left atrium. ASD was closed using autologous pericardial patch. This type of PAPVC was rare and preoperative 3D-CT and TEE was quite useful in evaluating unique anatomical characteristics.

Autophagy-inducing agents augment the antitumor effect of telerase-selve oncolytic adenovirus OBP-405 on glioblastoma cells

Oncolytic adenoviruses are a promising tool in cancer therapy. In this study, we characterized the role of autophagy in oncolytic adenovirus-induced therapeutic effects. OBP-405, an oncolytic adenovirus regulated by the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (hTERT-Ad, OBP-301) with a tropism modification (RGD) exhibited a strong antitumor effect on glioblastoma cells. When autophagy was inhibited pharmacologically, the cytotoxicity of OBP-405 was attenuated. In addition, autophagy-deficient Atg5(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were less sensitive than wild-type MEFs to OBP-405. These findings indicate that OBP-405-induced autophagy is a cell killing effect. Moreover, autophagy-inducing therapies (temozolomide and rapamycin) synergistically sensitized tumor cells to OBP-405 by stimulating the autophagic pathway without altering OBP-405 replication. Mice harboring intracranial tumors treated with OBP-405 and temozolomide survived significantly longer than those treated with temozolomide alone, and mice treated with OBP-405 and the rapamycin analog RAD001 survived significantly longer than those treated with RAD001 alone. The observation that autophagy inducers increase OBP-405 antitumor activity suggests a novel strategy for treating patients with glioblastoma.

[Arterial switch operation: late results and a future perspective]

Intermediate results of the arterial switch operation for variety of cardiac anomaly with the transposed great arteries were studied to elucidate late results and problems. Seventy-five survivors of the arterial switch operation at our institute between 1991 and January 2007 were studied retrospectively. Mean follow-up time was 7.5 years. There were 2 late deaths, 3 reoperations, and 9 cases of catheter intervention, resulting in actuarial survival of 97%, and event-free rate of 83% at 16 years. Seventy patients (93%) were medication free and had no restriction on physical activities. Moderate pulmonary stenosis in 2 patients and mild pulmonary stenosis in 14 were observed. Moderate aortic regurgitation in 2 and mild aortic regurgitation in 20 were observed. Risk factors for right ventricular outflow obstruction were a diagnosis of double outlet right ventricle (DORV), association with aortic arch obstruction, and prior pulmonary artery banding (PAB). Risk factors for branch pulmonary artery stenosis (PS) were not clear; however, scar formation with use of xenograft patch and in-fold formation by redundant autologous pericardial patch for closure of the defects in the old aortic root seemed to be related with the stenosis. Risk factors for aortic regurgitation were age at operation and prior PAB. Early primary arterial switch operation may resolve these problems.

Direct and distant antitumor effects of a telomerase-selective oncolytic adenoviral agent, OBP-301, in a mouse prostate cancer model

We previously constructed OBP-301 (Telomelysin, a telomerase-specific replication-competent adenovirus with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter), which showed a strong anticancer effect by inducing cell lysis of human non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer cells. To investigate the utility of OBP-301 for prostate cancer treatment, we herein evaluate the cell killing and antitumor effects. First, in vitro hTERT-specific adenovirus transduction in human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, PC3, DU145) was confirmed using OBP-401 (Telomelysin-green fluorescent protein (GFP)). There was no detectable GFP transduction in the human prostate normal cells (PrEC, PrSC). Consistently, the cell-killing effect of OBP-301 was observed only in the cancer cells. Second, using an in vivo subcutaneous LNCaP tumor model in nude mice, we demonstrated that three intratumoral OBP-301 injections (10(7) PFU per tumor x 3 days) were sufficient to eradicate the detectable LNCaP prostate tumor. We also demonstrated that the ispilateral treatment with OBP-301 significantly suppressed contralateral LNCaP tumor growth in both sides of the tumor model. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed diffuse oncolytic degeneration and adenoviral E1A protein expression in both sides of the tumors. Therefore, in situ OBP-301 administration could be a promising therapeutic strategy against prostate cancer and its metastatic lesions.

Enhancement of synaptic transmission and nociceptive behaviour in HPC-1/syntaxin 1A knockout mice following peripheral nerve injury

Our previous analysis of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A knockout (KO) mice indicated that HPC-1/syntaxin 1A plays an important role in the synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus in vitro and learning behaviour in vivo. In order to gain further insights into the physiological functions of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A, we studied the changes in the plasticity of synaptic transmission in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord following a peripheral nerve injury in HPC-1/syntaxin 1A KO and wild-type (WT) mice. The von Frey filament test revealed that partial ligation of the sciatic nerve caused neuropathic pain in both WT and KO mice. However, KO mice showed significant enhancement of mechanical allodynia as compared with WT mice. Tight-seal whole-cell recordings were obtained from neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord slices. Electrical stimulus-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), asynchronous EPSCs (aEPSCs) in the presence of strontium, and spontaneously occurring miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) were analysed. Prior to peripheral nerve ligation, no significant differences were observed in the properties of evoked EPSCs, aEPSCs and mEPSCs in KO and WT mice. Seven-14 days after partial ligation, the amplitude of evoked EPSCs and the frequency of aEPSCs and mEPSCs in KO mice were significantly greater than those in WT mice; however, the amplitude of aEPSCs and mEPSCs remained unchanged in both groups. Enhanced allodynia behaviour and significant enhancement of excitatory synaptic transmission following peripheral nerve ligation in KO mice suggest that HPC-1/syntaxin 1A might play a role in synaptic plasticity in the nociceptive pathway.

Vesicle, mitochondrial, and plastid division machineries with emphasis on dynamin and electron-dense rings

The original eukaryotic cells contained at least one set of double-membrane-bounded organelles (cell nucleus and mitochondria) and single-membrane-bounded organelles [endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes (vacuoles), and microbodies (peroxisomes)]. An increase in the number of organelles accompanied the evolution of these cells into Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta. Furthermore, the basic cells, containing mitochondria, engulfed photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, which were converted to plastids, and the cells thereby evolved into cells characteristic of the Bikonta. How did basic single- and double-membrane-bounded organelles originate from bacteria-like cells during early eukaryotic evolution? To answer this question, the important roles of the GTPase dynamin- and electron-dense rings in the promotion of diverse cellular activities in eukaryotes, including endocytosis, vesicular transport, mitochondrial division, and plastid division, must be considered. In this review, vesicle division, mitochondrial division, and plastid division machineries, including the dynamin- and electron-dense rings, and their roles in the origin and biogenesis of organelles in eukaryote cells are summarized.