A survey of outpatient Internal Medicine clinician perceptions of diagnostic error

Background Little is known about how practicing Internal Medicine (IM) clinicians perceive diagnostic error, and whether perceptions are in agreement with the published literature. Methods A 16-question survey was administered across two IM practices: one a referral practice providing care for patients traveling for a second opinion and the other a traditional community-based primary care practice. Our aim was to identify individual- and system-level factors contributing to diagnostic error (primary outcome) and conditions at greatest risk of diagnostic error (secondary outcome). Results Sixty-five of 125 clinicians surveyed (51%) responded. The most commonly perceived individual factors contributing to diagnostic error included atypical patient presentations (83%), failure to consider other diagnoses (63%) and inadequate follow-up of test results (53%). The most commonly cited system-level factors included cognitive burden created by the volume of data in the electronic health record (EHR) (68%), lack of time to think (64%) and systems that do not support collaboration (40%). Conditions felt to be at greatest risk of diagnostic error included cancer (46%), pulmonary embolism (43%) and infection (37%). Conclusions Inadequate clinician time and sub-optimal patient and test follow-up are perceived by IM clinicians to be persistent contributors to diagnostic error. Clinician perceptions of conditions at greatest risk of diagnostic error may differ from the published literature.

Thresholds, rules and defensive strategies: how physicians learn from their prior diagnosis-related experiences

Background Health professionals are encouraged to learn from their errors. Determining how primary care physicians (PCPs) react to a case, in which their original diagnosis differed from the final outcome, could provide new insights on how they learn from experiences. We explored how PCPs altered their diagnostic evaluation of future patients after cases where the originally assumed diagnosis turned out to be wrong. Methods We asked German PCPs to complete an online survey where they described how the patient concerned originally presented, the subsequent course of events and whether they would change their diagnostic work-up of future patients. Qualitative methods were used to analyze narrative text obtained by this survey. Results A total of 29 PCPs submitted cases, most of which were ultimately found to be more severe than originally assumed. PCPs (n = 27) reflected on changes to their subsequent clinical decisions in the form of general maxims (n = 20) or more specific rules (n = 11). Most changes would have resulted in a lower threshold for investigations, referral and/or a more extensive collection of diagnostic information. PCPs decided not only to listen more often to their intuition (gut feelings), but to also practice more analytical reasoning. Participants felt the need for change of practice even if no clinical standards had been violated in the diagnosis of that case. Some decided to resort to defensive strategies in the future. Conclusions We describe mechanisms by which physicians calibrate their decision thresholds, as well as their cognitive mode (intuitive vs. analytical). PCPs reported the need for change in clinical practice despite the absence of error in some cases.

Validation of an electronic trigger to measure missed diagnosis of stroke in emergency departments

OBJECTIVE

Diagnostic errors are major contributors to preventable patient harm. We validated the use of an electronic health record (EHR)-based trigger (e-trigger) to measure missed opportunities in stroke diagnosis in emergency departments (EDs).

METHODS

Using two frameworks, the Safer Dx Trigger Tools Framework and the Symptom-disease Pair Analysis of Diagnostic Error Framework, we applied a symptom-disease pair-based e-trigger to identify patients hospitalized for stroke who, in the preceding 30 days, were discharged from the ED with benign headache or dizziness diagnoses. The algorithm was applied to Veteran Affairs National Corporate Data Warehouse on patients seen between 1/1/2016 and 12/31/2017. Trained reviewers evaluated medical records for presence/absence of missed opportunities in stroke diagnosis and stroke-related red-flags, risk factors, neurological examination, and clinical interventions. Reviewers also estimated quality of clinical documentation at the index ED visit.

RESULTS

We applied the e-trigger to 7,752,326 unique patients and identified 46,931 stroke-related admissions, of which 398 records were flagged as trigger-positive and reviewed. Of these, 124 had missed opportunities (positive predictive value for "missed" = 31.2%), 93 (23.4%) had no missed opportunity (non-missed), 162 (40.7%) were miscoded, and 19 (4.7%) were inconclusive. Reviewer agreement was high (87.3%, Cohen's kappa = 0.81). Compared to the non-missed group, the missed group had more stroke risk factors (mean 3.2 vs 2.6), red flags (mean 0.5 vs 0.2), and a higher rate of inadequate documentation (66.9% vs 28.0%).

CONCLUSION

In a large national EHR repository, a symptom-disease pair-based e-trigger identified missed diagnoses of stroke with a modest positive predictive value, underscoring the need for chart review validation procedures to identify diagnostic errors in large data sets.

A cross-sectional analysis of diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in people living with HIV: Opportunities for improvement

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is common in people living with HIV (PLWH). We sought to evaluate the appropriateness of COPD diagnosis and management in PLWH, comparing results to HIV-uninfected persons.We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of Veterans enrolled in the Examinations of HIV-Associated Lung Emphysema study, in which all participants underwent spirometry at enrollment and reported respiratory symptoms on self-completed surveys. Primary outcomes were misdiagnosis and under-diagnosis of COPD, and the frequency and appropriateness of inhaler prescriptions. Misdiagnosis was defined as having an International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 diagnosis of COPD without spirometric airflow limitation (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1-second [FEV1]/Forced vital capacity [FVC] < 0.7). Under-diagnosis was defined as having spirometry-defined COPD without a prior ICD-9 diagnosis.The analytic cohort included 183 PLWH and 152 HIV-uninfected participants. Of 25 PLWH with an ICD-9 diagnosis of COPD, 56% were misdiagnosed. Of 38 PLWH with spirometry-defined COPD, 71% were under-diagnosed. In PLWH under-diagnosed with COPD, 85% reported respiratory symptoms. Among PLWH with an ICD-9 COPD diagnosis as well as in those with spirometry-defined COPD, long-acting inhalers, particularly long-acting bronchodilators (both beta-agonists and muscarinic antagonists) were prescribed infrequently even in symptomatic individuals. Inhaled corticosteroids were the most frequently prescribed long-acting inhaler in PLWH (28%). Results were overall similar amongst the HIV-uninfected.COPD was frequently misdiagnosed and under-diagnosed in PLWH, similar to uninfected-veterans. Among PLWH with COPD and a likely indication for therapy, long-acting inhalers were prescribed infrequently, particularly guideline-concordant, first-line long-acting bronchodilators. Although not a first-line controller therapy for COPD, inhaled corticosteroids were prescribed more often.

Fasting state requirements for blood sampling: a survey of patients in Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Aim To explore patient's awareness and appliance of the fasting state requirements for blood sampling. Methods This observational survey was performed at the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology Diagnostics, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, from June to July 2019. An anonymous questionnaire was conducted on 200 consecutive outpatients older than 18, who were admitted to the laboratory for routine blood testing. Results A total of 134 (67%) patients were informed that they needed to be at fasting to perform laboratory tests. Patients were mostly informed by a requesting physician or a nurse, 68 (50.8%), and by other patients, members of the family and friends, 58 (43.3%); only seven (5.2%) patients were informed in the laboratory. A total of 75 (37.5%) patients arrived to the laboratory properly prepared. Conclusion Most patients were not well informed about fasting state requirements for blood sampling and consequently they were not adequately prepared for laboratory tests. Laboratory should establish updated fasting recommendations available to patients and healthcare professionals, and conduct continuing education of patients and health care staff.

Diagnostic errors in autism spectrum disorder and their consequences - case studies

This article provides an assessment of the problem of diagnostic errors in autism spectrum disorder. The fact that awareness of autism is on the increase has led to the emergence of a growing number of specialists, as well as other people professionally involved in education and the care of children, who have been noticing features of autistic disorders in ever-younger children. On the one hand, this is certainly beneficial in that the level of knowledge about the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is conducive to the identification of children's difficulties; on the other, however, there are concerns that the knowledge possessed by many of those who come into contact with children is often insufficient to diagnose this subtle and changing spectrum of disorders. Neurodevelopmental disorders are especially difficult to assess in small children due to the overlapping symptoms of various disorders. Additionally, periods of intensive development or regression also overlap. Children aged two or three are still too young to exhibit some of the behaviors specific to ASD, and the assessment of speech development and its understanding may be deceptive. The diagnosis of "under observation for possible autism" is often exaggerated. The article presents case studies concerning diagnostic errors in autism spectrum disorder, their consequences and vital conclusions.

Uncertain diagnoses in a children's hospital: patient characteristics and outcomes

BACKGROUND

A quality improvement initiative at our institution resulted in a new process for prospectively identifying pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) patients with uncertain diagnoses (UD). This study describes the clinical characteristics and healthcare utilization patterns of patients with UD.

METHODS

This single center cross-sectional study included all PHM patients identified with UD during their admission. A structured chart review was used to abstract patient demographics, primary symptoms, discharge diagnoses, and healthcare utilization patterns, including consult service use, length of stay (LOS), escalation in care, and 30-day healthcare reutilization. Appropriate descriptive statistics were used for categorical and continuous variables.

RESULTS

This study includes 200 PHM patients identified with UD. Gastrointestinal symptoms were the primary finding in 45% of patients with UD. Consult service use was highly variable, with a range of 0-8 consult services for individual patients. The median LOS was 1.6 days and only 5% required a rapid response team evaluation. As for reutilization, 7% of patients were readmitted within 30 days.

CONCLUSIONS

This descriptive study highlights the heterogeneity of patients with uncertain diagnoses. Ongoing work is needed to further understand the impact of UD and to optimize the care of these patients.

Improving diagnostic performance through feedback: the Diagnosis Learning Cycle

Background

Errors in reasoning are a common cause of diagnostic error. However, it is difficult to improve performance partly because providers receive little feedback on diagnostic performance. Examining means of providing consistent feedback and enabling continuous improvement may provide novel insights for diagnostic performance.

Methods

We developed a model for improving diagnostic performance through feedback using a six-step qualitative research process, including a review of existing models from within and outside of medicine, a survey, semistructured interviews with individuals working in and outside of medicine, the development of the new model, an interdisciplinary consensus meeting, and a refinement of the model.

Results

We applied theory and knowledge from other fields to help us conceptualise learning and comparison and translate that knowledge into an applied diagnostic context. This helped us develop a model, the Diagnosis Learning Cycle, which illustrates the need for clinicians to be given feedback about both their confidence and reasoning in a diagnosis and to be able to seamlessly compare diagnostic hypotheses and outcomes. This information would be stored in a repository to allow accessibility. Such a process would standardise diagnostic feedback and help providers learn from their practice and improve diagnostic performance. This model adds to existing models in diagnosis by including a detailed picture of diagnostic reasoning and the elements required to improve outcomes and calibration.

Conclusion

A consistent, standard programme of feedback that includes representations of clinicians’ confidence and reasoning is a common element in non-medical fields that could be applied to medicine. Adapting this approach to diagnosis in healthcare is a promising next step. This information must be stored reliably and accessed consistently. The next steps include testing the Diagnosis Learning Cycle in clinical settings.

Interventions targeted at reducing diagnostic error: systematic review

BACKGROUND

Incorrect, delayed and missed diagnoses can contribute to significant adverse health outcomes. Intervention options have proliferated in recent years necessitating an update to McDonald et al's 2013 systematic review of interventions to reduce diagnostic error.

OBJECTIVES

(1) To describe the types of published interventions for reducing diagnostic error that have been evaluated in terms of an objective patient outcome; (2) to assess the risk of bias in the included interventions and perform a sensitivity analysis of the findings; and (3) to determine the effectiveness of included interventions with respect to their intervention type.

METHODS

MEDLINE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2019. Publications were included if they delivered patient-related outcomes relating to diagnostic accuracy, management outcomes and/or morbidity and mortality. The interventions in each included study were categorised and analysed using the six intervention types described by McDonald et al (technique, technology-based system interventions, educational interventions, personnel changes, structured process changes and additional review methods).

RESULTS

Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Eighteen of the 20 included studies (including three randomised controlled trials (RCTs)) demonstrated improvements in objective patient outcomes following the intervention. These three RCTs individually evaluated a technique-based intervention, a technology-based system intervention and a structured process change. The inclusion or exclusion of two higher risk of bias studies did not affect the results.

CONCLUSION

Technique-based interventions, technology-based system interventions and structured process changes have been the most studied interventions over the time period of this review and hence are seen to be effective in reducing diagnostic error. However, more high-quality RCTs are required, particularly evaluating educational interventions and personnel changes, to demonstrate the value of these interventions in diverse settings.

Comparison of Diagnostic Recommendations from Individual Physicians versus the Collective Intelligence of Multiple Physicians in Ambulatory Cases Referred for Specialist Consultation

BACKGROUND

Studies report higher diagnostic accuracy using the collective intelligence (CI) of multiple clinicians compared with individual clinicians. However, the diagnostic process is iterative, and unexplored is the value of CI in improving clinical recommendations leading to a final diagnosis.

METHODS

To compare the appropriateness of diagnostic recommendations advised by individual physicians versus the CI of physicians, we entered actual consultation requests sent by primary care physicians to specialists onto a web-based CI platform capable of collecting diagnostic recommendations (next steps for care) from multiple physicians. We solicited responses to 35 cases (12 endocrinology, 13 gynecology, 10 neurology) from ≥3 physicians of any specialty through the CI platform, which aggregated responses into a CI output. The primary outcome was the appropriateness of individual physician recommendations versus the CI output recommendations, using recommendations agreed upon by 2 specialists in the same specialty as a gold standard. The secondary outcome was the recommendations' potential for harm.

RESULTS

A total of 177 physicians responded. Cases had a median of 7 respondents (interquartile range: 5-10). Diagnostic recommendations in the CI output achieved higher levels of appropriateness (69%) than recommendations from individual physicians (45%; χ² = 5.95, P = 0.015). Of the CI recommendations, 54% were potentially harmful, as compared with 41% of individuals' recommendations (χ² = 2.49, P = 0.11).

LIMITATIONS

Cases were from a single institution. CI was solicited using a single algorithm/platform.

CONCLUSIONS

When seeking specialist guidance, diagnostic recommendations from the CI of multiple physicians are more appropriate than recommendations from most individual physicians, measured against specialist recommendations. Although CI provides useful recommendations, some have potential for harm. Future research should explore how to use CI to improve diagnosis while limiting harm from inappropriate tests/therapies.

[Cephalometric analysis of lateral skull X-ray images using soft computing components in the search for key points]

THE AIM OF THE STUDY

Was to investigate the efficiency of decoding teleradiological studies using an algorithm based on the use of convolutional neural networks - a simple convolutional architecture, as well as an extended U-Net architecture.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For the experiment, a dataset was prepared by three orthodontists with over 10 years of clinical experience. Each of the orthodontists processed 100 X-ray images of the lateral projection of the head according to 27 parameters, 2700 measurements were made. The coordinates of the control points found by orthodontists in the images were compared with each other and a conclusion was made about the consistency of experts in the data obtained.

RESULTS

The results of convolutional neural network CNN were not satisfactory in 17 (62.96%) features, satisfactory in 10 (37.04%). The assessment of orthodontists resulted in non-satisfactory evaluation in 6 (22.22%), satisfactory in 8 (29.63%), good in 8 (29.63%), and excellent in 5 (18.52%) coordinates. Neural networks with U-Net architecture showed satisfactory results in 9 (33.3%) cases, good in 16 (59.3%) and excellent in 2 (7.4%) cases, with no non-satisfactory results.

CONCLUSION

The neural network of the U-Net architecture is more effective than a simple fully convolutional neural network and its results of determining anatomical reference points on two-dimensional images of the head are relatively comparable with the data obtained by medical specialists.

[Diagnosis and treatment of the fourth branchial fissure: a clinical report of 1 case and literature review]

The patient repeatedly suffer from pain in the left side neck for 4 years and had 1-2 recurrence per year. We used neck ultrasound and neck CT examination to find an abnormal soft tissue lumps exist in the patient's left neck root to the trachea esophageal ditch. Diagnostic analysis combines embryogenesis and anatomy, and the diagnosis results are infection with the fourth branchial fissure. The lesion site was completely excisioned with full hemp surgery, the incision showed I type healing after surgery, and there was no recurrence after six months of follow-up.

Diagnostic Errors in Neuroradiology: A Message to Emergency Radiologists and Trainees

Diagnostic errors in neuroradiology are inevitable, yet potentially avoidable. Through extensive literature search, we present an up-to-date review of the psychology of human decision making and how such complex process can lead to radiologic errors. Our focus is on neuroradiology, so we augmented our review with multiple explanatory figures to show how different errors can reflect on real-life clinical practice. We propose a new thematic categorization of perceptual and cognitive biases in this article to simplify message delivery to our target audience: emergency/general radiologists and trainees. Additionally, we highlight individual and organizational remedy strategies to decrease error rate and potential harm.

Discrepancy between emergency department admission diagnosis and hospital discharge diagnosis and its impact on length of stay, up-triage to the intensive care unit, and mortality

OBJECTIVES

Published discrepancy rates between emergency department (ED) and hospital discharge (HD) diagnoses vary widely (from 6.5 to 75.6%). The goal of this study was to determine the extent of diagnostic discrepancy and its impact on length of hospital stay (LOS), up-triage to the intensive care unit (ICU) and in-hospital mortality.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review of adult patients admitted from the ED to a hospitalist service at a tertiary hospital was performed. The ED and HD diagnoses were compared and classified as concordant, discordant, or symptom diagnoses according to predefined criteria. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations of diagnostic discordance with in-hospital mortality and up-triage to the ICU. A linear regression model was used for the length of stay.

RESULTS

Of the 636 patients whose records were reviewed, 418 (217 [51.9%] women, with a mean age of 64.1 years) were included. Overall, 318 patients (76%) had concordant diagnoses, while 91 (21.77%) had discordant diagnoses. Only 9 patients (2.15%) had symptom diagnoses. A discordant diagnosis was associated with increased mortality (OR: 3.64; 95% CI: 1.026-12.91; p=0.045) and up-triage to the ICU (OR: 5.51; 95% CI: 2.43-12.5; p<0.001). The median LOS was significantly greater for patients with discordant diagnoses (7 days) than for those with concordant diagnoses (4.7 days) (p=0.004). Symptom diagnosis did not affect the mortality or ICU up-triage.

CONCLUSIONS

One in five hospitalized patients had discordant HD and admission diagnoses. This diagnostic discrepancy was associated with significant impacts on patient morbidity and mortality.

The Delta Study - Prevalence and characteristics of mood disorders in 924 individuals with low mood: Results of the of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)

OBJECTIVES

The Delta Study was undertaken to improve the diagnosis of mood disorders in individuals presenting with low mood. The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence and explore the characteristics of mood disorders in participants of the Delta Study, and discuss their implications for clinical practice.

METHODS

Individuals with low mood (Patients Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥5) and either no previous mood disorder diagnosis (baseline low mood group, n = 429), a recent (≤5 years) clinical diagnosis of MDD (baseline MDD group, n = 441) or a previous clinical diagnosis of BD (established BD group, n = 54), were recruited online. Self-reported demographic and clinical data were collected through an extensive online mental health questionnaire and mood disorder diagnoses were determined with the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).

RESULTS

The prevalence of BD and MDD in the baseline low mood group was 24% and 36%, respectively. The prevalence of BD among individuals with a recent diagnosis of MDD was 31%. Participants with BD in both baseline low mood and baseline MDD groups were characterized by a younger age at onset of the first low mood episode, more severe depressive symptoms and lower wellbeing, relative to the MDD or low mood groups. Approximately half the individuals with BD diagnosed as MDD (49%) had experienced (hypo)manic symptoms prior to being diagnosed with MDD.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results confirm high under- and misdiagnosis rates of mood disorders in individuals presenting with low mood, potentially leading to worsening of symptoms and decreased well-being, and indicate the need for improved mental health triage in primary care.

False negative point-of-care urine pregnancy tests in an urban academic emergency department: a retrospective cohort study

STUDY OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence of false negative point-of-care (POC) urine pregnancy tests among emergency department (ED) patients and among those with abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding.

METHODS

We identified all female patients, ages 14-50 years without prior hysterectomy who had a negative POC urine pregnancy test (beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin [β-hCG]) performed by trained clinical staff in the ED between September 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018, as well as a subgroup we defined a priori as "high risk" for early pregnancy complications based on a triage chief complaint (text) of abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding. We identified those with a positive urine β-hCG, serum β-hCG >5 mIU/mL, or a diagnosis of pregnancy within 3 months of the initial ED visit (index visit). We used structured chart review with American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology guidelines to determine pregnancy diagnosis and outcomes (ectopic, intrauterine, abnormal including spontaneous abortion, and unknown), the date of conception, and whether the pregnancy was present at the index visit.

RESULTS

Of 10,924 visits with a negative urine pregnancy test result that were screened for a pregnancy outcome, 171 (1.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4, 1.8) had a pregnancy present at the index visit. Diagnoses were ectopic (n = 12, 7.0%), intrauterine (n = 71, 41.5%), abnormal (n = 77, 45.0%), and unknown (n = 11, 6.4%). Of the 2732 patients with high-risk complaints, 97 (3.6%, 95% CI = 2.9, 4.3) had a pregnancy present at the index visit (relative risk of a pregnancy diagnosis 3.9, 95% CI = 2.9,5.3), including 10/12 ectopic (83%), 58/77 abnormal (75%), and 25/71 intrauterine pregnancies (35%). Serum β-hCG ranged from 2 mIU/mL to above assay (median = 119.5, interquartile range = 957.5).

CONCLUSION

Although false negative urine pregnancy tests were uncommon, multiple pregnancy diagnoses were missed, including ectopic pregnancies. False negatives were more common among patients with abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding. Concurrent serum β-hCG levels demonstrated a broad distribution.

Missed acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department-standardizing measurement of misdiagnosis-related harms using the SPADE method

OBJECTIVES

Diagnostic error is a serious public health problem. Measuring diagnostic performance remains elusive. We sought to measure misdiagnosis-related harms following missed acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) in the emergency department (ED) using the symptom-disease pair analysis of diagnostic error (SPADE) method.

METHODS

Retrospective administrative data analysis (2009-2017) from a single, integrated health system using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coded discharge diagnoses. We looked back 30 days from AMI hospitalizations for antecedent ED treat-and-release visits to identify symptoms linked to probable missed AMI (observed > expected). We then looked forward from these ED discharge diagnoses to identify symptom-disease pair misdiagnosis-related harms (AMI hospitalizations within 30-days, representing diagnostic adverse events).

RESULTS

A total of 44,473 AMI hospitalizations were associated with 2,874 treat-and-release ED visits in the prior 30 days. The top plausibly-related ED discharge diagnoses were "chest pain" and "dyspnea" with excess treat-and-release visit rates of 9.8% (95% CI 8.5-11.2%) and 3.4% (95% CI 2.7-4.2%), respectively. These represented 574 probable missed AMIs resulting in hospitalization (adverse event rate per AMI 1.3%, 95% CI 1.2-1.4%). Looking forward, 325,088 chest pain or dyspnea ED discharges were followed by 508 AMI hospitalizations (adverse event rate per symptom discharge 0.2%, 95% CI 0.1-0.2%).

CONCLUSIONS

The SPADE method precisely quantifies misdiagnosis-related harms from missed AMIs using administrative data. This approach could facilitate future assessment of diagnostic performance across health systems. These results correspond to ∼10,000 potentially-preventable harms annually in the US. However, relatively low error and adverse event rates may pose challenges to reducing harms for this ED symptom-disease pair.

Diagnostic correlation between clinical protocols and magnetic resonance findings in temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Our aim was to assess the diagnostic correlation between clinical protocols and magnetic resonance (MRI) findings in temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), including disc displacement with and without reduction (DDwR; DDwoR) and arthralgia.

METHODS

A systematic review performed in two phases according to the PRISMA checklist. Specific indexing terms were used for search of studies assessing TMDs through clinical diagnostic protocols with the aid of Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMDs or Diagnostic Criteria for TMDs. Quality assessment performed using QUADAS-2. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² . Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots. For meta-analysis, we used random effect model or fixed effect. The main outcomes were sensitivity and specificity of clinical protocols.

RESULTS

Fourteen studies included in the qualitative analysis and 11 studies in the meta-analysis. None of the studies fulfilled all criteria of QUADAS-2. High heterogeneity and high publication bias were found among the studies. Clinical protocols for assessing DDwR compared with MRI showed pooled sensitivity of 66% and specificity of 72%. For DDwoR, sensitivity was 61% and specificity 98%. For arthralgia, sensitivity was 43% and specificity 68% for the presence of effusion.

CONCLUSIONS

This review reveals the need for studies with improved quality. Clinical protocols show poor to moderate validity in diagnosis of DDwR and DDwoR compared with MRI. No correlation was found between a clinical diagnosis of arthralgia and MRI effusion. Clinical diagnostic protocols can be used as screening tools, reserving the use of MRI for a more accurate diagnosis in patients with symptoms or dysfunction.

A Rare Cause of Pulmonary Nodules Diagnosed as Angiosarcoma Was Misdiagnosed as Vasculitis and Wegener's Granuloma in an Elderly Man: A Case Report

Background

Angiosarcoma is a rare, highly malignant tumor prone to recurrence and metastasis. Angiosarcoma is insidious in the initial stage, and its clinical manifestation lacks specificity. The diagnosis is based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry findings.

Case presentation

A 73-year-old man was hospitalized following complaints of persistent cough 6 months and hemoptysis for 2 months. Anti-infective treatment was ineffective. A CT-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy of pulmonary lesions revealed organized pneumonia, and the removed skin of purpuric rash area on the left calf revealed vasculitis. Chest CT was used during the patient follow-up. Hormonal therapy combined with immunoglobulins did not lead to improvement, and there was rapid progression of the lung lesions. Subsequently, the patient underwent a surgery, the diseased tissue was separated and removed completely beside the left submandibular gland under local anaesthesia. The immunohistochemical staining indicated CD31 (+) and CD34 (+) confirming a diagnosis of metastatic angiosarcoma. The expression of PD-L1 was 70%, therefore, anlotinib and pembrolizumab treatments were initiated. The patient eventually died.

Conclusion

Angiosarcoma is a malignant tumor in the clinic that lacks typical and specific signs and symptoms. The diagnosis depends on immunohistochemistry, which requires repeated biopsies of multiple sites in highly suspected cases.

Misdiagnosis and diagnostic pitfalls of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

Background and purpose

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of over‐ and underdiagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and to identify related diagnostic pitfalls.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study in Dutch patients referred to the Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam between 2011 and 2017 with either a diagnosis of CIDP or another diagnosis that was revised to CIDP. We used the European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) 2010 diagnostic criteria for CIDP to classify patients into three groups: overdiagnosis, underdiagnosis, or confirmed diagnosis of CIDP. Clinical and laboratory features and treatment history were compared between groups.

Results

A referral diagnosis of CIDP was revised in 32% of patients (31/96; overdiagnosis). Of 81 patients diagnosed with CIDP, 16 (20%) were referred with another diagnosis (underdiagnosis). In the overdiagnosed patients, 20% of muscle weakness was asymmetric, 48% lacked proximal muscle weakness, 29% only had distal muscle weakness, 65% did not fulfil the electrodiagnostic criteria for CIDP, 74% had an elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein level, and 97% had another type of neuropathy. In the underdiagnosed patients, all had proximal muscle weakness, 50% had a clinically atypical CIDP, all fulfilled the electrodiagnostic criteria for CIDP, and 25% had an increased CSF protein level.

Conclusion

Over‐ and underdiagnosis of CIDP is common. Diagnostic pitfalls include lack of attention to proximal muscle weakness as a diagnostic hallmark of CIDP, insufficient recognition of clinical atypical phenotypes, overreliance on CSF protein levels, misinterpretation of nerve conduction studies and poor adherence to electrodiagnostic criteria, and failure to exclude other causes of polyneuropathy.

Multiple bilateral pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma mimicking metastatic lung cancer: case report and literature review

Pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (PEH) is a rare tumor of low to intermediate malignancy, which originates from vascular endothelial cells. Most patients with PEH are asymptomatic and the tumor occurs most frequently in women. Typical radiologic images of patients with PEH are multiple irregular nodules with punctate calcification and pleural indentation. Here, we describe a 54-year-old woman who presented with multiple bilateral nodules of different sizes and well-defined borders, as well as lung markings, without punctate calcification or pleural indentation. These atypical computed tomography images resulted in misdiagnosis as metastatic lung cancer. Right upper lobe wedge resection was performed; intraoperative frozen pathologic examination suggested that the tumor was benign. However, immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of PEH. Subsequently, the patient chose watchful waiting, rather than chemotherapy. This rare case of PEH with atypical computed tomography findings, which was misdiagnosed as metastatic lung cancer, demonstrates that intraoperative frozen analysis is unreliable; thus, histopathological analysis is necessary.

"I made a mistake!": A narrative analysis of experienced physicians' stories of preventable error

RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES

The complexity of healthcare systems makes errors unavoidable. To strengthen the dialogue around how physicians experience and share medical errors, the objective of this study was to understand how generalist physicians make meaning of and grow from their medical errors.

METHODS

This study used a narrative inquiry approach to conduct and analyse in-depth interviews from 26 physicians from the generalist specialties of emergency, internal, and family medicine. We gathered stories via individual interview, analysed them for key components, and rewrote a "meta-story" in a chronological sequence. We conceptualized the findings into a metaphor to draw similarities, learn from, and apply new principles from other fields of practice.

RESULTS

Through analysis we interpreted the story of a physician who is required to make numerous decisions in a short period of time in different clinical environments among the patient's family and whilst abiding by existing rules and regulations. Through sharing stories of success and failure, the clinical supervisor can help optimize the physician's emotional growth and professional development. Similarly, through sharing and learning from stories, colleagues and trainees can also contribute to the growth of the protagonist's character and the development of clinic, hospital, and healthcare system.

CONCLUSION

We draw parallels between the clinical setting and a generalist physician's experiences of a medical error with the environment and practices within professional sports. Using this comparison, we discuss the potential for meaningful coaching in medical education.

An atypically located pleomorphic adenoma: Radiological and pathological correlation

Pleomorphic adenoma is a common benign salivary gland neoplasm which very rarely occurs in the breast. Its radiologic and pathologic appearance may be mistaken for other benign or malignant lesions such as a fibroadenoma or invasive ductal carcinoma. Due to the risk of local recurrence and, rarely, malignant transformation, wide local excision with clear margins is recommended. As such, a correct diagnosis of this lesion is important to ensure appropriate surgical treatment. We report a case of an atypically located pleomorphic adenoma with radiologic-pathologic correlation in an asymptomatic 63-year-old woman.