101
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Fu W, Yang Y, Yue N, Selvaraj R, Chen A, Mehta K, Heron D, Huq M. Dosimetric Influence of Intrafraction Prostate Motion on IMRT Treatment with Sliding Window Dynamic Multileaf Collimator Technique. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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102
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Geiger G, Fu W, Kao G. TRAIL Enhances Anticancer Effects of Radiation and Temozolomide in an Imaging-based Zebrafish Glioblastoma Xenograft Model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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103
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He Y, Jiang R, Fu W, Bergen AW, Swan GE, Jin L. Correlation of population parameters leading to power differences in association studies with population stratification. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72:801-11. [PMID: 18652602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The power of statistical tests to measure effect sizes in the presence of population stratification is an important issue for the design and analysis of population-based association studies. Comparisons of statistical tests have shown that the power of different statistical approaches varies in different genetic scenarios. However, the impact of stratified population parameters on statistical power is not yet understood in a general statistical framework, particularly the impact of correlated population parameters. To investigate such impact in detail, we implemented a genetic model for population-based association studies with stratified samples and evaluated the impact on power with different genetic scenarios. The investigation shows that correlation between disease prevalence and risk allele frequency among subpopulations impacts statistical power. In a model with five subpopulations and moderate population divergence (Fst= 0.01), the correlation accounts for more than 85% of power difference. Our results also show that the estimation of genetic effect for candidate loci is biased by population divergence. Beneficial alleles could be wrongly characterized as risk alleles when prevalence differences and divergences of risk loci are large among subpopulations.
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104
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Fu W, Yang Y, Yue N, Heron D, Huq M. TH-D-AUD A-06: Study of Translational and Rotational Setup Errors and Their Correction Methods for Head & Neck Patients Using Kilovoltage Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (kV CBCT). Med Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2962899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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105
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Yang Y, Li X, Li T, Fu W, Heron D, Huq M. SU-GG-T-459: Analysis of Setup and Dosimetric Errors of KV CBCT Guided Stereotactic Intensity-Modulated Radiosurgery for Spinal Lesions. Med Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2962207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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106
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Molina-Molina M, Xaubet A, Li X, Abdul-Hafez A, Friderici K, Jernigan K, Fu W, Ding Q, Pereda J, Serrano-Mollar A, Casanova A, Rodríguez-Becerra E, Morell F, Ancochea J, Picado C, Uhal BD. Angiotensinogen gene G-6A polymorphism influences idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis disease progression. Eur Respir J 2008; 32:1004-8. [PMID: 18508830 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00015808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II is a growth factor that plays a key role in the physiopathology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). A nucleotide substitution of an adenine instead of a guanine (G-6A) in the proximal promoter region of angiotensinogen (AGT), the precursor of angiotensin II, has been associated with an increased gene transcription rate. In order to investigate whether the G-6A polymorphism of the AGT gene is associated with IPF development, severity and progression, the present study utilised a case-control study design and genotyped G-6A in 219 patients with IPF and 224 control subjects. The distribution of G-6A genotypes and alleles did not significantly differ between cases and controls. The G-6A polymorphism of the AGT gene was not associated with disease severity at diagnosis. The presence of the A allele was strongly associated with increased alveolar arterial oxygen tension difference during follow-up, after controlling for the confounding factors. Higher alveolar arterial oxygen tension changes over time were observed in patients with the AA genotype (0.37+/-0.7 mmHg (0.049+/-0.093 kPa) per month) compared to GA genotype (0.12+/-1 mmHg (0.016+/-0.133 kPa) per month) and GG genotype (0.2+/-0.6 mmHg (0.027+/-0.080 kPa) per month). G-6A polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis progression but not with disease predisposition. This polymorphism could have a predictive significance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients.
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107
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Fu W, Lan H, Li S, Han X, Gao T, Ren D. Synergistic antitumor efficacy of suicide/ePNP gene and 6-methylpurine 2'-deoxyriboside via Salmonella against murine tumors. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 15:474-84. [PMID: 18437183 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Some anaerobes and facultative anaerobes have been used in tumor-specific gene therapy by reason of their selective growth in tumors. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the anticancer efficacy of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium as a carrier to deliver the Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (ePNP) gene for GDEPT (gene-directed enzyme-prodrug therapy). A live attenuated purine-auxotrophic strain of S. typhimurium (SC36) was used to carry the pEGFP-C1-ePNP vector that contains a green fluorescent protein (GFP) and an ePNP gene under the control of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The function of the ePNP expression vector was confirmed in vitro using the enzymic conversion of 6-methylpurine 2'-deoxyriboside (MePdR) into 6-methylpurine. We also observed a high bystander effect induced by the ePNP/MePdR system with a very low proportion (1%) of ePNP-positive cells. The killing effect and increased apoptosis induced by SC/ePNP (SC36 carrying the ePNP expression vector) infection were detected by cytotoxicity assay and PI staining flow cytometry analysis, in combination with MePdR administration. Furthermore, SC/ePNP was administered orally into mice bearing melanomas or pulmonary tumors, and its anti-tumor effect was evaluated. When the tumor was huge (500 mm(3)) at the beginning of MePdR administration, SC/ePNP plus MepdR significantly inhibited tumor growth by about 59-80% and prolonged survival of mice. Complete tumor regression and long-term cure were achieved by MePdR administration, even when the tumor was large (100 mm(3)) at the beginning of MePdR treatment. Our data support a hopeful view that tumor-targeting SC36 could improve antitumor efficacy of the ePNP/MePdR system due to its preferential accumulation and anticancer activity in tumors.
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108
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Heran M, Fu W, Graeb D. Abstract No. 233: CT Angiography of the Aortic Arch and Supra-Aortic Arteries: Incidence of Normal and Variant Anatomy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2007.12.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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109
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Fu W, Yang Y, Yue N, Heron D, Huq S. Study of Rotational Setup Errors and Their Dosimetric Impacts on Head and Neck IMRT Treatments Using Kilovoltage Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (kV CBCT). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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110
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Fu W, Yang Y, Yue N, Heron D, Huq M. SU-FF-J-02: A Cone Beam CT-guided Online Plan Modification Technique to Correct Interfractional Anatomic Changes for Prostate Cancer IMRT Treatment. Med Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2760507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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111
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Yang Y, Fu W, Li F, Li X, Heron D, Huq M. TH-D-AUD-03: Accuracy Assessment of An Optic-Guided Target Localization System for Non-Invasive Intra-Cranial SRS Using CBCT-Based 3D/3D Match. Med Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2761722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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112
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Shu G, Gao P, Zhu X, Jiang Q, Xu P, Zhou G, Sun F, Fu W. Effects of glycyl-glutamine on the growth
performance and lipid deposition in Yue-Huang
broilers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/66744/2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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113
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Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, Newell VA, Meis JF, Gould IM, Fu W, Colombo AL, Rodriguez-Noriega E. Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance study, 1997 to 2005: an 8.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida species and other yeast species to fluconazole and voriconazole determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion testing. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:1735-45. [PMID: 17442797 PMCID: PMC1933070 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00409-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluconazole in vitro susceptibility test results for 205,329 yeasts were collected from 134 study sites in 40 countries from June 1997 through December 2005. Data were collected for 147,776 yeast isolates tested with voriconazole from 2001 through 2005. All investigators tested clinical yeast isolates by the CLSI M44-A disk diffusion method. Test plates were automatically read and results recorded with a BIOMIC image analysis system. Species, drug, zone diameter, susceptibility category, and quality control results were collected quarterly. Duplicate (same patient, same species, and same susceptible-resistant biotype profile during any 7-day period) and uncontrolled test results were not analyzed. Overall, 90.1% of all Candida isolates tested were susceptible (S) to fluconazole; however, 10 of the 22 species identified exhibited decreased susceptibility (<75% S) on the order of that seen with the resistant (R) species C. glabrata and C. krusei. Among 137,487 isolates of Candida spp. tested against voriconazole, 94.8% were S and 3.1% were R. Less than 30% of fluconazole-resistant isolates of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. rugosa remained S to voriconazole. The non-Candida yeasts (8,821 isolates) were generally less susceptible to fluconazole than Candida spp. but, aside from Rhodotorula spp., remained susceptible to voriconazole. This survey demonstrates the broad spectrum of these azoles against the most common opportunistic yeast pathogens but identifies several less common yeast species with decreased susceptibility to antifungal agents. These organisms may pose a future threat to optimal antifungal therapy and emphasize the importance of prompt and accurate species identification.
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114
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McDonald A, Tipton K, O'Sullivan J, Olivieri A, Davey G, Coonan AM, Fu W. Modelling the roles of MAO and SSAO in glucose transport. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:783-6. [PMID: 17406961 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amine oxidase substrates such as benzylamine and methylamine have been shown to stimulate glucose uptake by increasing the recruitment of the glucose transporter GLUT4 from vesicles within the cell to the cell surface. Inhibition of this effect by the presence of semicarbazide and catalase led to the suggestion that the process is mediated by the H(2)O(2) produced in the oxidation of these amines. Tyramine, which is a substrate for both MAO and SSAO, can also stimulate this process and in that case both MAO and SSAO inhibitors attenuate the effect. Benzylamine does not occur physiologically and tyramine is normally present in only very low amounts. We have suggested that adrenaline, which also stimulates glucose metabolism through adrenoceptors, may act as the physiological substrate for GLUT4 recruitment. It is a substrate for MAO but not SSAO. However, oxidation of adrenaline by MAO releases both H(2)O(2) and methylamine for further oxidation by SSAO. In order to gain a fuller understanding of this process we have performed simulation studies that may be used to assess the contributions of the amine oxidases to the process under a variety of conditions. The results are consistent with the experimentally observed behaviour. This approach not only helps to establish the feasibility of this process but also allows behaviour prediction and the identification of further experimental approaches.
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115
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Yang Y, Yue N, Fu W, Li X, Heron D, Huq M, Xing L. MO-E-224C-07: Time-Resolved 4D Dynamic Arc Therapy. Med Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2241473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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116
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Fu W, Yang Y, Li X, Heron D, Huq M, Yue N. SU-FF-T-186: Dosimetric Effect of Patient Rotational Setup Errors On Prostate IMRT Plans. Med Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2241110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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117
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Fu W, Dai J, Hu Y, Song Y. SU-FF-T-319: Reconstructing Dose Distributions From Portal Images with a Backprojection Dosimetric Algorithm. Med Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1118/1.1998048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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118
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Gao S, Fu W, Dürrenberger M, De Geyter C, Zhang H. Membrane translocation and oligomerization of hBok are triggered in response to apoptotic stimuli and Bnip3. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005; 62:1015-24. [PMID: 15868100 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-005-4543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
hBok is a human pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family. By fluorescence in situ hybridization and in silico analysis, hBok was found to be located on chromosome 2q37.3. Its expression was detected in various organs and several hormonally regulated cancer cells. Expression of hBok was shown to be upregulated in estrogen-dependent breast cancer by estrogen deprivation and in myocardial cells during hypoxia. Confocal laser scanning microscopy examinations and subcellular fractionation studies showed that hBok was distributed in both the cytosol and intracellular membranes of healthy cells. Upon overexpression of hBok or stimulation of apoptosis, hBok became integrated into the membrane. Furthermore, apoptosis and oligomerization were promoted by BH3-only proteins, such as Bid, Bnip3 and p53, but prevented by BFL-1. hBok was found to interact with Bnip3. Our findings suggest that functional BH3-only proteins facilite the oligomerization and insertion of hBok into the membrane to activate it.
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119
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Fu W, Sugai T, Yoshimura H, Onoda N. Convergence of olfactory and gustatory connections onto the endopiriform nucleus in the rat. Neuroscience 2004; 126:1033-41. [PMID: 15207336 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Electrical and optical recordings were made from slice preparations including the piriform and gustatory cortices. Electrical stimulation of the gustatory cortex evoked a characteristic field potential in the endopiriform nucleus. A field potential was induced in the endopiriform nucleus by stimulation of the piriform cortex. Voltage-sensitive dye studies showed that stimulation of the piriform cortex induced signal propagation from the piriform cortex to endopiriform nucleus, whereas stimulation of the gustatory cortex did the same from the gustatory cortex to endopiriform nucleus via the agranular division of the insular cortex. After stimulation of the endopiriform nucleus, optical signals propagated not only to the piriform cortex but also to the gustatory cortex via the agranular division of the insular cortex. The olfactory and gustatory pathways appeared to be reciprocally connected. Unit recordings indicated that olfactory and gustatory activity converged onto a single neuron of the endopiriform nucleus. It is suggested that the cortical integration of olfactory and gustatory information could modulate mechanisms involved in food selection and emotional reactions relating to the chemical senses.
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120
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Wang X, LeMaire S, Conklin L, Chen C, Fu W, Wen S, Coselli J. Differing patterns of matrix metalloproteinase expression in patients with ascending aortic aneurysms and bicuspid aortic valves. J Surg Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2003.08.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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121
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Spencer T, Fu W, Cox M, Conklin B, Yao Q, Lin P, Lumsden A, Chen C. Estrogen prevents homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine arteries. J Surg Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2003.08.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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122
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Fu W, Conklin B, Lin P, Lumsden A, Yao Q, Chen C. Effects of HIV gp120 on endothelium-dependent relaxation and eNOS expression. J Surg Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2003.08.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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123
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Jiang S, Fu W, Chu W, Fuhrman JA. The vertical distribution and diversity of marine bacteriophage at a station off Southern California. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2003; 45:399-410. [PMID: 12704560 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-002-1059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2002] [Accepted: 01/20/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-two bacteriophages were isolated on eight indigenous bacteria from a Pacific Ocean station spanning 887-m vertical depth, on two occasions between 1999 and 2000. On the basis of 16S rRNA sequences, six hosts were tentatively identified to be in the genus Vibrio and the other two were closely related to Altermonas macleodii (W9a) and Pseudoalteromonas spp. (W13a). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of phage genomes using AccI and HapI showed that 16 phages infecting host C4a (Vibrio) displayed 14 unique RFLP patterns. However, identical phages infecting host C4b, C6a, and C6b (all Vibrio) were obtained from both the surface layer and the hypoxic zone at 850 m. Most phage isolates from the second year had a different RFLP pattern but shared genetic similarity to the phages infecting the same host from the previous year based on a hybridization study using phage genome probes. Cluster analysis of RFLP patterns and hybridization results also indicated that phages infecting the same or genetically related hosts, in general, shared higher degrees of homology in spite of the diverse RFLP patterns. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of native viral genomes indicated a range in genome size from less than 40 to 200 kb, and the dominant band shifted up by about 5-10 kb in the deep samples compared to the shallow ones. Hybridization of phage genome probes with total viral community DNA from various depths suggests these isolates, or at least some of their genes, represent a detectable portion of the natural viral community and were distributed throughout the water column. Thus, the results of this study demonstrated that the genetic diversity of bacteriophage in the ocean is far greater than that of their bacterial hosts. However, host range may have contributed to the evolution of the diverse phage population in the marine environment.
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124
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Abstract
The macrolide class of antibiotics is well established and often recommended for use in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. A number of agents with varying antimicrobial activity have been developed via chemical modification of the core macrolide structure, a macrocyclic lactam ring. Although structurally diverse, the macrolides share a common ability to bind to the bacterial 50S ribosome subunit and inhibit protein synthesis, thereby preventing bacterial multiplication. Resistance in the clinic is due to modification of the 50S subunit in the area of the peptidyl transferase center or to an efflux pump. The newer macrolides, and in particular azithromycin, with their broad-spectrum microbiological profile have extended the therapeutic uses of this class of antibiotics and ensured that they remain an integral part of the clinician's armamentarium.
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125
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Jiang S, Fu W. Seasonal Abundance and Distribution of Vibrio cholerae in Coastal Waters Quantified by a 16S-23S Intergenic Spacer Probe. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2001; 42:540-548. [PMID: 12024237 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-001-0029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2001] [Accepted: 06/29/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera and is indigenous to brackish waters. To advance our understanding of the ecology of this bacterium, we have developed a molecular probing method for detection of V. cholerae in coastal waters. Water samples from 7 locations in the Newport Bay watershed, California were sampled monthly for a whole year. V. cholerae concentrations were determined by membrane filtration-colony hybridization using an oligonucleotide probe targeting the 16S-23S intergenic spacer (ITS) region. In addition to V. cholerae concentrations, environmental parameters, including temperature, salinity, total bacterial direct counts, total viable counts, and chlorophyll a concentrations, were determined for each site. V. cholerae was detected year-round throughout the watershed. Regression analysis indicated that the concentration of V. cholerae inversely correlated with salinity (p <0.001). The sampling sites located nearest to the Pacific Ocean had lower concentrations, whereas sites located along the brackish San Diego Creek (salinity 0-12 per thousand) routinely had higher concentrations. V. cholerae concentrations also correlated with temperature (p <0.01) in the watershed, with concentrations ranging from less than 1 CFU mL-1 to 2,930 CFU mL-1 of water. The results of this study indicate that the dynamics of V. cholerae is mainly influenced, out of the parameters measured, by the temperature and salinity of the environment. This information is valuable for understanding the ecology of V. cholerae.
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