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Ji BT, Chow WH, Yang G, McLaughlin JK, Zheng W, Shu XO, Jin F, Gao RN, Gao YT, Fraumeni JF. Dietary habits and stomach cancer in Shanghai, China. Int J Cancer 1998. [PMID: 9610722 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980529)76:5<659::aid-ijc8>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stomach cancer remains the second leading cancer in incidence in Shanghai, China, despite its decline over the past 2 decades. To clarify risk factors for this common malignancy, we conducted a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. Included in the study were 1,124 stomach cancer patients (age 20-69) newly diagnosed in 1988-1989 and 1,451 controls randomly selected among Shanghai residents. Usual adult dietary intake was assessed using a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression models. Risks of stomach cancer were inversely associated with high consumption of several food groups, including fresh vegetables and fruits, poultry, eggs, plant oil, and some nutrients, such as protein, fat, fiber and antioxidant vitamins. By contrast, risks increased with increasing consumption of dietary carbohydrates, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-2.1) and 1.9 (95% CI 1.3-2.9) in the highest quartile of intake among men (p for trend=0.02) and women (p=0.0007), respectively. Similar increases in risk were associated with frequent intake of noodles and bread in both men (p=0.07) and women (p=0.05) after further adjustment for fiber consumption. In addition, elevated risks were associated with frequent consumption of preserved, salty or fried foods, and hot soup/porridge, and with irregular meals, speed eating and binge eating. No major differences in risk were seen according to subsite (cardia vs. non-cardia). Our findings add to the evidence that diet plays a major role in stomach cancer risk and suggest the need for further evaluation of risks associated with carbohydrates and starchy foods as well as the mechanisms involved.
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Ji BT, Chow WH, Yang G, McLaughlin JK, Zheng W, Shu XO, Jin F, Gao RN, Gao YT, Fraumeni JF. Dietary habits and stomach cancer in Shanghai, China. Int J Cancer 1998; 76:659-64. [PMID: 9610722 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980529)76:5<659::aid-ijc8>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Stomach cancer remains the second leading cancer in incidence in Shanghai, China, despite its decline over the past 2 decades. To clarify risk factors for this common malignancy, we conducted a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. Included in the study were 1,124 stomach cancer patients (age 20-69) newly diagnosed in 1988-1989 and 1,451 controls randomly selected among Shanghai residents. Usual adult dietary intake was assessed using a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression models. Risks of stomach cancer were inversely associated with high consumption of several food groups, including fresh vegetables and fruits, poultry, eggs, plant oil, and some nutrients, such as protein, fat, fiber and antioxidant vitamins. By contrast, risks increased with increasing consumption of dietary carbohydrates, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-2.1) and 1.9 (95% CI 1.3-2.9) in the highest quartile of intake among men (p for trend=0.02) and women (p=0.0007), respectively. Similar increases in risk were associated with frequent intake of noodles and bread in both men (p=0.07) and women (p=0.05) after further adjustment for fiber consumption. In addition, elevated risks were associated with frequent consumption of preserved, salty or fried foods, and hot soup/porridge, and with irregular meals, speed eating and binge eating. No major differences in risk were seen according to subsite (cardia vs. non-cardia). Our findings add to the evidence that diet plays a major role in stomach cancer risk and suggest the need for further evaluation of risks associated with carbohydrates and starchy foods as well as the mechanisms involved.
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103
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Chow WH. Colorectal cancer incidence trends: good news and bad news. Cancer Causes Control 1998; 9:127-9. [PMID: 9578288 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008818818899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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104
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Chow WH, Blaser MJ, Blot WJ, Gammon MD, Vaughan TL, Risch HA, Perez-Perez GI, Schoenberg JB, Stanford JL, Rotterdam H, West AB, Fraumeni JF. An inverse relation between cagA+ strains of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1998; 58:588-90. [PMID: 9485003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric colonization with Helicobacter pylori, especially cagA+ strains, is a risk factor for noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma, but its relationship with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma is unclear. Although incidence rates for noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma have declined steadily, paralleling a decline in H. pylori prevalence, rates for adenocarcinomas of esophagus and gastric cardia have sharply increased in industrialized countries in recent decades. To clarify the role of H. pylori infection in these tumors with divergent incidence trends, we analyzed serum IgG antibodies to H. pylori and to a recombinant fragment of CagA by antigen-specific ELISA among 129 patients newly diagnosed with esophageal/gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, 67 patients with noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma, and 224 population controls. Cancer risks were estimated by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using logistic regression models. Infection with cagA+ strains was not significantly related to risk for noncardia gastric cancers (OR, 1.4; CI, 0.7-2.8) but was significantly associated with a reduced risk for esophageal/cardia cancers (OR, 0.4; CI, 0.2-0.8). However, there was little association with cagA- strains of H. pylori for either cancer site (OR, 1.0 and 1.1, respectively). These findings suggest that the effects of H. pylori strains on tumor development vary by anatomical site. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and to assess whether the decreasing prevalence of H. pylori, especially cagA+ strains, may be associated with the rising incidence of esophageal/gastric cardia adenocarcinomas in industrialized countries.
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Johansen C, Chow WH, Jørgensen T, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH. [Risk of colorectal cancer and other cancer diseases in patients with gallstones]. Ugeskr Laeger 1998; 160:831-5. [PMID: 9469981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In a nationwide cohort of gallstone patients we evaluated the hypothesis that gall stones are associated with an increased risk of cancer of the colon. In the Danish Hospital Discharge Register we identified 42,098 patients with gallstones diagnosed in 1977-1989. These patients were linked to the Danish Cancer Registry in order to assess their risks of colorectal and other cancers during follow-up to the end of 1992. The analysis showed a modest increase in the number of cancers at all sites combined (N = 3940; RR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.0-1.1). A weak association was found for cancer of the colon (N = 360; RR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.0-1.2), which remained unchanged when analysed by sex, anatomical subsite and duration of follow-up. Multivariate analysis with adjustment for cholecystectomy and clinically defined obesity did not change these estimates to any significant extent. A nonsignificantly increased risk of breast cancer was seen in women five years after initial discharge for gallstones.
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Farrow DC, Vaughan TL, Hansten PD, Stanford JL, Risch HA, Gammon MD, Chow WH, Dubrow R, Ahsan H, Mayne ST, Schoenberg JB, West AB, Rotterdam H, Fraumeni JF, Blot WJ. Use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7:97-102. [PMID: 9488582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular users of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are at reduced risk of colon cancer, but the evidence for protective effects of NSAIDs elsewhere in the digestive tract is scant. We investigated the association between the use of NSAIDs and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer, using data from a large population-based, case-control study. Cases were individuals, ages 30-79 years, diagnosed with esophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 293), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (n = 221), gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (n = 261), or noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 368) in three areas with population-based tumor registries. Controls (n = 695) were selected by random digit dialing and through the rosters of the Health Care Financing Administration. After controlling for the major risk factors, we found that current users of aspirin were at decreased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma [odds ratio (OR), 0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.24-0.58], esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.28-0.87), and noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31-0.68), but not of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.54-1.19), when compared to never users. Risk was similarly reduced among current users of nonaspirin NSAIDs. The associations with current NSAID use persisted when we excluded use within 2 or 5 years of reference date, which might have been affected by preclinical disease in cases, and when we restricted analyses to subjects reporting no history of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms. Our findings add to the growing evidence that the risk of cancers of the esophagus and stomach is reduced in users of NSAIDs, although whether the association is causal in nature is not clear.
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Chow WH, Blot WJ, Vaughan TL, Risch HA, Gammon MD, Stanford JL, Dubrow R, Schoenberg JB, Mayne ST, Farrow DC, Ahsan H, West AB, Rotterdam H, Niwa S, Fraumeni JF. Body mass index and risk of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:150-5. [PMID: 9450576 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/90.2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence rates have risen rapidly for esophageal adenocarcinoma and moderately for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, while rates have remained stable for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and have declined steadily for noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma. We examined anthropometric risk factors in a population-based case-control study of esophageal and gastric cancers in Connecticut, New Jersey, and western Washington. METHODS Healthy control subjects (n = 695) and case patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma or noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 589) were frequency-matched to case patients with adenocarcinomas of esophagus or gastric cardia (n = 554) by 5-year age groups, sex, and race (New Jersey only). Classification of cases by tumor site of origin and histology was determined by review of pathology materials and hospital records. Data were collected using in-person structured interviews. Associations with obesity, measured by body mass index (BMI), were estimated by odds ratios (ORs). All ORs were adjusted for geographic location, age, sex, race, cigarette smoking, and proxy response status. RESULTS The ORs for esophageal adenocarcinoma rose with increasing adult BMI. The magnitude of association with BMI was greater among the younger age groups and among nonsmokers. The ORs for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma rose moderately with increasing BMI. Adult BMI was not associated with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma or noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Increasing prevalence of obesity in the United States population may have contributed to the upward trends in esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas.
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Chau EM, Cheung KL, Yip AS, Chow WH. Images in cardiovascular medicine: large unruptured aneurysm in sinus of Valsalva: an unusual cause of right ventricular inflow and outflow tract obstruction. Circulation 1998; 97:114-5. [PMID: 9443440 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.97.1.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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109
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Chow LT, Chow WH. Hemopericardium secondary to infective aortitis complicating discrete membranous subaortic stenosis. West J Med 1998; 168:43-5. [PMID: 9448495 PMCID: PMC1304759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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110
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Chow LT, Chow WH, Lee JC, Chow SS, Anderson RH, Gosling JA. Postmortem changes in the immunohistochemical demonstration of nerves in human ventricular myocardium. J Anat 1998; 192 ( Pt 1):73-80. [PMID: 9568562 PMCID: PMC1467740 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19210073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to delineate the effects of death on the immunofluorescence of autonomic nerves supplying the human ventricular myocardium, we studied percutaneous myocardial samples obtained postmortem from 5 individuals within 3 h of death. Subsequent samples were obtained daily from the same individuals up to a total of 5-11 d. The antibodies employed included those against protein gene product 9.5 to demonstrate nervous tissue, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase to reveal catecholaminergic neural tissue and neuropeptide Y. An indirect immunofluorescence technique using the avidin-biotin method was employed. The density of myocardial protein gene product 9.5 immunoreactive nerves declined on the 7th day, and became markedly diminished by the 11th day. Immunoreactive dopamine beta-hydroxylase nerves decreased on the 5th day, and were difficult to identify by the 9th day. The density of tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y containing nerves rapidly diminished on the 3rd and 4th days, and became undetectable by the 7th and 8th days, respectively. The present results indicate that, depending on the type of antibodies used, immunohistochemical techniques can be used on human hearts obtained up to within 6 d of death to study cardiac innervation.
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111
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Dosemeci M, Rothman N, Yin SN, Li GL, Linet M, Wacholder S, Chow WH, Hayes RB. Validation of benzene exposure assessment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 837:114-21. [PMID: 9472334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb56868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a methodologic study to validate a quantitative retrospective exposure assessment method used in a follow-up study of workers exposed to benzene. Assessment of exposure to benzene was carried out in 672 factories in 12 cities in China. Historical exposure data were collected for 3179 unique job titles. The basic unit for exposure assessment was a factory/work-unit/job-title combination over seven periods between 1949 and 1987. A total of 18,435 exposure estimates was developed, using all available historical information, including 8477 monitoring data. Overall, 38% of the estimates were based on benzene monitoring data. The highest time-weighted average exposures occurred in the rubber industry (30.7 ppm), particularly for rubber glue applicators (52.6 ppm). Because of its recognized link with benzene exposure, the association between a clinical diagnosis of benzene poisoning (hematotoxicity) and benzene exposure was evaluated (412 cases and 614,509 person-years) to validate the exposure-assessment method. Relative risks of benzene hematotoxicity increased very sharply with increasing estimated intensity of benzene exposure. Odds ratios were 2.2 (95% CI: 1.7-2.9), 4.7 (95% CI: 3.4-6.5), and 7.2 (95% CI: 5.3-9.8) for the intensity levels of less than 5 ppm, 5-19 ppm, 20-39 ppm, and 40 and more ppm, respectively. This sharp trend between benzene hematotoxicity and estimated exposure to benzene indicated that the exposure-estimation method used in this cancer epidemiology study is reliable.
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Abstract
Studies in experimental animals have shown that compounds in tea can inhibit the process of carcinogenesis, with the beneficial effects accruing to both green and black teas. Herein epidemiologic studies around the world are reviewed to assess the rates and risks of cancer among black tea drinkers. Ecologic data suggest at most a modest benefit on total cancer, as there is considerable international variation in black tea consumption but generally small differences in overall cancer rates. Cohort studies of tea drinkers and case control studies of specific cancers show mixed results. Consistent dose-related patterns have yet to emerge, although detailed data from these studies on cancer risks according to amount and duration of black tea intake are often limited. Several investigations point to the possibility of somewhat lowered risks of digestive tract cancers among tea drinkers, but the evidence is inconclusive. Further research, especially involving populations with wide ranges of tea consumption, is needed to clarify black tea's impact on cancer risk.
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Chow WH, Lindblad P, Gridley G, Nyrén O, McLaughlin JK, Linet MS, Pennello GA, Adami HO, Fraumeni JF. Risk of urinary tract cancers following kidney or ureter stones. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:1453-7. [PMID: 9326915 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/89.19.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A relationship has been suggested between kidney or ureter stones and the development of urinary tract cancers. In this study, a population-based cohort of patients hospitalized for kidney or ureter stones in Sweden was followed for up to 25 years to examine subsequent risks for developing renal cell, renal pelvis/ureter, or bladder cancer. METHODS Data from the national Swedish In-patient Register and the national Swedish Cancer Registry were linked to follow 61,144 patients who were hospitalized for kidney or ureter stones from 1965 through 1983. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed on the basis of nationwide cancer incidence rates, after adjustment for age, sex, and calendar year. RESULTS Risk of renal cell cancer was not elevated in this cohort. Significant excesses of renal pelvis/ureter cancer (SIR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.8-3.3) and bladder cancer (SIR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.3-1.6) were observed, but the SIRs for women were more than twice those for men. Risks varied little by age or duration of follow-up. Risks of renal pelvis/ureter cancer and bladder cancer among patients with an associated diagnosis of urinary tract infection were more than double those among patients without such infection, although the risks were significantly elevated in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Individuals hospitalized for kidney or ureter stones are at increased risk of developing renal pelvis/ureter or bladder cancer, even beyond 10 years of follow-up. Chronic irritation and infection may play a role, since kidney or ureter stones were located on the same side of the body as the tumors in most patients with renal pelvis/ureter cancer evaluated in our study.
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Wideroff L, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L, Chow WH, Linet M, Keehn S, Borch-Johnsen K, Olsen JH. Cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of patients hospitalized with diabetes mellitus in Denmark. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:1360-5. [PMID: 9308706 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/89.18.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes has been associated with an increased risk of several cancers, notably cancers of the pancreas, liver, endometrium, and kidney. Since most previous studies have involved a limited sample size or focused on specific cancer sites, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the risk of cancer in a nationwide cohort of diabetics in Denmark. METHODS Discharge records of 109581 individuals hospitalized with a diagnosis of diabetes from 1977 through 1989 were linked with national cancer registry records through 1993. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for specific cancer sites. RESULTS The SIRs for primary liver cancer were 4.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.5-4.6) in males and 2.1 (95% CI = 1.6-2.7) in females. These SIRs remained elevated with increasing years of follow-up and after exclusion of patients with reported risk factors (e.g., cirrhosis and hepatitis) or patients whose cancers were diagnosed at autopsy. Kidney cancer risk was also elevated, with SIRs of 1.4 (95% CI = 1.2-1.6) in males and 1.7 (95% CI = 1.4-1.9) in females. For both sexes combined, the SIR for pancreatic cancer was 2.1 (95% CI = 1.9-2.4), with a follow-up time of 1-4 years; this SIR declined to 1.3 (95% CI = 1.1-1.6) after 5-9 years of follow-up. Excess risks were also observed for biliary tract and endometrial cancers. The SIRs for kidney and endometrial cancers declined somewhat after exclusion of diabetics with reported obesity. CONCLUSIONS Patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of diabetes appear to be at higher risk of developing cancers of the liver, biliary tract, pancreas, endometrium, and kidney. The elevated risks of endometrial and kidney cancers, however, may be confounded by obesity.
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Gammon MD, Schoenberg JB, Ahsan H, Risch HA, Vaughan TL, Chow WH, Rotterdam H, West AB, Dubrow R, Stanford JL, Mayne ST, Farrow DC, Niwa S, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF. Tobacco, alcohol, and socioeconomic status and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:1277-84. [PMID: 9293918 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/89.17.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence rates for adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia have risen steeply over the last few decades. To determine risk factors for these tumors, we conducted a multicenter, population-based, case-control study. METHODS The study included 554 subjects newly diagnosed with esophageal or gastric cardia adenocarcinomas, 589 subjects newly diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma or other gastric adenocarcinomas, and 695 control subjects. Estimates of risk (odds ratios [ORs] and corresponding 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were calculated for the four tumor types separately and for esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas combined. RESULTS Risk of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas combined was increased among current cigarette smokers (OR = 2.4; 95% = 1.7-3.4), with little reduction observed until 30 years after smoking cessation; this risk rose with increasing intensity and duration of smoking. Risk of these tumors was not related to beer (OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.6-1.1) or liquor (OR = 1.1; 95% CI = 0.8-1.4) consumption, but it was reduced for drinking wine (OR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.5-0.8). Similar ORs were obtained for the development of noncardia gastric adenocarcinomas in relation to tobacco and alcohol use, but higher ORs were obtained for the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. For all four tumor types, risks were higher among those with low income or education. CONCLUSIONS Smoking is a major risk factor for esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas, accounting for approximately 40% of cases. IMPLICATIONS Because of the long lag time before risk of these tumors is reduced among ex-smokers, smoking may affect early stage carcinogenesis. The increase in smoking prevalence during the first two thirds of this century may be reflected in the rising incidence of these tumors in the past few decades among older individuals. The recent decrease in smoking may not yet have had an impact.
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Chow WH, Lam MS, Kwan WK, Ng WF. Cholestatic hepatitis: a rare hepatic manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Hong Kong Med J 1997; 3:331-334. [PMID: 11847383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multi-system inflammatory disease. The clinical manifestations are diverse. Hepatic manifestation is a rarely seen complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. We report a case of complication of systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as cholestatic hepatitis in a 56-year-old Chinese woman. The cholestatic hepatitis progressed as part of the lupus activity and responded to steroid therapy.
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Chow WH, Kwan WK, Ng WF. Endoscopic removal of leiomyoma of the colon. Hong Kong Med J 1997; 3:325-327. [PMID: 11847381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonic leiomyoma is a rare condition. Smooth muscle tumours arising from the colon constitute only 3% of gastrointestinal leiomyomas. Complete endoscopic removal of the tumour is a problem because it is often submucosal in origin. We report a patient with a 5 mm leiomyoma of the colon that was successfully removed by conventional colonoscopic snare electrocauterisation, without complications.
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Yip AS, Chow WH, Yung TC, Chau EM, Chan TF. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of left-sided accessory pathways using a transeptal technique and specialized long intravascular sheaths. Efficacy, recurrence rate and complications. JAPANESE HEART JOURNAL 1997; 38:643-50. [PMID: 9462413 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.38.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
49 patients with 51 left-sided accessory pathways underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation for symptomatic supraventricular tachycardia via the transeptal route using specialised long vascular sheaths with compound curves. The procedure was successful in 45 patients (92%). The mean fluroscopic time was 22.5 +/- 15.2 mins and the mean procedure time was 1.7 +/- 0.5 hours. Pericardial tamponade occurred in 2 patients (4%) and 2 patients (4%) required switching to the retrograde transaortic route for successful ablation of the pathways. During the period of follow-up of 16.8 +/- 6.9 months, clinical recurrence occurred in 2 patients (4%). In conclusion, the transeptal route of radiofrequency catheter ablation is a useful alternative strategy to the transaortic approach with good long term results. The use of specialised sheaths may help in stabilisation of the catheter during the procedure which can generate more adequate lesions and consequently a lower recurrence rate.
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119
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Ji BT, Chow WH, Yang G, McLaughlin JK, Gao RN, Zheng W, Shu XO, Jin F, Fraumeni JF, Gao YT. Body mass index and the risk of cancers of the gastric cardia and distal stomach in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997; 6:481-5. [PMID: 9232333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The divergent incidence patterns of gastric cardia and distal stomach cancers suggest different etiologies. Although obesity has recently been linked to cardia cancer in Western populations, its association with distal stomach cancer remains unclear. This study examined the relation of anthropometric measurements to risk by subsites of stomach cancer in a Chinese population. We identified 1124 population-based cases of stomach cancer, ages 20-69 years, newly diagnosed between December 1988 and November 1989 in Shanghai, China. Controls (n = 1451) were randomly selected from permanent Shanghai residents and frequency-matched to cases by age and sex. Information on demographic characteristics, height and weight, diet, smoking, and other exposures was obtained by trained interviewers in person. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in square meters and categorized into quartiles based on the distribution among controls. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using logistic regression models, simultaneously adjusting for age, education, income, cigarette smoking (men only), alcohol drinking (men only), intake of total calories, and chronic gastric diseases. For gastric cardia cancer, the odds ratios among men were 1.4, 1.5, and 3.0 in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of usual BMI (P for trend, < 0.01). Among women, elevated risks also were associated with excess weight, but the gradient in risk was not smooth. Risk patterns for usual body weight, maximum BMI, and minimum BMI were similar to those found for usual BMI. For distal stomach cancer, no association with usual BMI was observed among men, but a slightly elevated risk was seen among women. Our observations in China support recent findings in Western populations that obesity contributes to the risk of gastric cardia cancer, especially among men.
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Yip AS, Chau EM, Chow WH, Kwok OH, Cheung KL. Pericardial effusion in adults undergoing surgical repair of atrial septal defect. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79:1706-8. [PMID: 9202373 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(97)00231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of pericardial effusion and tamponade postatrial septal defect repair in adult patients are 16 and 1.5%, respectively. Small, medium, and large effusions progressed equally, and echocardiographic study on days 7, 14, and 28 best detects potentially significant effusion.
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Chow WH, Chan TF. Pullback atherectomy for the treatment of intrastent restenosis. CATHETERIZATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR DIAGNOSIS 1997; 41:94-5. [PMID: 9143776 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0304(199705)41:1<94::aid-ccd21>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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McLaughlin JK, Chow WH, Levy LS. Amorphous silica: A review of health effects from inhalation exposure with particular reference to cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997; 50:553-66. [PMID: 15279029 DOI: 10.1080/15287399709532054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Silicas and silicates are some of the most abundant compounds found naturally in the earth's crust. Excessive exposure to crystalline silicas can cause serious lung disease such as silicosis and has been associated with lung cancer in some studies, but the potential health effects of amorphous silicas (silicon dioxide without crystalline structure) have not been well studied. Results from animal studies of amorphous silicas, unlike those seen with crystalline silicas, have suggested limited and largely reversible cytotoxic and possibly fibrogenic effects associated with some forms, but data on cancer outcomes are scanty and for the most part negative. Epidemiologic investigations to date for any potential cancer risk are not informative because the effects of crystalline and amorphous silicas have not been separated. Any future epidemiologic study should attempt to clarify the health effects of amorphous silicas from those of crystalline silicas, particularly with regard to any potential for carcinogenicity.
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Troisi R, Schairer C, Chow WH, Schatzkin A, Brinton LA, Fraumeni JF. A prospective study of menopausal hormones and risk of colorectal cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8:130-8. [PMID: 9134236 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018455810238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The relation of colorectal cancer and its subsites with use of menopausal hormones was evaluated in the United States among 40,464 postmenopausal women, 41 to 80 years of age, who initially volunteered for a nationwide breast-cancer screening program and were followed for an average of 7.7 years. Ever-use of menopausal hormones was not associated with risk of total colorectal cancers (relative risk [RR] = 0.99, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.79-1.2) or cancers of the colon (RR = 1.1, CI = 0.81-1.6) or rectum (RR = 1.1, CI = 0.59-1.9). Recent hormone users, however, had a small nonsignificant reduction in risk of colorectal cancer (RR = 0.78, CI = 0.55-1.1), which was most pronounced for distal colon (RR = 0.68, CI = 0.29-1.6) and rectal tumors (RR = 0.64, CI = 0.24-1.7). No effect was observed for former hormone users, and risk generally did not vary by time since last use, type of regimen, or duration of use. However, the reduced risk for recent users was stronger for users of five or more years' duration. These data show some lowering of colorectal cancer risk among recent menopausal hormone users of long duration.
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Chow LT, Chow WH. Co-existing pleomorphic and tubular basal cell adenomas of the parotid gland. J Laryngol Otol 1997; 111:182-5. [PMID: 9102452 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100136801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a hitherto undescribed case of co-existence of a pleomorphic adenoma and a tubular basal cell adenoma affecting the superficial lobe of the left parotid gland of a 53-year-old man. The histology of the pleomorphic adenoma is also of interest in that the prominent adipose metaplasia of its myxoid stroma yielded an appearance reminiscent of myxoid lipoma. The tubular basal cell adenoma showed gross cystic change, and its solid portion consisted of closely packed tubules lined by double layers of cuboidal cells with little intervening stroma. Unlike Warthin's tumour and membranous basal cell adenoma, both pleomorphic and tubular basal cell adenomas exhibit no propensity towards multicentricity or bilaterality. We, therefore, believe that their co-existence in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland of our patient is a mere coincidence rather than association.
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