Probing Gluon Spin-Momentum Correlations in Transversely Polarized Protons through Midrapidity Isolated Direct Photons in p^{↑}+p Collisions at sqrt[s]=200 GeV

Studying spin-momentum correlations in hadronic collisions offers a glimpse into a three-dimensional picture of proton structure. The transverse single-spin asymmetry for midrapidity isolated direct photons in p^{↑}+p collisions at sqrt[s]=200  GeV is measured with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Because direct photons in particular are produced from the hard scattering and do not interact via the strong force, this measurement is a clean probe of initial-state spin-momentum correlations inside the proton and is in particular sensitive to gluon interference effects within the proton. This is the first time direct photons have been used as a probe of spin-momentum correlations at RHIC. The uncertainties on the results are a 50-fold improvement with respect to those of the one prior measurement for the same observable, from the Fermilab E704 experiment. These results constrain gluon spin-momentum correlations in transversely polarized protons.

Percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty for hypertensive pulmonary Takayasu's arteritis

Background

Percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty (PTPA) is a treatment modality for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, but whether it can be applied to patients with hypertensive pulmonary Takayasu's arteritis (PTA), another chronic obstructive pulmonary vascular disease, remains unclear.

Purpose

To investigate the potential efficacy and safety of PTPA for hypertensive PTA.

Methods

All consecutive patients with hypertensive PTA who completed PTPA in our center between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2019 were prospectively enrolled. Hemodynamics, exercise capacity and oxygen saturation were measured at baseline and at least 3 months after the last PTPA session. PTPA procedure related complications, restenosis and all-cause deaths during follow-up were recorded.

Results

A total of 50 patients were enrolled, with the median age of 41 (IQR, 30–49) years and female predominance (82.0%). After PTPA, significant improvements in hemodynamics including mean pulmonary artery pressure (from median 48 [39–60] to 37 [31–42] mm Hg, p<0.001) and pulmonary vascular resistance (from 9.6 [7.0–11.8] to 4.8 [3.6–6.4] Wood U, p<0.001) were achieved. Furthermore, PTPA also significantly improved the WHO functional class (p<0.001), six-minute walking distance (from 412 [313–470] to 492 [430–539] meters, p<0.001) and arterial oxygen saturation (from 91.3 [86.9–94.1] to 93.9 [91.8–95.3] %, p<0.001). No peri-procedural death occurred. The most common complication was pulmonary artery injury (27/150 PTPA sessions, 18.0%), which was always asymptomatic and without further clinical sequelae. Pulmonary angiography during follow-up revealed complete self-healing in 26 out of 27 (96.3%) vessels. Restenosis occurred in 5 out of 360 treated vessels (1.4%). Three patients died during follow-up, and the 1-year, 2-year and 3-year survival rates were 98.0%, 95.7% and 92.8%, respectively.

Conclusion

PTPA appears to be a promising therapeutic option for patients with hypertensive PTA.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): the National Key Research and Development Program of China Efficacy of PTPA

Clinical features and survival in pulmonary Takayasu's arteritis associated pulmonary hypertension: a national registry study

Background

The clinical features and long-term outcomes of patients with pulmonary Takayasu's arteritis associated pulmonary hypertension (PTA-PH) have not been well studied.

Purpose

To assess the clinical characteristics and long-term survival outcome in patients with PTA-PH.

Methods

We conducted a multi-center cohort study using the clinical, functional, and hemodynamic data from the National Rare Diseases Registry System of China. Patients with Takayasu's arteritis and pulmonary artery involvement, who fulfilled the 1990 American College of Rheumatology and/or modified Ishikawa criteria, from 13 referral centers of China, were included. The diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) was confirmed by right heart catheterization findings. The primary outcome was time from diagnosis of PTA-PH to the occurrence of all-cause death.

Results

Between Jan. 2007 and Jan. 2019, a total of 140 patients with PTA-PH were included, with a mean age of 41.4±14.3 years at diagnosis, and a female predominance (81%). The most common symptoms were exertional dyspnea (91%) and hemoptysis (36%). The majority of patients (87%) exhibited bilateral pulmonary artery involvement. Pulmonary lobar artery was the most frequently affected vessel (100%), followed by segmental artery (82%) and left/right pulmonary artery trunk (49%). Severely compromised hemodynamic profiles were identified in these patients, indicating by elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure (48, interquartile range [IQR] 38–59 mm Hg) and pulmonary vascular resistance (9.4, IQR 5.7–13.3 Wood U). The overall 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates in PTA-PH were 94.0%, 83.2%, and 77.2%, respectively (Figure). Predictors associated with increased risk of all-cause death were the presence of syncope (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.88; 95% CI: 1.62–14.74; p=0.005), N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide level (HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02–1.06; p<0.001), and right atrial pressure (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.02–1.73; p=0.009).

Conclusions

In this national registry study, the reported clinical features and long-term prognosis of patients with PTA-PH are novel findings. These findings may provide new insights on this specific pulmonary hypertension entity.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The National Key Research and Development Program of China Kaplan-Meier plot for survival rate

Plasma metabolomics in perioperative period of defect repair in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease

Background

The pathophysiological alterations in response to shunt correction in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (CHD-PAH) is still not clear.

Purpose

To explore the dynamic plasma metabolite profiling and its relationship with clinical characteristics in patients with CHD-PAH during the perioperative period of defect repair.

Methods

Plasma samples from 13 patients with CHD-PAH were harvested at four time points: before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) after anesthesia (Pre), immediately after CPB (T0), 24 h (T24), and 48 h (T48) after defect repair. The untargeted metabolomics strategy based on UPLC Q-TOF MS was used to detect the metabolites. Clinical measures were recorded at indicated time points.

Results

The sample distribution at four time points was well separated (Figure 1A, B). 193 metabolites were distinguished at different time points according to Variable Important in Projection (VIP) score (Figure 1C), enriched in pathways such as carnitine synthesis, phospholipid biosynthesis and oxidation of branched chain fatty acids (Figure 2A). 17 metabolites alterations were significantly correlated with gradients in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) at T48 versus Pre, indicative of the response to defect correction (Figure 2B). Intriguingly, 4 out of the 17 (23.5%) metabolites including propionylcarnitine, butenylcarnitine, isobutyryl-L-carnitine and hexanoylcarnitine were enriched in oxidation of branched chain fatty acids. They were increased at both T24 and T48 (all P<0.05 except propionylcarnitine with P<0.05 at T24) (Figure 2C).

Conclusions

This is the first study to show the altered metabolic profiles of CHD-PAH patients in perioperative period of defect repair. Metabolites that respond to shunt correction could be a suitable non-invasive marker and would be of great value in disease monitoring and evaluating future therapeutic interventions.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): 13th Five-Year Plan–Precise Medicine–Key Research and Development Program–Clinical Cohort of Rare Disease; National Natural Science Foundation of China Figure 1. Overall analysis of metabolitesFigure 2. Shunt correction associated metabolites

A survey of a COVID-19 cluster of charter flight importation

OBJECTIVES

Although a number of cases of importation with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have been reported, there are still no data available concerning the characteristics in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cluster of charter flight importation. Here, we provide an analysis of COVID-19 cases and their close contacts who worked for the same company on a project in Karbala, Iraq, and returned back to Chengdu, China, by a charter flight.

METHODS

The data of imported COVID-19 cases and their close contacts were obtained from National Notifiable Disease Report System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and field epidemiological investigation reports by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) in Chengdu. The information of general characteristics and laboratory findings of this cluster were collected and summarized.

RESULTS

One hundred and six (66.67%) of 159 charter flight passengers tested positive for COVID-19 before entry. Through treatment, all 159 people tested negative and meet the requirements of taking flights bound for China before boarding. However, there has been still 36 (22.64%) of them tested positive after entry. The median time from entry to confirmation was 1.0 day (Interquartile Range (IQR): 0-4.3). The Cycle threshold value (Ct value) of 36 patients' positive samples are all above 30 and most values are above 35.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, there is still a risk that a number of COVID-19 cases can be imported through charter flight. However, the infectivity of confirmed patients of the charter flight was considered to be low.

Hormone therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis management

Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) has been used for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis for several decades. However, public concerns were raised over the safety of MHT after the initial report was published in 2002 by the Women's Health Initiative. We conducted a historical review on this subject, primarily focusing on level I evidence from randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and summarized high-quality evidence on the efficacy and safety of MHT in management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Clinical issues were also discussed on MHT initiation, identification of treatment candidates and treatment duration, as well as discontinuation of MHT.

Is there a shared genetic basis and causal relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and psychiatric disorders: evidence from a comprehensive genetic analysis

STUDY QUESTION

Is there a shared genetic basis or causal relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and a range of psychiatric disorders?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Genome-wide genetic correlation analysis and bidirectional Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis suggest no shared genetic basis or causal relationship of PCOS with psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

The comorbidity of PCOS with a range of psychiatric disorders has been recognised by epidemiological investigations yet a causal relationship remains unclear. Understanding of how genetic variations contribute to the susceptibility to PCOS and psychiatry disorders could provide meaningful insights into disease mechanisms.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

We incorporated summary statistics from the hitherto largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted in subjects with PCOS (Ncase = 9322) or four common psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) (Ncase ranges between 20 352 and 246 363), all of European ancestry.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

We quantified pairwise genetic correlation to understand the shared genetic predisposition using genome-wide genetic variants. We performed a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomisation analysis to make causal inferences, using GWAS-identified 102 depression-associated genetic instruments, 6 anxiety-associated instruments, 179 schizophrenia-associated instruments, 30 bipolar disorder-associated instruments and 14 PCOS-associated instruments. We performed several important sensitivity analyses examining sex hormones and utilising different MR approaches.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

We did not find significant genetic correlations (rg) for PCOS with psychiatric disorders (depression (rg = 0.09, P = 0.06), anxiety (rg = 0.15, P = 0.06), schizophrenia (rg = 0.02, P = 0.59), bipolar disorder (rg = 0.08, P = 0.19)). Genetic predisposition to PCOS was associated with depression in some of our MR approaches, without any evidence of pleiotropy (PMR-Egger intercept = 0.60). However, this weak PCOS-depression causal association attenuated to null after adjusting for BMI (1.00 (0.99-1.02), P = 0.28). On the contrary, we did not observe any statistically significant association between genetically instrumented PCOS with other psychiatric disorders (anxiety 1.01 (0.93-1.08), P = 0.89; schizophrenia 1.03 (0.97-1.10), P = 0.37; bipolar disorder 0.96 (0.90-1.03), P = 0.26). Bidirectional MR did not reveal an effect by which mental health conditions influenced PCOS risk.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Despite our study being the largest in sample size of its kind, the overall negligible causal relationship between PCOS and psychiatric outcomes may reflect a true null association but may also be due to a true effect too modest to be detected. We were not able to investigate PCOS subtypes and used an overall heterogenous PCOS sample due to limited availability of data.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Our comprehensive analysis does not identify a shared genetic basis of PCOS with psychiatric diseases. Although genetically instrumented PCOS appears to correlate with depression, such an effect is likely mediated by BMI, suggesting a role of non-genetic exposures underlying the observed comorbidity.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

The work was supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council 2018-02435 (to E.S.V.), Novo Nordisk Foundation NNF19OC0056647 (to E.S.V.), the Adlerbert Research Foundation (to E.S.V.), the SRP in Diabetes at Karolinska Institutet (to E.S.V.) and the Swedish Research Council VR 2018-02247 (to X.J.). The funders had no influence on the data collection, analyses or conclusions of the study. No conflict of interests to declare.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

Action-related eye measures to assess surgical expertise

Background

Eye-tracking offers a new list of performance measures for surgeons. Previous studies of eye-tracking have reported that action-related fixation is a good measuring tool for elite task performers. Other measures, including early eye engagement to target and early eye disengagement from the previous subtask, were also reported to distinguish between different expertise levels. These parameters were examined during laparoscopic surgery simulations in the present study, with a goal to identify the most useful measures for distinguishing surgical expertise.

Methods

Surgical operators, including experienced surgeons (expert), residents (intermediate), and university students (novice), were required to perform a laparoscopic task involving reaching, grasping, and loading, while their eye movements and performance videos were recorded. Spatiotemporal features of eye–hand coordination and action-related fixation were calculated and compared among the groups.

Results

The study included five experienced surgeons, seven residents, and 14 novices. Overall, experts performed tasks faster than novices. Examining eye–hand coordination on each subtask, it was found that experts managed to disengage their eyes earlier from the previous subtask, whereas novices disengaged their eyes from previous subtask with a significant delay. Early eye engagement to the current subtask was observed for all operators. There was no difference in action-related fixation between experienced surgeons and novices. Disengage time was strongly associated with the surgical experience score of the operators, better than both early-engage time and action-related fixation.

Conclusion

The spatiotemporal features of surgeons’ eye–hand coordination can be used to assess level of surgical experience.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in BRCA1/2 and Multigene Panel Testing Among Young Breast Cancer Patients

Genetic testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) is recommended for breast cancer patients diagnosed at age ≤ 50 years. Our objective was to examine racial/ethnic differences in genetic testing frequency and results among diverse breast cancer patients. A retrospective cohort study among women diagnosed with breast cancer at age ≤ 50 years from January 2007 to December 2017 at Columbia University in New York, NY. Among 1503 diverse young breast cancer patients, nearly half (46.2%) completed HBOC genetic testing. Genetic testing completion was associated with younger age, family history of breast cancer, and earlier stage, but not race/ethnicity or health insurance status. Blacks had the highest frequency of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants (18.6%), and Hispanics and Asians had the most variants of uncertain significance (VUS), 19.0% and 21.9%, respectively. The percentage of women undergoing genetic testing increased over time from 15.3% in 2007 to a peak of 72.8% in 2015. Over the same time period, there was a significant increase in P/LP and VUS results. Due to uncertainty about the clinical implications of P/LP variants in moderate penetrance genes and VUSs, our findings underscore the need for targeted genetic counseling education, particularly among young minority breast cancer patients.

Toward the prevention of coronavirus infection: what role can polymers play?

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 has caused a global public health crisis with high rates of infection and mortality. Treatment and prevention approaches include vaccine development, the design of small-molecule antiviral drugs, and macromolecular neutralizing antibodies. Polymers have been designed for effective virus inhibition and as antiviral drug delivery carriers. This review summarizes recent progress and provides a perspective on polymer-based approaches for the treatment and prevention of coronavirus infection. These polymer-based partners include polyanion/polycations, dendritic polymers, macromolecular prodrugs, and polymeric drug delivery systems that have the potential to significantly improve the efficacy of antiviral therapeutics.

[Impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19: review of recent progress]

The high comorbidity between cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (CVMD) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the consequent high mortality and the potential risk of cardiovascular damage have brought great challenges to the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the condition. The latest studies found that advanced age, immune function defects, inflammatory factor storms and oxidative stress damage all potentially contribute to the high comorbidity of the two. Direct virus invasion, myocardial oxygen supply and demand imbalance and vascular endothelial and coagulation dysfunction may be important mechanisms for cardiovascular injury in COVID-19 patients. In addition, the expression level of ACE2 (the cell membrane receptor of SARS-CoV-2) in various organs and the peripheral blood not only mediates the direct invasion and damage of the organs, but also participates in regulation of the balance of systematic inflammation and oxidative stress, thus affecting the susceptibility and outcomes of the patients. Herein we review the recent research progress in the comorbidity between COVID-19 and CVMD and explore the mechanisms of cardiovascular damage caused by SARS-CoV-2, thus to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 with underlying CVMD.

[Establishment of animal models of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-related rashes]

OBJECTIVE

To establish animal models epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-related skin rashes using cetuximab, gefitinib or erlotinib.

OBJECTIVE

Female SCID mice were randomly divided into blank control group and high-, moderate-, and low-dose cetuximab groups. The mice in control group received intraperitoneal injection of saline, and those in the 3 cetuximab groups were injected with 80, 40, and 20 mg/kg cetuximab (3 times a week for 4 weeks), respectively. The general skin appearance and skin pathologies of the mice were observed. Female BN rats were randomly divided into blank group, ovalbumin group, gefitinib group and erlotinib group, and in the latter 3 groups, the rats were given ovalbumin (1 mg), gefitinib (37.5 mg/kg), and erlotinib (23.5 mg/kg) by lavage once daily for 45 days, respectively. Skin pathologies of the rats were observed, and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and other inflammatory factors were detected using ELISA.

OBJECTIVE

Intraperitoneal injection of cetuximab did not induce typical skin rashes, scabs or obvious skin inflammation in the mice. In female BN rats, lavage of gefitinib caused obvious skin rashes, scabs and exudation, and obvious inflammatory cell infiltration, keratinosis, spinous layer release and epidermal thickening were observed in the skin. No obvious skin inflammation were observed in the rats in the control, ovalbumin or erlotinib groups. While IgE (P=0.061) and TNF-α concentrations (P=0.057) did not differ significantly among the groups, serum levels of IL-6 was significantly higher in gefitinib group than in the blank control group (P=0.016) but similar between erlotinib group and the blank group (P=0.910).

OBJECTIVE

Intraperitoneal injection of cetuximab can not induce epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-related skin rashes in SCID mice. Lavage of gefitinib, but not erlotinib, can be used to establish models of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-related rashes in BN rats.

[The association between calcium supplementation in antenatal childbearing aged women and risk of small for gestational age among neonatal singleton in Shaanxi province]

Objective: This study explored the association between antenatal calcium supplementation in the childbearing aged women and risk of small for gestational age infant (SGA) among singleton in Shaanxi province,China. Methods: Multi-stage random cluster sampling method was employed to collect information about pregnant women, who were pregnant and had definite outcomes, and their infants, from 30 districts (counties) in 2010 to 2013. Information was collected by face-to-face questionnaire survey. Generalized linear mixed models were employed after adjusting covariates. Dependent variable was whether single-birth neonate was SGA, and independent variable was calcium supplementation of childbearing aged women in different pregnant periods. Results: A total of 28 357 childbearing aged women was recruited in this study. The age of these women was (28.08±4.74) years old, of which, 79.28% were rural residents and 60.90% had calcium supplementation intake. There was a number of 12 810 female in singleton neonates. The neonatal birth weight and gestational age were (3.27±0.16) kg and (277.44±8.80) day, respectively. The prevalence of SGA was 11.35% in total, and 10.48% in mothers with maternal calcium supplementation and 12.70% in mothers without maternal calcium supplementation in whole antenatal period. There were statistically significant differences seen in antenatal calcium supplementation within the subgroups of maternal age (whether the mother was an advanced maternal woman), residential area, maternal occupation, maternal parity, maternal education level, and household incomes (P<0.05). After adjusting these covariates, the risk of SGA among childbearing aged women with antenatal calcium supplementation showed 16% decreased risk (OR=0.84, 95%CI: 0.77-0.92). Further analysis of the different antenatal periods showed that calcium supplementation during the second and third trimester had a statistically significant difference in reducing the risk of neonatal SGA (P<0.05). Besides, subgroup analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the perinatal calcium supplementation and the single-born neonates with SGA Significance (P<0.05) in non-advanced women, those who had a low education level and moderate household economic status groups. Conclusion: The risk reduction of SGA among singleton neonates is related to calcium supplementation during antenatal period in Shaanxi province.

PARP inhibitor niraparib as a radiosensitizer promotes antitumor immunity of radiotherapy in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Poly-(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) were reported as radiosensitizers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with wide-type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), but the effects of radiation combined with PARPi were not investigated in EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms were not well examined. This study aimed to study the efficacy of radiation combined with niraparib in EGFR-mutated NSCLC and explore their influence on the immune system.

METHODS

Clone formation and apoptosis assay were conducted to explore the effects of niraparib and radiation. Immunofluorescence was conducted to detect the double-strand DNA breaks. Real-time PCR and immunoblotting were employed to evaluate the activation of STING/TBK1/TRF3 pathway and the expression levels of interferon β, CCL5 and CXCL10. Immunocompetent mice model bearing with subcutaneous Lewis lung cancer was established to confirm the results in vivo.

RESULTS

Niraparib and radiation were synergistic to inhibit tumor both in vitro and in vivo. Radiation plus niraparib could activate anti-tumor immunity, which appeared as increased CD8⁺ T lymphocytes and activated STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway.

CONCLUSION

PARPi not only as a radiosensitizer inhibited EGFR-mutated NSCLC tumor growth, but also cooperated with radiation to promote anti-tumor immune responses.

Digestibility, lactation performance, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and bacterial communities in Holstein cows fed a fermented corn gluten-wheat bran mixture as a substitute for soybean meal

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with a fermented corn gluten-wheat bran mixture (FCWM) on nutrient digestibility, lactation performance, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and bacterial communities in Holstein cows. Nine healthy multiparous (parity = 3) Holstein cows with similar body weights (624 ± 14.4 kg), days in milk (112 ± 4.2), and milk yields (31.8 ± 1.73 kg; all mean ± standard deviation) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 periods of 28 d. Cows were fed 1 of 3 dietary treatments in which FCWM replaced SBM as follows: basal diet with no replacement (0FCWM); 50% replacement of SBM with FCWM (50%FCWM); and 100% replacement of SBM with FCWM (100%FCWM). The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The results showed that the total-tract digestibility of dry matter and crude protein increased linearly with increased dietary FCWM, and we found a trend for increased total-tract neutral detergent fiber and potentially digestible NDF digestibility. Milk yield tended to increase in a linear manner as more FCWM was consumed, and energy-corrected milk production was significantly increased with FCWM supplementation as a result of increased milk protein and lactose yields. Plasma glucose and IgG concentrations increased linearly with increasing FCWM supplementation, but plasma malondialdehyde concentration decreased linearly. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and propionate showed a linear increase with increasing FCWM supplementation, leading to a linear decrease in pH. The relative abundance of ruminal Prevotellaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Prevotella 1 increased linearly with increasing FCWM supplementation, and the relative abundance of ruminal Succinivibrionaceae and Muribaculaceae decreased linearly. The relative abundance of fecal Ruminococcaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 increased linearly with increasing FCWM supplementation, but the relative abundance of fecal Peptostreptococcaceae decreased linearly. Overall, the replacement of SBM with FCWM altered the composition of the ruminal bacterial community and improved nutrient digestibility, lactation performance, and ruminal fermentation in cows, providing a data reference for the use of FCWM in dairy production.

Single-cell RNA expression profiling of SARS-CoV-2-related ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in human trophectoderm and placenta

OBJECTIVES

To examine the characteristics and distribution of possible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) target cells in the human trophectoderm (TE) and placenta.

METHODS

Bioinformatics analysis was performed based on published single-cell transcriptomic datasets of early TE and first- and second-trimester human placentae. We conducted the transcriptomic analysis of 4198 early TE cells, 1260 first-trimester placental cells and 189 extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs) from 24-week placentae (EVT_24W) using the SMART-Seq2 method. In addition, to confirm the bioinformatic results, we performed immunohistochemical staining of three first-trimester, three second-trimester and three third-trimester placentae from nine women recruited prospectively to this study. We evaluated the expression of the SARS-CoV-2-related molecules angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2).

RESULTS

Via bioinformatic analysis, we identified the existence of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in human TE as well as in first- and second-trimester placentae. In the human TE, 54.4% of TE1 cells, 9.0% of cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), 3.2% of EVTs and 29.5% of syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs) were ACE2-positive. In addition, 90.7% of TE1 cells, 31.5% of CTBs, 22.1% of EVTs and 70.8% of STBs were TMPRSS2-positive. In placental cells, 20.4% of CTBs, 44.1% of STBs, 3.4% of EVTs from 8-week placentae (EVT_8W) and 63% of EVT_24W were ACE2-positive, while 1.6% of CTBs, 26.5% of STBs, 1.9% of EVT_8W and 20.1% of EVT_24W were TMPRSS2-positive. Pathway analysis revealed that EVT_24W cells that were positive for both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 (ACE2 + TMPRSS2-positive) were associated with morphogenesis of branching structure, extracellular matrix interaction, oxygen binding and antioxidant activity. The ACE2 + TMPRSS2-positive TE1 cells were correlated with an increased capacity for viral invasion, epithelial-cell proliferation and cell adhesion. Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 was observed on immunohistochemical staining in first-, second- and third-trimester placentae.

CONCLUSIONS

ACE2- and TMPRSS2-positive cells are present in the human TE and placenta in all three trimesters of pregnancy, which indicates the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 could spread via the placenta and cause intrauterine fetal infection. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Survival of Clostridioides difficile in finished dairy compost under controlled conditions

AIM

The survival of Clostridioides difficile (previously Clostridium difficile) vegetative cells and endospores was compared at different levels of indigenous microflora using autoclaved and unautoclaved dairy composts with different moisture contents (MCs).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Both types of composts adjusted to 20, 30 and 40% MCs were inoculated with a suspension of C. difficile that contained both vegetative cells (c. 5-6 log CFU per gram) and endospores (c. 5·0 CFU per gram), and then stored aerobically inside a humidity-controlled chamber at room temperature 22·5 ± 0·8°C for 1 year. The level of indigenous microflora was very stable during the storage after day 7 in both types of compost. The greatest reductions of C. difficile vegetative cell counts occurred during the first 24 h of storage in autoclaved and unautoclaved composts, which had 4·7 and 5·5 log CFU per gram with 20% MC, 1·8 and 2·1 log CFU per gram with 30% MC, and 2·3 and 1·3 log CFU per gram with 40% MC, respectively. Both MC and the duration of storage have significant (P < 0·05) effects on the survival of vegetative cells for first 120 days of storage. The slow inactivation of C. difficile vegetative cells at higher MCs during aerobic storage was confirmed by exponentially decaying modelling data during the early stage of aerobic exposure. The reduction of endospore counts (<1·0 log CFU per gram) during the storage for both types of compost at all MCs was not significant (P > 0·05) except for the autoclaved compost with 30% MC.

CONCLUSION

The highly resistant C. difficile endospores to the unfavourable environmental conditions survived for more than a year while vegetative cells died off exponentially upon the initial aerobic exposure.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The long-term survival of C. difficile endospores in contaminated compost may transmit the pathogen to fresh produce, animals or water in pre-harvest conditions.