Prevalence and associated factors of myopia among primary and middle school-aged students: a school-based study in Guangzhou

PurposeTo estimate the prevalence of myopia among primary and middle school-aged students in Guangzhou and to explore the potentially contributing factors to myopia.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was based on a sample of students in grades 1-6 and grades 7-9. Data were collected from refractive error measurements and a structured questionnaire.ResultsA total of 3055 participants were involved in this analysis, and the overall prevalence of myopia was 47.4% (95% confidence interval (CI)= 45.6-49.2%). The prevalence of myopia in students increased along with the growth of grade level; the prevalence of myopia in students in grade 1 was only 0.2%, as it increased to 38.8% in students in grade 3, and the rate was the highest (68.4%) in students in grade 9. Girls were at a higher risk of myopia than boys (adjusted odds ratio=1.22, 95% CI=1.04-1.44). Both male and female students whose distance of reading was longer than 25 cm were less likely to have myopia and who have one or two myopic parents were at a higher risk of myopia. In addition, reading for pleasure more than 2 h per day (adjusted odds ratio=1.84, 95% CI=1.09-3.12) was only positively associated with myopia in boys and spending time watching television per week was only positively associated with myopia in girls.ConclusionMyopia in students is a significant public health problem in Guangzhou. Female gender, higher grade, longer time spent for near work, shorter distance of near work, and parental myopia were shown to be associated with the increasing risk of myopia in children.

Genetic variability of XRCC1 influences the treatment outcome of gastric cancer

We aimed to investigate the role of XRCC1 codon 194 (Arg>Trp), 280 (Arg>His), and 399 (Arg>Gln) polymorphisms in response to chemotherapy and the overall survival of gastric cancer patients. A total of 172 patients were recruited for our study between January 2010 and March 2012. Genotyping of the three XRCC1 codons was carried out by restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction. By logistic regression analysis, we found that the Trp/Trp genotype of XRCC1 194 (Arg>Trp) showed a stronger association with complete or partial response to chemotherapy compared to the Arg/Arg genotype, and the adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) was 0.17 (0.05-0.58). Moreover, the Trp/Trp genotype was associated with a higher risk of death than that with the Arg/Arg genotype based on multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, and the adjusted hazard ratio (95%CI) was 4.08 (1.20-14.19). In conclusion, we found that the XRCC1 194 (Arg>Trp) polymorphism was correlated with a better response to chemotherapy and a low risk of death in patients with gastric cancer.

[Impact of the time from symptoms onset to thrombolysis on in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular event rate in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the impact of thrombolytic therapy time delay on in-hospital major adverse cardiac event rate in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

METHODS

This survey was performed in 101 level 2 hospitals from 15 provinces or autonomous region in China. Patients admitted to these hospitals with acute STEMI during November 2011 to November 2014 and received thrombolytic therapy were eligible for this study. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to estimate the rate of in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (re-infarction, stroke and all-cause mortality) in patients with different thrombolytic time delay.

RESULTS

A total of 3 719 STEMI patients received thrombolytic therapy, 88%(3 270 cases) of them were treated within 12 hours. After controlling for the impact of confounding factors, such as a variety of risk factors, past disease histories, the severity of STEMI, medication, interventions, etc, MACE rates significantly increased along with the thrombolysis time delay, no matter thrombolysis succeeded or not (trend test P<0.05). In group of successful thrombolysis, multivariate adjusted rate of MACE for 0-5.9 hours, 6.0-11.9 hours and ≥12.0 hours were 3.2%, 3.9% and 7.8%; in group of unsuccessful thrombolysis, it was 11.6%, 14.1% and 25.2% respectively (trend test P<0.05). The multivariate adjusted rates of re-infarction in group of successful thrombolysis as well as in group of unsuccessful thrombolysis significantly increased in proportion to thrombolysis time delay ≥ 12.0 h (trend test P<0.05). In group of successful thrombolysis, multivariate adjusted rate of re-infarction for 0-5.9 hours, 6.0-11.9 hours and ≥12.0 hours were 1.9%, 1.5% and 6.8%; in group of unsuccessful thrombolysis, it was 3.9%, 3.1% and 13.6%, respectively. Within the same time delay group, MACE and re-infarction rates were significantly lower in successful thrombolysis group than in unsuccessful thrombolysis group (all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Thrombolytic therapy should be conducted within 6 hours after the attack. Both re-infarction or MACE rates are significantly increased in patients with more than 12 hours thrombolysis time delay.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PD-L1 EXPRESSION IN PARATHYROID CANCER

Introduction

Parathyroid carcinoma accounts for 0.5% to 5% of all cases of primary hyperparathyroidism and it is an exceedingly rare endocrine malignancy first described in 1933. Most experts recommend en bloc excision at initial surgery as the only chance for its cure. Both chemotherapy and radiotherapy have not been demonstrated to be beneficial in parathyroid carcinoma. Some patients have multiple recurrences or metastases. Therefore, new therapies are urgently needed. Inhibition of the interaction between Programmed Death Receptor 1 (PD-1) and Programmed Death Receptor Ligand 1 (PD-L1) enhances T-cell responses in vitro and mediates clinical antitumour activity.

Aim

We analysed the expression of PD-L1 in parathyroid cancer to evaluate its potential as target for immunotherapeutic strategy.

Subjects and methods

A cohort of 18 patients were diagnosed with primary or metastatic parathyroid cancer. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 18 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens using a rabbit monoclonal antibody. A 5% cut-off value was applied for PD-L1 positivity.

Results

The anti PD-L1 antibody showed a pre-dominantly membranous staining pattern in parathyroid cancer cells. Programmed Death Receptor Ligand-1 expression was found in 22.2% of all parathyroid carcinoma cases. There was no correlation between the expression of PD-L1 with lymph node metastasis, gender and age (P> 0.05).

Conclusion

This expression of PD-L1 in human parathyroid cancer suggests that patients with parathyroid cancer could profit from immunotherapeutic strategies using anti-PDL1 antibodies.

Neuronal overexpression of Glo1 or amygdalar microinjection of methylglyoxal is sufficient to regulate anxiety-like behavior in mice

GLO1 (Glyoxalase1) is a ubiquitous cellular enzyme that detoxifies methylglyoxal (MG), which is a byproduct of glycolysis. Previously, we showed that ubiquitous overexpression of Glo1 reduced concentrations of MG and increased anxiety-like behavior, whereas systemic injection of MG reduced anxiety-like behavior. We further showed that MG is a competitive partial agonist at GABA-A receptors. Based on those data we hypothesized that modulation of GABAergic signaling by MG underlies Glo1 and MG's effects on anxiety-like behavior. As previous studies used ubiquitous overexpression, we sought to determine whether neuronal Glo1 overexpression was sufficient to increase anxiety-like behavior. We generated ROSA26 knock-in mice with a floxed-stop codon upstream from human Glo1 (FLOXGlo1KI) and bred them with mice expressing CRE recombinase under the direction of the Synapsin 1 promoter (Syn-CRE) to limit overexpression of Glo1 specifically to neurons. Furthermore, since previous administration of MG had been systemic, we sought to determine if direct microinjection of MG into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) was sufficient to reduce anxiety-like behavior. Thus, we performed bilateral microinjections of saline, MG (12μM or 24μM), or the positive control midazolam (4mM) directly into the BLA. FLOXGlo1KIxSyn-CRE mice showed significantly increased anxiety-like behavior compared to their FLOXGLO1xWT littermates. In addition, bilateral microinjection of MG and midazolam significantly decreased anxiety-like behavior compared to saline treated mice. These studies suggest that anatomically specific manipulations of Glo1 and MG are sufficient to induce changes in anxiety-like behavior.

Mutational analysis of BRCA1/2 gene and pathologic characteristics from Kazakh population with sporadic breast cancer in northwestern China

Mutations in the BRCA1/2 genes are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but no large-scale research have examined the BRCA1/2 mutations in Chinese Kazakh women. We evaluated the frequency and distributions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in Kazakh sporadic breast cancer patients and healthy women in China. The association between the clinical-pathologic features of Kazakh breast cancer patients and BRCA1/2 mutations were also investigated. Two unclassified variants (T539M and T1915M) and 16 polymorphisms were detected in this study, 4 of which (G356A, His743, Asn991Asp, Val1269) were detected more frequently in breast cancer patients than in healthy controls. We observed a higher prevalence of BRCA1/2 common sequence alterations and a large number of Kazakh women carrying multiple co-existing BRCA1/2 mutations. The prevalence of BRCA1 mutations was similar to that of BRCA2 mutations. Although no significant differences were observed, BRCA1/2 carriers were generally younger at diagnosis of wild-type breast cancer patients. BRCA1-associated Kazakh sporadic breast cancers present with high tumor grade, early stage, negative lymph node status, absence of estrogen receptor expression and progesterone-positive status. Estrogen receptor expression was the only predominant histological type in BRCA2 carriers. In this study, we determined the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation status and determined the association with clinical-pathologic characteristics in a Chinese Kazakh population. Larger population-based screening studies screening the entire coding region of BRCA1/2 are required to evaluate the breast cancer risk induced by the sequence alterations detected in this study.

Identification and profiling of microRNAs associated with white and black plumage pigmentation in the white and black feather bulbs of ducks by RNA sequencing

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in many biological processes by regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. However, the mechanism by which specific miRNAs may regulate plumage pigmentation has remained largely elusive. In this study, we sequenced miRNAs using Solexa sequencing and then performed a detailed analysis of their expression profiles between the black and white feather bulbs of ducks from Cui Hei, Kaiya, Liancheng pure breeds and a Kaiya-Liancheng F2 population. mirdeep2 software identified 121 conserved and eight novel miRNAs. Five differentially expressed miRNAs between the two tissues types were also identified by degseq software. Notably, miR-204 was predominantly expressed in black feather bulbs. To further validate the sequencing data, we applied stem-loop quantitative PCR of ten known miRNAs based on the identified sequences. Furthermore, in exploring the temporal expression pattern of miR-204, we performed profiling in nine duck tissues. The targets of these miRNAs were predicted using a PITA algorithm and were later grouped based on Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analysis using the DAVID website. The melanogenesis pathway was among the identified signalling pathways, implying key roles of these miRNAs in plumage pigmentation. Expression analysis of the target genes in the melanogenesis pathways was also performed. This study provides the foundation for subsequent studies on the prospective practical role for such miRNAs in post-transcriptional gene regulation linked to plumage pigmentation.

Myeloid Sarcoma Presenting With Multiple Skin and Subcutaneous Mass Without Leukemic Manifestations After Renal Transplantation

BACKGROUND

Myeloid sarcoma is well described and known in clinical practice, however, it is a rare condition after receiving renal transplantation. Immunosuppressive therapy is thought to be the main cause in these cases.

CASE REPORT

A 45-year-old woman accepted a right kidney transplantation because of her chronic renal insufficiency and uremia in May 2011. She had to receive a left kidney transplantation again in February 2012 because she had renal failure again after receiving the right kidney transplantation. She received immune inhibitors treatment. After the latter operation, her renal function was normal. The third operation was done to remove the right transplanted kidney in July 2012. The diagnosis of the kidney was myeloid sarcoma. The blood and bone marrow biopsy had no evidence of leukemia. She then received chemotherapy. There was a small skin nodule on the left arm of approximately 0.5 cm in August 2012; after that its diameter enlarged progressively to about 5 cm and more nodules and masses gradually appeared on her face, arms, trunk, lower limbs, and feet over the course of 1 year. The skin biopsy specimen obtained from her left arm showed myeloid sarcoma too. She was admitted to the Orthopedics Department for severe pain and swelling in the left foot in September 2014 and underwent an operation for resecting the mass in the left foot. Pain was apparently alleviated and the incision healed well.

CONCLUSIONS

The patient is still alive with no evidence of leukemia after a 30-month follow-up.

Effects of β-hydroxybutyricacid on the synthesis and assembly of very low-density lipoprotein in bovine hepatocytes in vitro

β-Hydroxybutyricacid (BHBA) is an important metabolite that involved in the development of ketosis and fatty liver in dairy cows. Dairy cows with fatty liver displayed high blood concentration of BHBA and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly. The effects of BHBA on VLDL synthesis and assembly in hepatocytes of cows were unclear. In this study, bovine hepatocytes were cultured and treated with different concentrations of BHBA. We found that BHBA treatment upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB 100), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) and showed in a firstly increased and then decreased trend. Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein levels of LDLR showed in a reverse trend. Consequently, VLDL content was significantly increased in medium-dose BHBA treatment group, while decreased in high-dose group. These results indicate that the effects of BHBA on the VLDL synthesis showed in a dose-dependent manner that low levels of BHBA increase VLDL synthesis and high levels of BHBA decrease VLDL synthesis.

Involvement of 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors in colonic motor patterns in rats

BACKGROUND

Colonic migrating motor complexes in the rat constitute two distinct propulsive motor patterns, pan-colonic rhythmic long distance contractions (LDCs), and rhythmic propulsive motor complexes (RPMCs) occurring primarily in the mid/distal colon. Interstitial cells of Cajal govern their rhythmicity, but their occurrence is dependent on neural programs. Our aim was to investigate the involvement of 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors in the generation and pharmacological control of the motor patterns.

METHODS

Effects of 5-HT-related drugs on colonic motor patterns were analyzed through spatio-temporal maps created from video recordings of whole organ motility.

KEY RESULTS

5-HT3 antagonists abolished RPMCs and LDCs. 5-HT4 agonists inhibited LDCs; they promoted RPMCs, which was blocked by the 5-HT4 antagonist GR 125487. 5-HT and the 5-HT3 agonist m-CPBG strongly inhibited LDCs and RPMCs.

CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES

The generation of LDCs involves ongoing 5-HT release acting on 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors. The spontaneous generation of RPMCs involves ongoing 5-HT release acting on 5-HT3 but not 5-HT4 receptors. Prucalopride and mosapride promote RPMCs, an effect that is inhibited by the 5-HT4 receptor antagonist GR 125487. A 5-HT3 agonist does not promote RPMCs. Segmentation, including a pattern of sequential segmental activity not previously described, can occur without significant involvement of 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors. 5-HT and a 5-HT3 agonist are strongly inhibitory indicating that 5-HT receptors are present in inhibitory pathways which are normally not involved in the generation of spontaneous or distention-induced motor patterns.

Association between etiologic factors in infertile couples and fertilization failure in conventional in vitro fertilization cycles

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the etiology of the couples and risk of fertilization failure (FF) in conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles and the effect of rescue intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technique to offspring. A total of 2542 IVF cycles were divided into four groups according to infertile etiology: Group A - primary infertility with normal semen parameters; Group B - secondary infertility with oligoasthenozoospermia; Group C - primary infertility with oligoasthenozoospermia; and Group D - secondary infertility with normal semen parameters. The results showed that there were significant differences in incidence of FF among Group A (16.8%), Group B (20.9%), Group C (48.7%), and Group D (0.9%) (p < 0.001). Logistic regression models demonstrated that primary infertility (OR: 10.898, 95% CI: 4.651-25.583, p < 0.001) and oligoasthenozoospermia (OR: 12.215, 95% CI: 5.903-25.276, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for FF. There were no significant differences in main outcomes between conventional ICSI and rescue ICSI. In conclusion, the patients with primary infertility and oligoasthenozoospermia might be at higher risk of FF. The rescue ICSI technique is safe and helpful for IVF cycles of FF.

Ultrasensitive graphene far-infrared power detectors

We describe the properties of ultrasensitive graphene photon detectors for use in the far-infrared/terahertz spectral region and present theoretical predictions for their power detection sensitivity. These predictions are based on two graphene contacting schemes with superconducting contacts: contacts with a thin insulating barrier, and direct superconducting contacts. To quantitatively assess these predictions, we perform thermal measurements of graphene at low temperatures and analyse them to extract information on electron-phonon cooling in graphene. These new results for the electron-phonon cooling channel allow reliable prediction of the noise equivalent power (NEP) that can be expected from an optimized graphene detector, using measurement of the Johnson noise emission as the thermometry method. We find that an NEP of 2 × 10(-19) W Hz(-1/2) should be achievable under certain biasing conditions with an ideal device.

Alterations in frontal white matter neurochemistry and microstructure in schizophrenia: implications for neuroinflammation

We investigated in vivo neurochemical markers reflective of neuronal health and glial activation to determine if these could yield clues regarding the reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter and accelerated decline of FA with age in schizophrenia. Participants with schizophrenia and healthy controls completed diffusion tensor imaging to assess FA and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess neurochemical metabolites in the same frontal region. Frontal FA was significantly lower in the schizophrenia and declined more rapidly with age compared with the healthy control group. In both groups, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), a putative marker of neuronal integrity, and glutamate declined with age, and this decline was stronger in patients. Myo-inositol, a marker of glial cells, was negatively related to FA in both groups. The relationship between FA and age remained significant in schizophrenia even when controlling for all metabolites. The relationships of FA, NAA and myo-inositol to age appear to be independent of one another. The relationship between FA and myo-inositol was independently present in both patients and controls, even after controlling for age, indicating a potential general effect of neuroinflammation on white matter microstructure. Further studies are warranted to determine the underlying mechanism driving the accelerated FA decline with age in schizophrenia.

Cohn process influences the functional anticoagulant activity of human protein C

Cohn fraction IV (CFIV) is a byproduct of a plasma fractionation process known as the Cohn process. It is an inexpensive source of protein C, retaining about 90% of protein C (PC) in human plasma. We investigated whether PC is affected during the Cohn process and evaluated correlations among coagulant activity, amidolytic activity and PC antigen during the Cohn process. CFIV was redissolved with citrate-buffered saline for 5 h at 4°C, and then centrifuged at 3500 g for 40 min at 4°C. Functional anticoagulant activity was measured with a one-stage coagulation method based on activated partial thromboplastin time. The functional amidolytic activity of PC was determined using chromogenic substrate assay, and measurement of PC antigen was performed by ELISA. In CFIV, anticoagulant activity declined significantly, with a loss of >80%, while amidolytic activity was not significantly altered, compared to PC antigen. Prior to the Cohn process, high-rank correlations were observed in cryosupernatant, with rs = 0.921 for anticoagulant and amidolytic activities (P = 0.009), 0.896 for anticoagulant activity and antigen (P = 0.014) and 0.832 for amidolytic activity and antigen (P = 0.031). After the Cohn process in CFIV, there was also a high correlation between amidolytic activity and antigen (rs = 0.782, P = 0.038). There were no significant correlations between anticoagulant activity and antigen (rs = 0.223, P = 0.653), or anticoagulant and amidolytic activity (rs = 0.236, P = 0.675). We conclude that the Cohn process significantly influences the anticoagulant activity of PC. Compared to the antigen, PC lost greater than 80% of its anticoagulant activity, but retained its amidolytic activity, during the Cohn process.

Three novel single nucleotide polymorphisms of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene associated with egg-production in chicken

Different single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) patterns of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) gene amplified by six pairs of primers were sequenced. Comparisons among the six nucleotide sequences of three genotypes revealed three base substitutions (G-789-A, C-937-G, and A-2316-C) in the HMGCR gene. The genotypes of single nucleotide polymorphism 1 (SNP1) and SNP3 were significantly associated with the number of eggs (P < 0.01), and the different genotypes of SNP2 did not significantly influence the number of eggs. The genotypes of all three SNPs were not related to the hatching rate of fertilized eggs (P > 0.05). Of the three SNPs of the HMGCR gene, those genotypes with lower plasma very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations had higher egg production. The 300-day egg production of the six studied haplotypes showed three levels (P < 0.01). The ADE and ACE haplotypes showed lower egg production than the other haplotypes. The ADE haplotype had the highest plasma VLDL concentration, and the ACE haplotype had the lowest plasma VLDL concentration. We concluded that specific variants of the HMGCR gene are associated with chicken egg production, and haplotypes with higher and lower plasma VLDL concentrations showed lower egg production than other haplotypes.

Effects of acid dopants on the capacitance of polyaniline by using graphene hydrogels as substrates

Acids have a great impact on the specific capacitance of polyaniline, and graphene/polyaniline (GP) doped with H₂SO₄possesses the highest capacitance compared with that of GP–HCl and GP–HClO₄.

Catalytic dehydrogenation of propane by carbon dioxide: a medium-temperature thermochemical process for carbon dioxide utilisation

The dehydrogenation of C₃H₈ in the presence of CO₂ is an attractive catalytic route for C₃H₆ production. In studying the various possibilities to utilise CO₂ to convert hydrocarbons using the sustainable energy source of solar thermal energy, thermodynamic calculations were carried out for the dehydrogenation of C₃H₈ using CO₂for the process operating in the temperature range of 300–500 °C. Importantly, the results highlight the enhanced potential of C₃H₈ as compared to its lighter and heavier homologues (C₂H₆ and C₄H₁₀, respectively). To be utilised in this CO₂ utilisation reaction the Gibbs free energy (Δ_rGθm) of each reaction in the modelled, complete reacting system of the dehydrogenation of C₃H₈ in the presence of CO₂ also indicate that further cracking of C₃H₆ will affect the ultimate yield and selectivity of the final products. In a parallel experimental study, catalytic tests of the dehydrogenation of C₃H₈ in the presence of CO₂ over 5 wt%-Cr₂O₃/ZrO₂ catalysts operating at 500 °C, atmospheric pressure, and for various C₃H₈ partial pressures and various overall GHSV (Gas Hourly Space Velocity) values. The results showed that an increase in the C₃H₈ partial pressure produced an inhibition of C₃H₈ conversion but, importantly, a promising enhancement of C₃H₆ selectivity. This phenomenon can be attributed to competitive adsorption on the catalyst between the generated C₃H₆ and inactivated C₃H₈, which inhibits any further cracking effect on C₃H₆ to produce by-products. As a comparison, the increase of the overall GHSV can also decrease the C₃H₈ conversion to a similar extent, but the further cracking of C₃H₆ cannot be limited.

Analyzing the influence of BDNF heterozygosity on spatial memory response to 17β-estradiol

The recent use of estrogen-based therapies as adjunctive treatments for the cognitive impairments of schizophrenia has produced promising results; however the mechanism behind estrogen-based cognitive enhancement is relatively unknown. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates learning and memory and its expression is highly responsive to estradiol. We recently found that estradiol modulates the expression of hippocampal parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons, known to regulate neuronal synchrony and cognitive function. What is unknown is whether disruptions to the aforementioned estradiol-parvalbumin pathway alter learning and memory, and whether BDNF may mediate these events. Wild-type (WT) and BDNF heterozygous (+/-) mice were ovariectomized (OVX) at 5 weeks of age and simultaneously received empty, estradiol- or progesterone-filled implants for 7 weeks. At young adulthood, mice were tested for spatial and recognition memory in the Y-maze and novel-object recognition test, respectively. Hippocampal protein expression of BDNF and GABAergic interneuron markers, including parvalbumin, were assessed. WT OVX mice show impaired performance on Y-maze and novel-object recognition test. Estradiol replacement in OVX mice prevented the Y-maze impairment, a Behavioral abnormality of dorsal hippocampal origin. BDNF and parvalbumin protein expression in the dorsal hippocampus and parvalbumin-positive cell number in the dorsal CA1 were significantly reduced by OVX in WT mice, while E2 replacement prevented these deficits. In contrast, BDNF(+/-) mice showed either no response or an opposite response to hormone manipulation in both behavioral and molecular indices. Our data suggest that BDNF status is an important biomarker for predicting responsiveness to estrogenic compounds which have emerged as promising adjunctive therapeutics for schizophrenia patients.

Explanation of colon cancer pathophysiology through analyzing the disrupted homeostasis of bile acids

BACKGROUND

The colon plays a key role in regulating the homeostasis of bile acids.

AIM

The present study aims to evaluate the influence of colon cancer towards the homeostasis of bile acids.

METHODS

The free and conjugated bile acids were determined using ultraperformance LC (UPLC) coupled with ABI 4000 QTRAP triple quadrupole instruments.

RESULTS

The results showed that the free bile acids in serum of patients with colon cancers tend to increase, and the conjugated bile acids tended to decrease, especially for taurolithocholate (TLCA) (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

The alteration of bile acids balance in colon cancers indicated the possibility of complicated diseases due to the disrupted balance of bile acids.

HbA1c levels as predictors of ablation outcome in type 2 diabetes mellitus and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

AIMS

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the levels of HbA1c could predict the outcome of ablation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study comprised 149 consecutive patients with T2DM and PAF who underwent their first circumferential pulmonary vein isolation. HbA1c levels were measured before ablation. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to assess the relationship between HbA1c levels and the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF).

RESULTS

Of the 149 patients, 60 (40.3 %) developed AF recurrence after a median 12-month follow-up. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that left atrium size and HbA1c were independent predictors of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that an HbA1c cut-off value of ≥ 6.9 % predicted recurrence with 55.0 % sensitivity and 67.4 % specificity (AUC = 0.634). The success rate of ablation was 69.0 % in patients with an HbA1c value of < 6.9 % compared with 46.8 % in those with an HbA1c value of ≥ 6.9 % (log-rank test, p = 0.004).

CONCLUSION

High levels of HbA1c were associated with an increased risk of recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia in patients with T2DM and PAF undergoing catheter ablation.

The influence of the HPG axis on stress response and depressive-like behaviour in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG tandem repeat mutation encoding a polyglutamine tract expansion in the huntingtin protein. Depression is among the most common affective symptoms in HD but the pathophysiology is unclear. We have previously discovered sexually dimorphic depressive-like behaviours in the R6/1 transgenic mouse model of HD at a pre-motor symptomatic age. Interestingly, only female R6/1 mice display this phenotype. Sexual dimorphism has not been explored in the human HD population despite the well-established knowledge that the clinical depression rate in females is almost twice that of males. Female susceptibility suggests a role of sex hormones, which have been shown to modulate stress response. There is evidence suggesting that the gonads are adversely affected in HD patients, which could alter sex hormone levels. The present study examined the role sex hormones play on stress response in the R6/1 mouse model of HD, in particular, its modulatory effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and depression-like behaviour. We found that the gonads of female R6/1 mice show atrophy at an early age. Expression levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) were decreased in the hypothalamus of female HD mice, relative to wild-type female littermates, as were serum testosterone levels. Female serum estradiol levels were not significantly changed. Gonadectomy surgery reduced HPA-axis activity in female mice but had no effect on behavioural phenotypes. Furthermore, expression of the oestrogen receptor (ER) α gene was found to be higher in the adrenal cells of female HD mice. Finally, administration of an ERβ agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN) rescued depressive-like behaviour in the female HD mice. Our findings provide new insight into the pathogenesis of sexually dimorphic neuroendocrine, physiological and behavioural endophenotypes in HD, and suggest a new avenue for therapeutic intervention.

Extrinsic and intrinsic charge trapping at the graphene/ferroelectric interface

The interface between graphene and the ferroelectric superlattice PbTiO3/SrTiO3 (PTO/STO) is studied. Tuning the transition temperature through the PTO/STO volume fraction minimizes the adorbates at the graphene/ferroelectric interface, allowing robust ferroelectric hysteresis to be demonstrated. "Intrinsic" charge traps from the ferroelectric surface defects can adversely affect the graphene channel hysteresis and can be controlled by careful sample processing, enabling systematic study of the charge trapping mechanism.

Bulk signatures of pressure-induced band inversion and topological phase transitions in Pb(1-x)Sn(x)Se

The characteristics of topological insulators are manifested in both their surface and bulk properties, but the latter remain to be explored. Here we report bulk signatures of pressure-induced band inversion and topological phase transitions in Pb(1-x)Sn(x)Se (x=0.00, 0.15, and 0.23). The results of infrared measurements as a function of pressure indicate the closing and the reopening of the band gap as well as a maximum in the free carrier spectral weight. The enhanced density of states near the band gap in the topological phase gives rise to a steep interband absorption edge. The change of density of states also yields a maximum in the pressure dependence of the Fermi level. Thus, our conclusive results provide a consistent picture of pressure-induced topological phase transitions and highlight the bulk origin of the novel properties in topological insulators.

Loss of Vhl in cartilage accelerated the progression of age-associated and surgically induced murine osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of Vhl in maintaining the integrity of articular cartilage and in the development of experimental osteoarthritis (OA).

METHOD

Histology of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in both Vhl cKO and WT mice were analyzed by histopathology and micro-CT. Articular cartilage destruction and proteoglycan loss were scored in aged (12-month-old) mice as well as in mice with surgically induced OA. Apoptosis of cartilage in age-related and surgically induced OA was detected with TUNEL assay. Expressions of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), Fas, LC-3, HIF-1α, HIF-2α, p-mTOR and MMP-13 in the knee joints were analyzed by immunostaining.

RESULTS

No gross differences in cartilage were observed between Vhl cKO and WT mice at age 4 months. However, Vhl cKO mice displayed accelerated age-associated spontaneous OA and surgically induced OA. Cartilage destruction and proteoglycan loss were observed in the absence of Vhl. In addition, inactivation of Vhl resulted in up-regulation of HIF-2α and increased chondrocyte apoptosis and decreased expression of autophagy during OA development. Immunohistochemical staining also showed that Vhl deficiency led to increased expression of Fas, p-mTOR and MMP-13, and those genes were associated with cell apoptosis, autophagy and cartilage matrix breakdown, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Loss of Vhl in adult articular cartilage is associated with earlier dysregulation of cartilage homeostasis, characterized by an increased chondrocyte apoptosis, compromised chondrocyte autophagy, and an accelerated age-related and surgery-induced OA development. These results highlight the novel role of Vhl in maintaining joint homeostasis and OA development.

Functional evaluation of the role of C-type lectin domain family 16A at the chromosome 16p13 locus

The type 1 diabetes-associated 16p13 locus contains the CLEC16A gene. Its preferential immune cell expression suggests involvement in autoimmunity. Given its elevated expression in dendritic and B cells - known professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) - we hypothesize that C-type lectin domain family 16 member A (CLEC16A) may be involved in T cell co-stimulation and consequent activation and proliferation. We also sought to identify CLEC16A's subcellular localization. The effect of the CLEC16A knock-down (KD) on B cell co-stimulation and activation of T cells was tested in human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) by co-culture with CD4(+) T cells. T cell activation and proliferation were determined by flow-cytometric analysis of CD69 and CD25 expression and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution, respectively. CLEC16A subcellular localization in K562 cells was examined by immunofluorescence. We show that the CLEC16A KD did not affect the tested indices of lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) APC capacity. Additionally, the percentage of activated T cells following LCL co-culture was not affected significantly by the CLEC16A KD. T cells co-cultured with KD or control LCLs also exhibited similar cell division profiles. CLEC16A co-localized with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker, suggesting that it may be an ER protein. In conclusion, CLEC16A may not be involved in T cell co-stimulation. Additional studies on CLEC16A, accounting for its ER localization, are needed to uncover its biological role.

Barcoded pyrosequencing analysis of the bacterial community of Daqu for light-flavour Chinese liquor

The bacterial community of Daqu affects its characteristics and functions by their metabolic products, such as amylase, protease, esterase. In this study, barcoded pyrosequencing was used to analyse the bacterial communities of three kinds of Daqu for light-flavour Chinese liquor brewing. A total of 13672 sequences were identified as bacterial sequences. The Shannon index of QC, HX and GT for clusters sharing 97% homology was 5·0, 4·2 and 4·2, respectively, indicating that QC had the highest biodiversity. The Good's coverage index of QC, HX and GT was 88·2, 93·4 and 93%, respectively, indicating that the vast majority of phylotypes have been detected. Among the three kinds of Daqu, the majority of annotated reads were assigned to two phyla (Firmicutes and Actinobacteria). The phylum Firmicutes was the most abundant group in QC (74·2%), HX (81·4%) and GT (98·6%), and the phylum Actinobacteria was the second in QC (23·9%), HX (17·9%) and GT (1·1%). There were many lactic acid bacteria in all three kinds of Daqu QC (45·8%), HX (46·3%) and GT (24·7%). In addition, the most abundant family in GT was Bacillus, accounting for 65·0%, while in HX, the families Thermoactinomycetaceae and Streptomycetaceae accounted for 19·5 and 14·1%, respectively, and in QC, 13·1% were Streptomycetaceae, 12·2% were heterofermentative Leuconostocaceae.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

There are three kinds of Daqu (starter material) used for famous Chinese light-flavour liquor brewing, that is Qingcha, Hongxin and Houhuo. Since Daqu was fermented in an open environment, the microbiology communities were different with different kind of Daqu. Objective bacterial communities determined by barcoded pyrosequencing help to speculate possible metabolic productions, even to guess the function of many kind of Daqu in light-flavour liquor brewing.

Long-term outcome of HLA-haploidentical hematopoietic SCT without in vitro T-cell depletion for adult severe aplastic anemia after modified conditioning and supportive therapy

HLA-haploidentical hematopoietic SCT (HSCT) is an option for severe aplastic anemia (SAA) patients. Here, we evaluated the outcomes of 26 adult-SAA patients who received HLA-haploidentical HSCT in five transplant centers in southwestern China. Most of the patients in this study failed prior therapy and were transfused heavily before the transplantation. The patients received fludarabine+cyclophosphamide+antithymocyte globulin as conditioning regimens and then unmanipulated peripheral blood plus marrow transplantation. Micafungin, i.v. Ig and recombinant human TPO were used for post-grafting infection prevention and supportive care. Of 26 patients, 25 achieved engraftment at a median of 13 days (range, 11-19 days) after HSCT. One of 25 patients experienced graft rejection and did not achieve sustained engraftment after second HSCT. Therefore, the final engraftment rate was 92.3%. Three of 25 (12%) patients developed acute GVHD, 10 of 25 (40%) patients developed chronic GVHD (9 with limited whereas the other with extensive). The OS rate was 84.6% and the average follow-up time was 1313.2 (738-2005) days for surviving patients. This encouraging result suggests that HLA-haploidentical HSCT is an effective therapeutic option for adults with acquired SAA if an HLA-identical donor is not available.

Therapeutic effects of orally administrated antioxidant drugs on acute noise-induced hearing loss

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to investigate the dose-dependent therapeutic effect of the orally administrated antioxidant drugs [4-hydroxy alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (4-OHPBN) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)] on acute noise-induced hearing loss because oral administration is the most commonly used method of drug administration due to its convenience, safety, and economical efficiency.

METHODS

Thirty chinchilla were exposed to a 105 dB octave band noise centered at 4 kHz for 6 h and randomly assigned to a control group (saline only) and three experimental groups [4-OHPBN (10 mg/kg) plus NAC (20 mg/kg), 4-OHPBN (20 mg/kg) plus NAC (50 mg/kg), and 4-OHPBN (50 mg/kg) plus NAC (100 mg/kg)]. The drugs were orally administrated beginning 4 h after noise exposure and then administered twice daily for the next 2 days. Permanent auditory brainstem response threshold shifts, distortion product otoacoustic emission threshold shifts, and the percentage of missing outer hair cell were determined.

RESULTS

The oral administration significantly reduced permanent hearing threshold shift, distortion product otoacoustic emission threshold shift, and the percentage of missing outer hair cell in a dose-dependent manner.

DISCUSSION

This result demonstrates that orally administered drugs can treat acute noise-induced hearing loss in a dose-dependent manner. This suggests that oral administration was effective in treating acute noise-induced hearing loss as in intraperitoneal administration.

An anti-leishmanial thiadiazine agent induces multiple myeloma cell apoptosis by suppressing the nuclear factor kappaB signalling pathway

Background:

Nuclear factor κB (NFκB) has a critical role in the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma. Targeting NFκB is an important strategy for anti-myeloma drug discovery.

Methods:

Luciferase assay was used to evaluate the effects of DETT on NFκB activity. Annexin V–PI double staining and immunoblotting were used to evaluate DETT-induced cell apoptosis and suppression of NFκB signalling. Anti-myeloma activity was studied in nude mice.

Results:

DETT downregulated IKKα, β, p65, and p50 expression and inhibited phosphorylation of p65 (Ser536) and IκBα. Simultaneously, DETT increased IκBα, an inhibitor of the p65/p50 heterodimer, even in the presence of stimulants lipopolysaccharide, tumour necrosis factor-α, or interleukin-6. DETT inhibited NFκB transcription activity and downregulated NFκB-targeted genes, including Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and XIAP as measured by their protein expression. Deregulation of NFκB signalling by DETT resulted in MM cell apoptosis characterised by cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-8, and PARP. Notably, this apoptosis was partly blocked by the activation of NFκB signalling in the presence of TNFα and IL-6. Moreover, DETT delayed myeloma tumour growth in nude mice without overt toxicity.

Conclusion:

DETT displays a promising potential for MM therapy as an inhibitor of the NFκB signalling pathway.