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Wei Q, Ji XY, Long XS, Li QR, Yin H. [Chemical Constituents from Leaves of "Chuju" Chrysanthemum morifolium and Their Antioxidant Activities in vitro]. ZHONG YAO CAI = ZHONGYAOCAI = JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINAL MATERIALS 2015; 38:305-310. [PMID: 26415406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents from the leaves of "Chuju" Chrysanthemum morifolium. METHODS All compounds were separated and purified by column chromatography over silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified by spectral methods including 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. RESULTS 21 compounds were isolated and identified as octa-cosyl alcohol (1), β-sitosterol (2), lupeol (3), α-amyrin (4), daucosterol (5), ineupatorolide B (6), syringin (7), chlorogenic acid (8), petasiphenol (9), physcion (10), acacetin (11), eupatilin (12), quercetin (13), diosmetin (14), luteolin (15), apigenin (16), apigenin- 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (17), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (18), luteolin-7-O-β-D-gluco pyranoside (19), apigenin-7-O-β-D- neospheroside (20), and acacetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (21). CONCLUSION Compounds 1-12, 18 and 20 are isolated from this plant for the first time. Compounds 10, 13, 14, 15 and 16 have shown strong antioxidant activities by DPPH · scavenging activity better than Vit C.
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Jing S, Zhang X, Yue L. Purification of procyanidins from Kunlun Chrysanthemum by macroporous resins combined with silica gel and evaluation of antioxidant activities in vitro. PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:383-391. [PMID: 25631502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate an efficient purifying process of Kunlun Chrysanthemum procyanidins (KCPC) by combination of AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin and silica gel column through adsorption and desorption experiments under static and dynamic status with the purity of procyanidins and the antioxidant activity as indexes respectively. The optimum parameters for adsorption by AB-8 resin were as follows: Sample concentration 1mg/mL, pH6, injecting velocity 2 bed volume (BV) /h, with 3 BV 70% ethanol as eluting solvent, and elution flow rate 2BV /h. One cycle after treatment using AB-8 resin, the purity of KCPC obviously enhanced 3 times compared with that of not prepurified, that is from 22.68 to 63.76%. The optimum parameters for adsorption by silica gel column were as follows: The concentration of procyanidins in a sample solution of 1.2mg/mL (pH 6) with a speed of 2BV/h. Concentration for desorption, with 5 BV of 80% ethanol as an eluent at a flow rate of 2 BV/h. After one-run treatment with silica gel column, the purity of KCPC increased from 63.76 to 81.97%. The antioxidant activities of the purified KCPC in vitro were further investigated. The results indicated that the purification method of combination of AB-8 resin and silica gel column was superior to AB-8 adsorption resin used alone in term of antioxidant activities. Moreover, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) scavenging ability, the scavenging activity of hydroxyl radicals and the reducing ability appeared to be dose-dependent of KCPC. The novel purification method of combination of AB-8 resin and silica gel column will offer a promising way to purify KCPC for wider application.
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Usami A, Nakahashi H, Marumoto S, Miyazawa M. Aroma evaluation of setonojigiku (Chrysanthemum japonense var. debile) by hydrodistillation and solvent-assisted flavour evaporation. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2014; 25:561-566. [PMID: 24980450 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Chrysanthemum genus consisting of about 200 species is mainly distributed over the Northern Hemisphere. Despite the pleasant odour of C. japonense var. debile (setonojigiku), no detailed analysis of the aroma-active compounds has been reported using sensory evaluation. OBJECTIVES Using a hydrodistillation (HD) and a solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE) method to obtain the volatile oil from the leaf parts. METHODS To clarify odorants contributing to the characteristic aroma-active compounds, the aroma-extract dilution analysis (AEDA) method was performed through gas chromatography olfactometry (GC/O) analysis. In addition, the odour activity value (OAV) was calculated in order to determine the relative contribution of each compound to the aroma-active compounds. RESULTS A total of 42 components by HD oil were identified by GC-MS, whereas 34 components were identified in SAFE oil. Thirteen compounds were identified by GC/O analysis in HD and SAFE oils respectively. CONCLUSION Each extraction method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and they are generally complementary to each other. On the basis of AEDA, OAV and sensory evaluations, [2.2.1] bicyclic monoterpenes (borneol, bornyl acetate and camphor) and β-caryophyllene are considered to be the main aroma-active compounds of both extraction methods.
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Fan Y, Li Y, Cai H, Li J, Miao J, Fu D, Su K. Three-dimensional fluorescence characteristics of white chrysanthemum flowers. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 130:411-415. [PMID: 24810027 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
White chrysanthemum flower is one of the most popular plants found everywhere in China and used as herbs. In the present work, three-dimensional fluorescence technique was used to discriminate species of white chrysanthemum flowers. Parameters affecting extraction efficiency were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the three-dimensional fluorescence characteristics of three types of white chrysanthemum flowers were obtained. It was found that there were two main fluorescence peaks with remarkable difference in fluorescence intensity, one was corresponding to flavonoids and another was attributed to chlorophyll-like compounds. There were remarkable differences among the contours of the three white chrysanthemum flowers. Further studies showed that the fluorescence intensity ratios of chlorophyll-like compounds to flavonoids had a certain relationship with the species; those for Huai, Hang and Huangshan white chrysanthemum flowers were 6.9-7.4, 18.9-21.4 and 73.6-84.5, respectively. All of the results suggest that three-dimensional fluorescence spectra can be used for the discrimination of white chrysanthemum flowers with the advantages of low cost, ease for operation and intuition.
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Ding K, Cao G, Xu Z, Chen X. Quantitative analysis coupled with toxic evaluation to investigate the influence of sulfur-fumigation on the quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Nat Prod Commun 2014; 9:1357-1358. [PMID: 25918810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, quantitative analysis coupled with toxic evaluation was applied to investigate the influence of sulfur-fumigation on the quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium. The results showed that the average contents of six flavonoids (cynaroside, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, luteolin, apigenin, and diosmetin) in sulfur-fumigated C. morifolium samples decreased by about 6.2%, 3.5%, 22.0%, 33.3%, 26.0%, and 36.9%, respectively, while the average contents of two organic acids (chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid A) in sulfur-fumigated C. morifolium samples increased by about 16.8% and 7.6%, respectively. Furthermore, high dosage sulfur-fumigated C. morifolium could induce hydropic degeneration in epithelial cells of the renal tubule and interstitial edema. This indicates that sulfur-fumigated C. morifolium may lead to renal toxicity.
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Miyazawa M, Hisama M. Antimutagenic Activity of Flavonoids fromChrysanthemum morifolium. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 67:2091-9. [PMID: 14586095 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A methanol extract from the flower heads of Chrysanthemum morifolium showed a suppressive effect on umu gene expression of the SOS response in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 against the mutagen 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (furylfuramide). The methanol extract was re-extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction showed a suppressive effect. Suppressive compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction were isolated by silica gel column chromatography and identified as the flavonoids acacetin (1), apigenin (2), luteolin (3), and quercetin (4) by EI-MS, IR, and (1)H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1-4 suppressed the furylfuramide-induced SOS response in the umu test. Compounds 1-4 suppressed 60.2, 75.7, 90.0, and 66.6% of the SOS-inducing activity at a concentration of 0.70 micromol/ml. The ID50 (50% inhibitory dose) values of 1-4 were 0.62, 0.55, 0.44, and 0.59 micromol/ml. These compounds had the suppressive effects on umu gene expression of the SOS response against other mutagens, 4-nitroquinolin 1-oxide (4NQO) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), which do not require liver-metabolizing enzymes. These compounds also showed the suppression of SOS-inducing activity against the other mutagens aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) and 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), which require liver-metabolizing enzymes, and UV irradiation. In addition to the antimutagenic activities of these compounds against furylfuramide, Trp-P-1 and activated Trp-P-1 were also assayed by the Ames test using S. typhimurium TA100.
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Pyee Y, Chung HJ, Choi TJ, Park HJ, Hong JY, Kim JS, Kang SS, Lee SK. Suppression of inflammatory responses by handelin, a guaianolide dimer from Chrysanthemum boreale, via downregulation of NF-κB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:917-924. [PMID: 24689881 DOI: 10.1021/np4009877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity of handelin (1), a guaianolide dimer from Chrysanthemum boreale flowers, was evaluated in vivo, and the effects on mediators nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and ERK/JNK signaling pathways were investigated in vitro. Compound 1 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of NO and PGE2 in cultured mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The suppression of NO and PGE2 production by 1 was correlated with the downregulation of mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Compound 1 also suppressed the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. To further clarify the transcriptional regulatory pathway in the expression of iNOS and COX-2 by 1, the role of NF-κB was determined in RAW 264.7 cells. Compound 1 inhibits the binding activity of NF-κB into the nuclear proteins. The transcriptional activity of NF-κB stimulated with LPS was also suppressed by 1, which coincided with the inhibition of IκB degradation. Compound 1 also suppressed the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, including ERK and JNK signaling. In addition, the LPS-stimulated upregulation of miRNA-155 expression was suppressed by 1. The oral administration of 1 inhibited acute inflammation in carrageenan-induced paw and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema models. The serum level of IL-1β was also inhibited by 1 in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model. These findings suggest that the suppression of NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production may be a plausible mechanism of action for the anti-inflammatory activity of handelin.
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Wang S, Hao LJ, Zhu JJ, Zhang QW, Wang ZM, Zhang X, Song XM. Study on the effects of sulfur fumigation on chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Hang-ju. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:773-9. [PMID: 24262064 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The traditional after-harvesting drying method of C. morifolium cv. Hang-ju (HJ) is sun drying, but recently sulfur fumigation is increasingly used as a cheap and convenient method. However, the effects of sulfur fumigation on chemical constituents and potential activities of HJ were unknown. A comprehensively comparison of the chemical profiles between non-fumigated HJ (NHJ) and sulfur-fumigated HJ (SHJ) was conducted by HPLC fingerprints analysis and the discrepant peaks were identified or tentatively assigned by HPLC-ESI/MS(n). Dramatic chemical changes were found that the contents of 4 flavonoid aglycones remarkably increased while those of 7 glycosides significantly reduced which suggested that sulfur-fumigation induced flavonoid glycosides transformed into aglycons by hydrolysis reaction. A significant loss of hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids showed the sulfur fumigation was a destructive effect on HJ. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to rapidly discriminate NHJ and SHJ samples. By ICP-OES analysis, it was found that the residue of sulfur of SHJ were three times higher than NHJ (p<0.05). The antioxidant activity of NHJ and SHJ were evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assay, and the results showed that NHJ had much stronger antioxidant activities than SCF (p<0.05). Combining the results of chemical analysis, residue of sulfur and pharmacological evaluation, it showed that the sulfur fumigation was a destructive effect on HJ.
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Wang S, Hao LJ, Zhu JJ, Zhang QW, Wang ZM, Zhang X, Lu TL. [Chemical quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hangju' (HJ) induced by sulfur fumigation processing]. ZHONGGUO ZHONG YAO ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO ZHONGYAO ZAZHI = CHINA JOURNAL OF CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA 2014; 39:1457-1462. [PMID: 25039182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Eight compounds from six Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hangju' were determined and multivariate statistics, including principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) were used to investigate the potential damaging effect of sulfr-fumigating process. Meanwhile, S, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb were also detected by using ICP-MS and ICP-OES. In this study, dramatic chemical changes were found that the contents of flavonoid aglycones remarkably increased while those of glycosides and hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids were significantly reduced. The PCA score plots showed six samples were clearly classified into the non-fumigated and sulfur-fumigated types. And according to VIP > 1, the most important chemical markers were luteolin, apigenin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside which indicated that the extracted three components might have a marked effect on the discrimination among different group samples. And then, it was found that the residue of sulfur of SHJ were significantly higher than NHJ (P < 0.05). The established approach was applied to rapidly discriminate sulfur-fumigated HJ with combining the quantitative chemical analysis and multivariate statistical analysis, and then the result will provide some evidence to evaluat the quality of HJ and control its processing.
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Aleksander O, Grażyna A, Anna WP. Air-borne dermatitis from Chrysanthemum--case report with a discussion of diagnostic procedures and therapy. ANNALS OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE : AAEM 2014; 21:531-533. [PMID: 25292123 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1120596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Airborne dermatitis belongs to a heterogeneous group of dermatoses of various etiopathology and clinical characteristics. This disease is characterized by acute or chronic inflammation of the uncovered skin exposed to irritants or allergens. Initially skin lesions are transient. The paper presents a description of chrysanthemum growers diagnosed with air-borne dermatitis from chrysanthemum. Etiology, pathomechanism, clinical course, diagnostics and therapeutical methods are described.
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Dong L, Li X, Huang L, Gao Y, Zhong L, Zheng Y, Zuo Y. Lauric acid in crown daisy root exudate potently regulates root-knot nematode chemotaxis and disrupts Mi-flp-18 expression to block infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:131-41. [PMID: 24170741 PMCID: PMC3883285 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) crops can be severely damaged due to parasitism by the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita, but are protected when intercropped with crown daisy (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.). Root exudate may be the determining factor for this protection. An experiment using pots linked by a tube and Petri dish experiments were undertaken to confirm that tomato-crown daisy intercropping root exudate decreased the number of nematodes and alleviated nematode damage, and to determine crown daisy root exudate-regulated nematode chemotaxis. Following a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay, it was found that the intercropping protection was derived from the potent bioactivity of a specific root exudate component of crown daisy, namely lauric acid. The Mi-flp-18 gene, encoding an FMRFamide-like peptide neuromodulator, regulated nematode chemotaxis and infection by RNA interference. Moreover, it was shown that lauric acid acts as both a lethal trap and a repellent for M. incognita by specifically regulating Mi-flp-18 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Low concentrations of lauric acid (0.5-2.0mM) attract M. incognita and consequently cause death, while high concentrations (4.0mM) repel M. incognita. This study elucidates how lauric acid in crown daisy root exudate regulates nematode chemotaxis and disrupts Mi-flp-18 expression to alleviate nematode damage, and presents a general methodology for studying signalling systems affected by plant root exudates in the rhizosphere. This could lead to the development of economical and feasible strategies for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes, and provide an alternative to the use of pesticides in farming systems.
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Kang SC, Lim SY, Song YJ. Lupeol is one of active components in the extract of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne that inhibits LMP1-induced NF-κB activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82688. [PMID: 24303085 PMCID: PMC3841202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that seventy percent ethanol extract of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne (CIE) strongly reduces Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) survival by inhibiting virus-encoded latent infection membrane protein 1 (LMP1)-induced NF-κB activation. To identify an active compound(s) in CIE that inhibits LMP1-induced NF-κB activation, activity-guided fractionation was employed. The CH2Cl2 fraction of CIE strongly reduced LMP1-induced NF-κB activation and LCL viability with relatively low cytotoxic effects on primary human foreskin fibroblast (HFF), HeLa or Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL41) cells. Furthermore, lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpene, was identified in the CH2Cl2 fraction of CIE to attenuate LMP1-induced NF-κB activation and LCL viability. This study demonstrates that lupeol is one of active compounds in the CH2Cl2 fraction of CIE that inhibits LMP1-induced NF-κB activation and reduces NF-κB-dependent LCL viability.
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Wei QQ, Yin CC, Zhou HY, He DW, Liang GS, Liu YL, Yin M. [Effects of total flavones of Chrysanthemum indicum on proliferation and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells]. ZHONG YAO CAI = ZHONGYAOCAI = JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINAL MATERIALS 2013; 36:1823-1827. [PMID: 24956827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of total flavones of Chrysanthemum indicum on proliferation and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells and its mechanism. METHODS The effect of the total flavones of Chrysanthemum indicum on the proliferation of human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells was detected by CCK assay, and the morphological changes of cells treated with total flavones of Chrysanthemum indicum were observed using contrast microscope. Flow cytomerty was performed to analyze the apoptotic rate of the cells, and the gene expression levels of Caspase-3, BCL-2, BAX were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS The total flavones of Chrysanthemum indicum suppressed the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner. Under a microscope observation of cell morphology, the volume became smaller ,the number of internal particles was increased. Cell apoptosis rate was positively related to the drug concentration. After treated for 48 hours, Caspase-3 and BAX expression were up-regulated, BCL-2 and BCL-2/BAX were decreased. CONCLUSION The total flavones of Chrysanthemum indicum can inhibit the proliferation of osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 by inducing cell apoptosis,the mechanism of which might be related with reducing BCL-2/BAX and activating Caspase-3.
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Wang L, Wang T, Guo QS, Huang Y, Xu HK. [Comparative study on four major active compounds of Sanvitalia procumbens and Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 'Hangju' and 'Gongju']. ZHONGGUO ZHONG YAO ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO ZHONGYAO ZAZHI = CHINA JOURNAL OF CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA 2013; 38:3442-3445. [PMID: 24490550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The contents of chlorogenic acid, 3,5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, galuteolin and quercitrin in Sanvitalia procumbens and Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hangju' and 'Gongju' were determined by RP-HPLC. The main active ingredient of S. procumbens was similar to C. morifolium cv. 'Hangju' and 'Gongju'. The content varied significantly. The contents of chlorogenic acid, quercitrin and galuteolin in S. procumbens were 7.46, 46.58, 26.01 mg x g(-1), respectively, and they were the highest among the samples. The content of 3,5-O-caffeoylquinic acid in C. morifolium cv. 'Hangju' was 14.70 mg x g(-1), it was the highest among the samples. The data of the study provide a basis for further research and development of S. procumbens.
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Zhang L, Wang DQ. [Change of Chinese chrysanthemi flos from different producing areas in storage]. ZHONGGUO ZHONG YAO ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO ZHONGYAO ZAZHI = CHINA JOURNAL OF CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA 2013; 38:3458-3460. [PMID: 24490553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To observe and analyze the character change of Chinese Chrysanthemi Flos from different producing areas in the same storage conditions, and provide certain reference to the study of storage method and storage time of Chrysanthemi Flos. METHOD Different species of Chrysanthemi Flos were collected from the whole country at the same period, stored in the same nature conditions for three years. The change on worm situation, mildew degree, flower shape, color and appearance character were ovserved. RESULT The degree of worm and mildew situation of different regions of Chrysanthemi Flos was: Qiju < Hangju < Gongju < Chuju < Jiju = Huaiju = Damaya chrysanthemum. Among three cultivar species of Hangju, 'Huju' was the best preserved, following by 'Xiaobaiju', the worst was 'Dabaiju'. After the storage, the degree of worm situation of Gongju was different. The degree of worm situation of Chuju and Qiju were related to the process methods. CONCLUSION The storage changes of Chrysanthemi Flos were related to the regions, specise, process methods, geography location and harvest time, etc. Different specises of Chrysanthemi Flos had different storage time.
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Dai S, Zhang M, Cheng WM, Zhang X, Zhang QL, Li J. [Simultaneous determination of eight active components in Chrysanthemum indicum by HPLC]. ZHONGGUO ZHONG YAO ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO ZHONGYAO ZAZHI = CHINA JOURNAL OF CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA 2013; 38:1961-1965. [PMID: 24066592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, linarin and luteolin in Chrysanthemum indicum. The separation was carried out on a Shim pack VP-ODS (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column eluting with mobile phases of methanol (A) and water containing 0.3% phosphoric acid (B) in gradient mode (0-9 min, 85% -80% B; 9-12 min, 80% -70% B; 12-15 min, 70% -65% B; 15-20 min, 65% -60% B; 20-23 min, 60% -55% B; 23-29 min, 55% -54.4% B; 29-32 min, 54.4% -45% B; 32-37 min, 45% -5% B; 37-45 min, 5% -85% B) at the flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was 35 degrees C and the detection wavelength was set at 326 nm. The good separation of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, linarin and luteolin was achieved within 40 min. Calibration curves of the eight effective components showed good linear relationship (r > 0.999 5, n = 7). The average recoveries were within 97.03%-102.3% (RSD < 2.0%, n = 6). The method is simple, accurate and repeatable and can be used for the quality control of Ch. indicum.
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Zhang XH, Li H, Qin KM, Liu X, Wang B, Cai BC. [Optimization of extraction process of Chrysanthemi Flos by multi-index orthogonal experiment]. ZHONGGUO ZHONG YAO ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO ZHONGYAO ZAZHI = CHINA JOURNAL OF CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA 2013; 38:821-824. [PMID: 23717959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore quantitative assessment indicators of Chrysanthemi Flos, and optimize the extraction process of Chrysanthemi Flos through orthogonal experimental design. METHOD The concentration of ethanol, amount of ethanol, extraction time and extraction frequency were selected as factors in the L9 (3(4)) orthogonal experiment. A comprehensive assessment was conducted with the peak area of the eight major common peaks in the fingerprint of Chrysanthemi Flos as the indicators. RESULT The optimum extraction process was selected as follows: using ultrasonic extraction method, adding 30-fold ethanol with 80% concentration, extracting for 2 times for extraction, 40 min for each time. CONCLUSION The optimized extraction process is reliable, with controllable assessment indicators, which is significant to the standardization of the extraction process and quality control of Chrysanthemi Flos preparations.
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Nie JS, Zhai HY, Wu DL, Zhang YZ, Fang CW, Yu NJ. [Analysis of trace elements in chrysanthemum from different habitats with ICP-MS]. ZHONG YAO CAI = ZHONGYAOCAI = JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINAL MATERIALS 2013; 36:358-360. [PMID: 24010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a method for determination of trace elements in chrysanthemum and analyze trace elements in chrysanthemum from different habitats. METHODS The preprocessing for determination of trace elements in chrysanthemum was carried out by microwave digestion,the content of trace elements in chrysanthemum was determined by ICP-MS. RESULTS The content of trace elements of chryscmthemum varied with the habitats. CONCLUSION The contents of trace elements as well as heavy metals of Chrysanthemum relate to its species and habitats to a certain degree.
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Li LP, Wu XD, Chen ZJ, Sun SY, Ye JF, Zeng S, Jiang HD. Interspecies difference of luteolin and apigenin after oral administration of Chrysanthemum morifolium extract and prediction of human pharmacokinetics. DIE PHARMAZIE 2013; 68:195-200. [PMID: 23556338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to study the interspecies difference in the pharmacokinetics of luteolin and apigenin occurring in Chrysanthemum morifolium extract (CME) among rats, beagle dogs, mini-pigs, and humans, and compared the human pharmacokinetic parameters with the data predicted from the above three animals. The plasma concentrations of luteolin and apigenin were determined with a RP-HPLC method. An interspecies difference of pharmacokinetics was found, especially between rats and other species, the plasma concentration of luteolin was much lower than that of apigenin in rats, although the content of luteolin in CME was higherthan that of apigenin, whereas the plasma concentration of luteolin was much higher than that of apigenin in dogs, mini-pigs and humans. Animal scale-up of some pharmacokinetic parameters of luteolin and apigenin were also performed after rats, beagle dogs, mini-pigs and humans were orally given CME at dosages of 400 mg/kg, 102 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Linear relationships were obtained between log mean retention time (MRT) and log species body weight (W) (kg), and log elimination half-life (t1/2) (h) and logW. The corresponding allometric equations were MRT=9.382W(0.1711) (R2 = 0.9999) and t1/2 = 4.811W(0.1093) (R2 = 0.9013) for luteolin, MRT = 12.53W(0.0356) (R2 = 0.9980) and t1/2 = 7.940W(0.0294) (R2 = 0.9258) for apigenin, respectively. The predicted human pharmacokinetic parameters (MRT and t1/2) by an allometric approach were 18.6 h and 7.46 h for luteolin, 14.3 h and 8.95 h for apigenin, respectively, which were close to the values obtained from humans (20 mg CME/kg) in the present study. The study has demonstrated the possibility to extrapolate the pharmacokinetic behavior of flavonoids from animals to humans.
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Niu Y, Yin L, Luo S, Dong J, Wang H, Hashi Y, Chen S. Identification of the anti-oxidants in Flos Chrysanthemi by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS(n) and HPLC coupled with a post-column derivatisation system. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:59-68. [PMID: 22736398 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flos Chrysanthemi (Jiju) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that is known to have anti-oxidant activity; in this study, on-line HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS(n) and HPLC-DAD-DPPH methods have been developed for rapidly screening and identifying free-radical scavengers in Jiju extract. OBJECTIVE To develop an efficient method for the simultaneous identification and detection of the anti-oxidant components in Flos Chrysanthemi (Jiju). METHODOLOGY A concentrated methanol extract of Flos Chrysanthemi from Jiaxiang County (Jiju) was first separated into phases soluble in water, petroleum ether and n-butanol. The off-line 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging method was then used to evaluate the anti-oxidant activity of each phase in vitro. The results showed that the n-butanol extract had the highest anti-oxidant activity, and its anti-oxidant compounds were analysed by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS(n) and HPLC coupled with a post-column derivatisation (PCD) system supplied with DPPH, aluminium chloride or sodium acetate solutions. RESULTS A total of 17 compounds were separated and identified, three of which were identified in Jiju for the first time, and seven active compounds serve as the chemical basis of the anti-oxidant efficacy of Jiju. CONCLUSION The methods described here allow rapid separation and convenient identification of the multiple constituents in Jiju, and may be applied to other complex natural matrices.
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Wang Y, Lee SM, Dykes GA. Potential mechanisms for the effects of tea extracts on the attachment, biofilm formation and cell size of Streptococcus mutans. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:307-318. [PMID: 23528127 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.774377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tea can inhibit the attachment of Streptococcus mutans to surfaces and subsequent biofilm formation. Five commercial tea extracts were screened for their ability to inhibit attachment and biofilm formation by two strains of S. mutans on glass and hydroxyapatite surfaces. The mechanisms of these effects were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and phytochemical screening. The results indicated that extracts of oolong tea most effectively inhibited attachment and extracts of pu-erh tea most effectively inhibited biofilm formation. SEM images showed that the S. mutans cells treated with extracts of oolong tea, or grown in medium containing extracts of pu-erh tea, were coated with tea components and were larger with more rounded shapes. The coatings on the cells consisted of flavonoids, tannins and indolic compounds. The ratio of tannins to simple phenolics in each of the coating samples was ∼3:1. This study suggests potential mechanisms by which tea components may inhibit the attachment and subsequent biofilm formation of S. mutans on tooth surfaces, such as modification of cell surface properties and blocking of the activity of proteins and the structures used by the bacteria to interact with surfaces.
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Xie YY, Qu JL, Wang QL, Wang Y, Yoshikawa M, Yuan D. Comparative evaluation of cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis and antiallergic assay. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:12574-83. [PMID: 23214422 DOI: 10.1021/jf304080v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A multicomponent quantification fingerprint based on HPLC coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS) technique has been established for the analysis of phenolic compounds in 12 samples originated from 5 different cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers in China. Four caffeoylquinic acids and 15 flavonoids in the capitulum were identified by comparing the retention times and ultraviolet spectra as well as the mass spectrum and/or matching the empirical molecular formula with that of reference compounds, and the contents of these compounds have been determined simultaneously. The samples from three medicinal cultivars significantly differed in the quality and quantity of flavonoid aglycones and glycosides compared with those from two edible cultivars, which allows the possibility of showing the chemical distinctness of these cultivars and may be useful in their standardization. Moreover, the antiallergic effects of these cultivars were comparatively assayed for the first time. A representative medicinal cultivar, 'huaiju', showed potential activity on the inhibition of antigen-induced degranulation from RBL-2H3 cells and compound 48/80-induced scratching in mice, whereas the in vitro and in vivo antiallergic activities of two edible cultivars were weak. The results suggested that the quality and quantity of some active flavonoid aglycones should be responsible for the pharmacological profiles of these cultivars.
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Wang T, Guo QS, Mao PF, Zhu ZB, Zhu LJ, Chen Y. [Comparison of botanical characteristics of cultivated Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hangju' of different origins]. ZHONGGUO ZHONG YAO ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO ZHONGYAO ZAZHI = CHINA JOURNAL OF CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA 2012; 37:3536-3539. [PMID: 23477134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare botanical characteristics of cultivated Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hangju' of different origins in order to provide the basis for introduction and cultivation of Ch. morifolium cv. 'Hangju'. METHOD The characteristics of plants, leaves and capitulum of Ch. morifolium cv. 'Hangju' were measured, and the obtained data were analyzed and compared. RESULT The range of plant height was 60.87-99.47 cm, number of branches 2.76-5.20, leave length 4.90-8.40 cm, leave width 3.25-5.38 cm, aspect ratio of leave 1.35-1.83, number of leave split 1.92-3.08. Numbers of capitulum were 21.92-53.12, diameter of capitulum 3.41-5.48 cm, lays of ray florets 3.28-7.16, number of ray florets 55.32-114.60, ray florets length 1.58-2.37 cm, ray florets width 0.50-0.69 cm, aspect ratio of ray florets 2.90-3.99, diameter of tubular flower 1.10-1.58 cm. CONCLUSION The botanical characteristics of cultivated Ch. morifolium cv. 'Hangju' were distinguished from different origins. With the cultivation environment change, the botanical characteristics of the cultivars are changed.
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Zhang YL, Xia Y, Zhou Q, Sun SQ. [Study on different extracts of Chrysanthemum indicum by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy]. GUANG PU XUE YU GUANG PU FEN XI = GUANG PU 2012; 32:3225-3228. [PMID: 23427540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
According to the macro-fingerprint characteristic of infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and second-derivative infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the extracts of chrysanthemum indicum L. by different solvents. It was speculated preliminarily that the main component of petroleum ether extract was long chain fatty acids (esters) and terpenes of small molecules, ethyl acetate extract contains terpenes and flavonoids mainly, ethanol and 95% ethanol extract was mainly composed of flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, and deionized water extract contains polysaccharides and tannins mainly. Besides, the content of flavonoids in ethanol extract is the highest by comparison of the infrared spectroscopy of different extracts with that of buddleoside. Thus, the infrared spectroscopy can analyze directly the extracts of traditional Chinese medicines, recognize the main ingredient preliminarily, and then supply directional reference for further planning the extract scheme and detection methods.
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Zhang DP, Xue ZP, Liu J, Kang WY. [Stable life predection of Hangbaiju and Gongju by classic constant temperature accelerated test method]. ZHONGGUO ZHONG YAO ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO ZHONGYAO ZAZHI = CHINA JOURNAL OF CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA 2012; 37:3182-3184. [PMID: 23397708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the stability of chlorogenic acid, cynaroside and 3,5-O-discaffeoylquinc acid in Hangbaiju and Gongju and to predict their term of validity. METHOD Hangbaiju and Gongju were incubated in an environmental chamber at different temperatures and relative humidities. After the incubation, quantitative determination of chlorogenic acid, cynaroside, 3,5-O-discaffeoylquinc acid in Hangbaiju and Gongju were measured by HPLC. The effective period of the preparation was calculated according to Arrhinius index law. Quantitative determination of 3,5-O-discaffeoylquinc acid, cynaroside, chlorogenic acid in Hangju and Gongju were analyzed by HPLC. RESULT The stable life of Hangbaiju has been determined as 2.25 years. The stable life of Gongju has been determined as 4.31 years. CONCLUSION The high temperature is not conducive to the stability of Hangbaiju and Gongju, which needs to be placed in a dark and cool place.
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