[Identification and verification of the candidate proteins that interact and collaborate with ATF3 in inhibiting hepatocarcinogenesis]

OBJECTIVE

To identify and verify proteins that interact and collaborate with ATF3 in inhibiting hepatocarcinogenesis.

METHODS

Immunoprecipitation (IP), co-IP and protein spectrum analysis were used to identify the protein which interacted with ATF3 in HepG2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) were used to detect the expression pattern of ATF3 and its candidate interacting proteins in liver tissue.

RESULTS

The protein expression differences were detected by IP in two HepG2 groups. The experimental group was infected by lentiviral vector with ATF3 over-expression and the control group was infected by mock-vehicle. Several protein bands with expression diversity were analyzed by protein spectrum, which revealed several candidate proteins that may be related with ATF3. Peptide sequences were analyzed by Mascot software and NCBI database. Combined with the existing literature and our study results, Gelsolin (GSN) was identified as a protein closely interacting with ATF3 and confirmed by co-IP, IHC and WB.

CONCLUSIONS

GSN is identified and verified as an interacting protein with ATF3. ATF3 may function as a suppressor of liver cancer via protein-protein interactions with Gelsolin.

Allelopathic Polyketides from an Endolichenic Fungus Myxotrichum SP. by Using OSMAC Strategy

Three new polyketides myxotritones A-C (2-4), together with a new natural product 7,8-dihydro-7R,8S-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-benzopyran-6-one (1) were obtained from the endolichenic fungus Myxotrichum sp. by using OMSAC (One Strain, Many Compounds) method. The planar structures of these new compounds were determined by NMR experiment and HRESIMS data, and the absolute configuration of 1 was established by X-ray diffraction, and the stereochemistry of the new compounds 2-4 were determined by same biosynthesis origin, and similar CD spectra with 1. Allelopathic test showed that compound 4 significantly retarded root elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana seed, indicating that this fungus might contribute to the defense of its host lichen. From the view of biosynthetic pathway, all four compounds 1-4 might be originated from Non-Reduced Polyketide synthase (NR-PKS).

Tigecycline-induced Drug Fever and Leukemoid Reaction: A Case Report

In this study, we describe a patient in whom tigecycline-induced drug fever and leukemoid reaction (LR) after 3 weeks of therapy for pneumonia.A 62-year-old man developed aspiration pneumonia on February 1, 2015. He had received multiple antibiotics at another hospital, but did not respond well. Disease rapidly progressed, and he was referred to our department on February 14. We adjusted the antibiotic therapy to tigecycline + vancomycin, and added voriconazole to empiric antifungal therapy. Pneumonia largely improved, and we discontinued vancomycin and voriconazole on February 28. With tigecycline monotherapy, his clinical status remained stable.On March 7, he developed high fever and LR (white blood cell count: 38.25 × 10(9)/L). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were elevated, and CD8+ T cells had been abnormally activated. After a careful physical examination and laboratory investigation, we confirmed that primary infection did not progress and no other cause was evident. So we figured fever and LR might be induced by tigecycline. After discontinuing tigecycline and adding low-dose steroid, fever and LR totally resolved in 3 days, which further confirmed our diagnosis.According to this case and literature review, drug-induced hypersensitivity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fever and LR when the therapeutic duration of tetracycline approximates 3 weeks. Monitoring T-cell subsets may facilitate early diagnosis. When necessary, we should discontinue the suspected drug to confirm diagnosis.

Overexpression of a Populus trichocarpa H+-pyrophosphatase gene PtVP1.1 confers salt tolerance on transgenic poplar

The Arabidopsis vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase (AVP1) has been well studied and subsequently employed to improve salt and/or drought resistance in herbaceous plants. However, the exact function of H(+)-pyrophosphatase in woody plants still remains unknown. In this work, we cloned a homolog of type I H(+)-pyrophosphatase gene, designated as PtVP1.1, from Populus trichocarpa, and investigated its function in both Arabidopsis and poplar. The deduced translation product PtVP1.1 shares 89.74% identity with AVP1. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed a ubiquitous expression pattern of PtVP1.1 in various tissues, including roots, stems, leaves and shoot tips. Heterologous expression of PtVP1.1 rescued the retarded-root-growth phenotype of avp1, an Arabidopsis knock out mutant of AVP1, on low carbohydrate medium. Overexpression of PtVP1.1 in poplar (P. davidiana × P. bolleana) led to more vigorous growth of transgenic plants in the presence of 150 mM NaCl. Microsomal membrane vesicles derived from PtVP1.1 transgenic plants exhibited higher H(+)-pyrophosphatase hydrolytic activity than those from wild type (WT). Further studies indicated that the improved salt tolerance was associated with a decreased Na(+) and increased K(+) accumulation in the leaves of transgenic plants. Na(+) efflux and H(+) influx in the roots of transgenic plants were also significantly higher than those in the WT plants. All these results suggest that PtVP1.1 is a functional counterpart of AVP1 and can be genetically engineered for salt tolerance improvement in trees.

The CASC15 Long Intergenic Noncoding RNA Locus Is Involved in Melanoma Progression and Phenotype Switching

In recent years, considerable advances have been made in the characterization of protein-coding alterations involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma. However, despite their growing implication in cancer, little is known about the role of long non-coding RNAs in melanoma progression. We hypothesized that copy number alterations of intergenic non-protein coding domains could help identify long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) associated with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Among several candidates, our approach uncovered the chromosome 6p22.3 CASC15 lincRNA locus as a frequently gained genomic segment in metastatic melanoma tumors and cell lines. The locus was actively transcribed in metastatic melanoma cells, and up-regulation of CASC15 expression was associated with metastatic progression to brain metastasis in a mouse xenograft model. In clinical specimens, CASC15 levels increased during melanoma progression and were independent predictors of disease recurrence in a cohort of 141 patients with AJCC stage III lymph node metastasis. Moreover, siRNA knockdown experiments revealed that CASC15 regulates melanoma cell phenotype switching between proliferative and invasive states. Accordingly, CASC15 levels correlated with known gene signatures corresponding to melanoma proliferative and invasive phenotypes. These findings support a key role for CASC15 in metastatic melanoma.

SIRT1 attenuates high glucose-induced insulin resistance via reducing mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle cells

Insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sustained high glucose is an important extracellular environment that induces insulin resistance. Acquired insulin resistance is associated with reduced insulin-stimulated mitochondrial activity as a result of increased mitochondrial dysfunction. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is one member of the SIRT2 (Sir2)-like family of proteins involved in glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion in mammals. Although SIRT1 has a therapeutic effect on metabolic deterioration in insulin resistance, it is still not clear how SIRT1 is involved in the development of insulin resistance. Here, we demonstrate that pcDNA3.1 vector-mediated overexpression of SIRT1 attenuates insulin resistance in the high glucose-induced insulin-resistant skeleton muscle cells. These beneficial effects were associated with ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction. Further studies have demonstrated that SIRT1 restores mitochondrial complex I activity leading to decreased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, SIRT1 significantly elevated the level of another SIRT which is named SIRT3, and SIRT3 siRNA-suppressed SIRT1-induced mitochondria complex activity increments. Taken together, these results showed that SIRT1 improves insulin sensitivity via the amelioration of mitochondrial dysfunction, and this is achieved through the SIRT1-SIRT3-mitochondrial complex I pathway.

Clinical application of three-dimensional reconstruction and rapid prototyping technology of multislice spiral computed tomography angiography for the repair of ventricular septal defect of tetralogy of Fallot

Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and rapid prototyping technology (RPT) of multislice spiral computed tomography angiography (CTA) was applied to prepare physical models of the heart and ventricular septal defects of tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) patients in order to explore their applications in the diagnosis and treatment of this complex heart disease. CTA data of 35 ToF patients were collected to prepare l:l 3D solid models using digital 3D reconstruction and RPT, and the resultant models were used intraoperatively as reference. The operations of all 35 patients were completed under the guidance of the 3D solid model, without difficulty. Intraoperative findings of the patients were consistent with the morphological and size changes of the 3D solid model, and no significant differences were found between the patches obtained from the 3D solid model and the actual intraoperative measurements (t = 0.83, P = 0.412). 3D reconstruction and RPT of multislice spiral CTA can accurately and intuitively reflect the anatomy of ventricular septal defects in ToF patients, providing the foundation for a solid model of the complex congenital heart.

Tumor cell responses to carbon dots derived from chondroitin sulfate

Photoluminescent carbon dots (CDs) derived from chondroitin sulfate (CS) showing multifunctional behavior: cell imaging and cell proliferative responses.

Detection of immunoglobulin light-chain restriction in cutaneous B-cell lymphomas by ultrasensitive bright-field mRNA in situ hybridization

BACKGROUND

Detection of immunoglobulin light-chain restriction is important in the diagnosis of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). Flow-cytometry, commonly used to evaluate light-chain restriction, is impractical to be used in cutaneous specimens. Immunohistochemical and conventional chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) methods on formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue lack sufficient sensitivity to detect low-level light-chain expression in B-NHL without plasmacytic differentiation. Ultrasensitive bright-field mRNA-ISH (BRISH) for in situ light-chain detection in cutaneous B-NHL has been assessed.

DESIGN

Kappa/lambda mRNA was detected using two-color BRISH (RNAscope 2xPlex, Advanced Cell Diagnostics) on 27 FFPE skin biopsies and excisions from patients with available B-cell PCR clonality studies: 16 clonal B-cell lesions (6 follicle center lymphoma, 5 marginal zone lymphoma, 3 large B-cell lymphoma, and 2 other) and 11 non-clonal B-cell proliferations.

RESULTS

BRISH was successful in 15/16 clonal B-cell lesions and 11/11 non-clonal proliferations. Light-chain restriction was detected in 15/15 clonal lesions and in 1/11 non-clonal proliferations (96.1% overall concordance with clonality PCR). In 4/5 marginal zone lymphomas, light-chain restriction was detected as strong monotypic mRNA expression in a B-cell subset, consistent with plasmacytic differentiation.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasensitive BRISH can successfully detect light-chain restriction in B-NHL from FFPE skin specimens and may be a useful adjunct ancillary tool in cases not resolved by CISH or immunohistochemical methods.

Abstract 4665: Quantitative in situ biomarker analysis via ultrasensitive RNA in situ hybridization and automated image analysis

Background and objectives: Accurate biomarker analysis and interpretation require tissue and cellular context information, which is lost when DNA/RNA is extracted for molecular analysis. This is especially challenging in cancer biomarker analysis due to significant inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity. To address this, we have recently developed an ultrasensitive RNA In situ hybridization (ISH) technique (RNAscope) that enables quantitative RNA detection in the presence of full morphological and cellular context that can be visualized under standard bright-field microscopy. The resulting stained slides can be scored by enumerating the punctate signal dots in each cell. Although feasible, manual scoring can be tedious, time-consuming and subjective for routine use. Therefore, we have developed dedicated image analysis software (SpotStudio) to automate this task. The purpose of this study was to validate the performance of this software.

Materials and Methods: A melanoma tissue microarray (TMA) containing formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens from 159 cases were used in this study. Two TMA sections were stained for the reference gene UBC and a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) using RNAscope 2.0 Red assay (Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Hayward, CA). UBC staining was used to assess RNA quality. LncRNA expression was scored manually by two independent observers by scoring both the RNA signals in each cell using the following scale: 0 (0 dot/cell), 1+ (1-3 dots/cell), 2+ (4-10 dots/cell), 3+ (>10 dots/cell) and the percentage of cells in each signal category. Scanned TMA images were analyzed using SpotStudio software to estimate the number of signal dots in each cell in a region of interest selected by the user, and the single-cell level results were binned according to the same categories as manual scoring. An H-score was calculated for each case by summing the product of the signal category score and the percentage cells in that category for all scoring categories.

Results: Among the 159 cases of TMA, 18 were excluded due to tissue detachment, less than 5% tumor, or excessive melanin obscuring ISH signals. Three cases were excluded from automated image analysis due to poor focusing of scanned images. There was good agreement between the two manual H-scores by the two independent observers (Spearman rho = 0.86, p<0.001). The automated H-scores also demonstrated excellent agreement with the manual H-scores (Spearman rho = 0.91, p<0.001).

Conclusion: Automated quantitation of RNA ISH slides is highly desirable as manual scoring can be time consuming and a significant source of variability. The SpotStudio software demonstrated excellent agreement with manual scoring. In addition, the software can provide quantitative data on a cell-by-cell basis, which would be impractical manually. Quantitative analysis of biomarkers at the single-cell level will be invaluable in many areas of cancer research and diagnostics.

Citation Format: Hongwei Wang, Laurent Lessard, Nan Su, Yuling Luo, Dave Hoon, Xiao-Jun Ma. Quantitative in situ biomarker analysis via ultrasensitive RNA in situ hybridization and automated image analysis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4665. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4665

Gastroretentive drug delivery systems for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most common pathogenic bacterial infections and is found in the stomachs of approximately half of the world's population. It is the primary known cause of gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcer disease and gastric cancer. However, combined drug therapy as the general treatment in the clinic, the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, adverse reactions and poor patient compliance are major obstacles to the eradication of H. pylori. Oral site-specific drug delivery systems that could increase the longevity of the treatment agent at the target site might improve the therapeutic effect and avoid side effects. Gastroretentive drug delivery systems potentially prolong the gastric retention time and controlled/sustained release of a drug, thereby increasing the concentration of the drug at the application site, potentially improving its bioavailability and reducing the necessary dosage. Recommended gastroretentive drug delivery systems for enhancing local drug delivery include floating systems, bioadhesive systems and expandable systems. In this review, we summarize the important physiological parameters of the gastrointestinal tract that affect the gastric residence time. We then focus on various aspects useful in the development of gastroretentive drug delivery systems, including current trends and the progress of novel forms, especially with respect to their application for the treatment of H. pylori infections.

Degradation and dissolution of hemicelluloses during bamboo hydrothermal pretreatment

To elucidate the hemicelluloses degradation and dissolution during hydrothermal pretreatment, hemicelluloses separated from both hydrolysate and pretreated substrate were investigated. Along with the pretreatment proceeding, some hemicelluloses fractions dissolved and diffused into the bulk liquor; MW (molecular weight) of these hemicelluloses fractions increased first and then decreased as well as amount of the fractions. Based on the definition of MW of the soluble hemicellulose, it has been concluded that some insoluble hemicellulose fractions appeared in the hydrolysate. In contrast, the hemicellulose degradation occurred continually and had been observed by the gradual decrease of MW of the hemicellulose isolated from pretreated substrate. Lingering dissolution at the later stage might attribute to the facts that some soluble fractions were still entrapped in the substrate. 5-15% hemicellulose fractions remained in the pretreated substrate at the later stage were composed of soluble species.

HPV E6/E7 RNA in situ hybridization signal patterns as biomarkers of three-tier cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade

Cervical lesion grading is critical for effective patient management. A three-tier classification (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] grade 1, 2 or 3) based on H&E slide review is widely used. However, for reasons of considerable inter-observer variation in CIN grade assignment and for want of a biomarker validating a three-fold stratification, CAP-ASCCP LAST consensus guidelines recommend a two-tier system: low- or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL or HSIL). In this study, high-risk HPV E6/E7 and p16 mRNA expression patterns in eighty-six CIN lesions were investigated by RNAscope chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Specimens were also screened by immunohistochemistry for p16INK4a (clone E6H4), and by tyramide-based CISH for HPV DNA. HPV genotyping was performed by GP5+/6+ PCR combined with cycle-sequencing. Abundant high-risk HPV RNA CISH signals were detected in 26/32 (81.3%) CIN 1, 22/22 (100%) CIN 2 and in 32/32 (100%) CIN 3 lesions. CIN 1 staining patterns were typified (67.7% specimens) by abundant diffusely staining nuclei in the upper epithelial layers; CIN 2 lesions mostly (66.7%) showed a combination of superficial diffuse-stained nuclei and multiple dot-like nuclear and cytoplasmic signals throughout the epithelium; CIN 3 lesions were characterized (87.5%) by multiple dot-like nuclear and cytoplasmic signals throughout the epithelial thickness and absence/scarcity of diffusely staining nuclei (trend across CIN grades: P<0.0001). These data are consistent with productive phase HPV infections exemplifying CIN 1, transformative phase infections CIN 3, whereas CIN 2 shows both productive and transformative phase elements. Three-tier data correlation was not found for the other assays examined. The dual discernment of diffuse and/or dot-like signals together with the assay's high sensitivity for HPV support the use of HPV E6/E7 RNA CISH as an adjunct test for deciding lesion grade when CIN 2 grading may be beneficial (e.g. among young women) or when 'LSIL vs. HSIL' assignment is equivocal.

RNAscope for in situ detection of transcriptionally active human papillomavirus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

The 'gold standard' for oncogenic HPV detection is the demonstration of transcriptionally active high-risk HPV in tumor tissue. However, detection of E6/E7 mRNA by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) requires RNA extraction which destroys the tumor tissue context critical for morphological correlation and has been difficult to be adopted in routine clinical practice. Our recently developed RNA in situ hybridization technology, RNAscope, permits direct visualization of RNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue with single molecule sensitivity and single cell resolution, which enables highly sensitive and specific in situ analysis of any RNA biomarker in routine clinical specimens. The RNAscope HPV assay was designed to detect the E6/E7 mRNA of seven high-risk HPV genotypes (HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58) using a pool of genotype-specific probes. It has demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity against the current 'gold standard' method of detecting E6/E7 mRNA by qRT-PCR. HPV status determined by RNAscope is strongly prognostic of clinical outcome in oropharyngeal cancer patients.

[Reasons that seedless fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii become small]

OBJECTIVE

To study the reasons that the seedless fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii developed to smaller ones.

METHODS

The differences of fruit expanding, gene expressing and cell development were investigated between the triploid and diploid fruits from two strains F050 and F049.

RESULTS

The results showed the expanding of triploid fruits was stopped about 20 days after artificial pollination, 10 days earlier than the diploid fruits. Meanwhile, it was also investigated that aux expressing level in the triploid fruits was greatly higher than that in diploid fruits, while its ipt, cyt-p450, spds, cycB, cycD1, cycD3, cdkA, cdkB, exp and xth expressing level were greatly lower than that in diploid fruits. The majority of sarcocarp cells of the triploid fruits kept in the stage of small ones comparing with the diploid fruits.

CONCLUSION

The expression of the genes of the proteins involving cell division and expansion was inhibited as the significant reduction of endogenous IAA, CTK, GA and SPDS after bad fertilization and the embryo abortion, which resulted in the end of division and extension of sarcocarp cells. Above reasons induce small fruits of triploid seedless Siraitia grosvenorii.

[Extraction of total RNA and cloning of sgDHAR gene from Siraitia grosvenorii]

Total RNA was isolated from Siraitia grosvenorii fruit by the method of modified Trizol, according to S. grosvenorii fruit characteristics of rich phenols, polysaccharide, oil and proteins. The OD260/280, OD260/230, RNA integrity (RIN) and yield of the total RNA with this method were 2.01, 2.02, 9.50 and 260 mirog.g-1, respectively. The open reading frame (ORF) of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), named as SgDHAR, was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and RT-PCR method from S. grosvenorii. The GenBank accession number for this gene is KC907731. The SgDHAR gene contains a full-length cDNA of 1,252 bp including ORF of 819 bp and encodes a predicted protein of 272 amino acids. The molecular mass is 30.217 7 kD and the isoelectric point is 8.76. Homology comparison showed that it shared 87% nucleotide sequence homology with Cucumis sativus. Expression patterns using qRT-PCR analysis showed that SgDHAR was mainly expressed in fruit and stem, followed by flower, and was lowest in root, while the expression level was 6.83 times in triploid. T than that in diploid. Therefore, SgDHAR gene may be involved in abortion of triploid seedless S. grosvenorii.

Quantitative ultrasensitive bright-field RNA in situ hybridization with RNAscope

RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) can provide valuable morphological context for molecular markers on one hand and enable morphological analysis in molecular context on the other hand. It has become increasingly important, thanks to increasing interest in new biomarkers and noncoding RNAs in both research and clinical applications. We have developed an ultrasensitive RNA ISH technology, RNAscope, employing a unique probe design strategy that allows target-specific signal amplification while suppressing background noise. This approach enables single RNA molecule detection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens under standard bright-field microscopy and is capable of multiplex detection at the single cell level. After staining, target-specific signals appear as punctate dots present in individual cells in well-preserved tissue morphological context, which facilitates both semiquantitative manual scoring and software-assisted quantitative analysis. Here, we present detailed protocols of RNAscope for FFPE tissue sections. The step-by-step protocols describe tissue preparation, pretreatment, probe hybridization, signal amplification, visualization, and analysis. We also highlight the critical steps for ensuring successful staining.

Lignin removal and benzene-alcohol extraction effects on lignin measurements of the hydrothermal pretreated bamboo substrate

Lignin content of hydrothermal pretreated bamboo chips was determined by the two methods: TAPPI standard method (222om-06) and TAPPI standard method without benzene-alcohol extraction (BAE). The results showed that including BAE resulted in lower Klason lignin (KL) and acid soluble lignin (ASL) measurements in the prehydrolyzed substrate, that is to say, BAE removed parts of KL and ASL. Therefore, the TAPPI standard method should be modified by omitting the BAE for lignin measurements of pretreated substrate. The following lignin removal analysis suggested that lignin was removed from the bamboo substrate during pretreatment by a combination of degradation reaction and deconstruction; thereafter the pseudo lignin generated in the hydrothermal pretreatment and condensation reaction between the lignin fragments accounted for the later KL increase.

Hydrothermal pretreatment of bamboo and cellulose degradation

A systematic hydrothermal pretreatment of bamboo chips had been conducted with an aim to trace the cellulose degradation. The results showed that cellulose chain cleavage basically occurred when the temperature exceeded 150°C. A slightly higher DP (degree of polymerization) than starting material had been observed at low temperature pretreatment. Treatment at higher temperature (≥ 170°C) caused severe cleavage of cellulose and therefore gave rise to low DP with more soluble species. DP of cellulose declined drastically without additional hemicelluloses dissolution when hemicelluloses removal reached to the limit level. Cellulose degradation under hydrothermal pretreatment generally followed the zero reaction kinetics with the activity energy of 121.0 kJ/mol. Besides, the increase of cellulose crystalline index and the conversion of Iα-Iβ had also observed at the hydrothermal pretreatment.

Ultrasensitive RNA in situ hybridization for detection of restricted clonal expression of low-abundance immunoglobulin light chain mRNA in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders

OBJECTIVES

To assess the feasibility of using a novel ultrasensitive bright-field in situ hybridization approach (BRISH) to evaluate κ and λ immunoglobulin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in situ in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

METHODS

A series of 110 semiconsecutive clinical cases evaluated for lymphoma with historic flow cytometric (FCM) results were assessed with BRISH.

RESULTS

BRISH light chain restriction (LCR) results were concordant with FCM in 108 (99%) of 109 evaluable cases. Additional small B-cell lymphoma cohorts were successfully evaluated.

CONCLUSIONS

BRISH analysis of κ and λ immunoglobulin mRNA expression is a sensitive tool for establishing LCR in B-cell NHL when FCM results are not available.