201
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Nashima K, Mitsudo M, Kito Y. Molecular weight and structural studies on cephalopod rhodopsin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 579:155-68. [PMID: 465526 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(79)90095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The protein moiety of squid (Watasenia scintillans) rhodopsin has been shown to have a molecular weight of 46 800 by means of amino acid analysis. This value was comparable to the value (51 000) obtained from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After the squid eyes were incubated at 10 degrees C for 8 days, the rhodopsin showed a molecular weight of 39 000 on electrophoresis. The smaller molecular weight was ascertained by amino acid analysis of the rhodopsin; and may result from autolysis by the lysosomal enzyme. The rhodopsin in rhabdomeric membranes and in detergent solution was treated with chymotrypsin, papain or subtilisin. These enzymes first produced the 39 000 dalton rhodopsin and then cleaved this into the 25 000 and 14 000 dalton peptides without bleaching. The rhodopsin was attacked by proteases and readily lost an approx. 12 000 dalton peptide portion. This portion included the COOH-terminal and was rich in glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine and tyrosine residues.
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202
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Liang CJ, Yamashita K, Muellenberg CG, Shichi H, Kobata A. Structure of the carbohydrate moieties of bovine rhodopsin. J Biol Chem 1979; 254:6414-8. [PMID: 447724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugar chains of bovine rhodopsin were released from the polypeptide moiety by hydrazinolysis and reduced with NaB[3H]4 after N-acetylation. The radioactive oligosaccharides thus obtained were fractionated into three components by paper chromatography. The structures of these components were elucidated as GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3 (Man alpha 1 leads to 6)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3(Man alpha 1 leads to 3 and 6 Man alpha 1 leads to 6)Man beta leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, and GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3(Man alpha 1 leads to 3 (Man alpha 1 leads to 6)Man alpha 1 leads to 6)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, by sequential exoglycosidase digestion, methylation analysis, and endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase D digestion. The unusual features of the sugar chains of rhodopsin molecule seem to support the proposed processing pathway for the biosynthesis of asparagine-linked sugar chains of glycoproteins.
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203
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Shnyrov VL, Berman AL, Lazarev IA. [Study of heat denaturation of rhodopsin in the external retinal rod segments of cattle by infrared spectroscopy]. BIOFIZIKA 1979; 24:752-4. [PMID: 476183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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204
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Monger TG, Alfano RR, Callender RH. Photochemistry of rhodopsin and isorhodopsin investigated on a picosecond time scale. Biophys J 1979; 27:105-15. [PMID: 262374 PMCID: PMC1328550 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(79)85205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine rhodopsin and isorhodopsin were excited with a single 530-nm, 7-ps light pulse emitted by a mode-locked Nd 3+ glass laser at room temperature. Within 3 ps of excitation, absorbance changes due to formation of bathorhodopsin were observed. The difference spectra generated during and 100 ps after pulse excitation are presented. The data show that bathorhodopsin formation is completed within 3 ps for both the primary pigments and suggest that a single common bathorhodopsin is photochemically formed from both primary pigments. Our findings provide additional support for the cis-trans isomerization model of the primary event in vision. Additional absorption transients that were observed near 670 and 460 nm are discussed.
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205
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Davoust J, Schoot BM, Devaux PF. Physical modifications of rhodopsin boundary lipids in lecithin-rhodopsin complexes: a spin-label study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:2755-9. [PMID: 223156 PMCID: PMC383687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.6.2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microviscosity of rhodopsin boundary lipids was studied with a spin-labeled fatty acid covalently attached to rhodopsin, in rhodopsin-egg lecithin vesicles. When the lipid-to-protein ratio was high (500:1, mole to mole), only narrow peaks were visible in electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum at 37 degrees C. This enabled us to show that, under these conditions, not more than 10% of the probes have their motion strongly restricted by the proximity of the protein. When the temperature was reduced, a second component characteristic of strong immobilization appeared. It corresponds to 50% of the signal at -5 degrees C. At all temperatures reduction of the lipid-to-protein ratio also resulted in an increase of the amount of immobilized lipid. These results show that the rhodopsin boundary layer under physiological conditions is associated with low microviscosity. However, low temperatures, low lipid-to-protein ratios, or combinations of the two can induce dramatic modifications of the physical state of the boundary lipids, which under these conditions may no longer be representative of the functional biological system. These results are relevant to the general theory of lipid-protein interaction.
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206
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Honig B, Ebrey T, Callender RH, Dinur U, Ottolenghi M. Photoisomerization, energy storage, and charge separation: a model for light energy transduction in visual pigments and bacterio rhodopsin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:2503-7. [PMID: 288039 PMCID: PMC383634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.6.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple model for the early events in visual pigments and bacteriorhodopsin is proposed. The model makes use of the likelihood that a negatively charged amino acid forms a salt bridge with the positively charged nitrogen of the retinylic chromophore. The photochemical event is a cis-trans isomerization in visual pigments and a trans-cis isomerization in bacteriorhodopsin, which in each case cleaves the salt bridge and thus separates charge in the interior of the protein. We propose that this is how the energy of a photon is transduced into chemical free energy of the primary photoproduct. The use of photoisomerization of a flexible chromophore to achieve charge separation provides a general mechanism which may be applicable to other systems. Our model explains many of the fundamental properties of visual pigments and their photoproducts. First, the extraordinarily low rate of thermally populating the ground state of the primary photoproduct, as determined from psychophysical and electrophysiological measurements, is seen as resulting from the large barrier to thermal isomerization about a double bond, perhaps enhanced by electrostatic attraction in the salt bridge. Second, the increase in energy and the spectral red shift that characterize the primary photochemical events are natural consequences of the separation of charge. Proton-dependent processes detected with picosecond techniques are proposed to be ground-state relaxation processes following the primary photochemical event. Finally, the charged groups of the salt bridge, repositioned by photoisomerization, provide a simple mechanism for vectorial proton translocation in bacteriorhodopsin.
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207
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Darszon A, Vandenberg CA, Ellisman MH, Montal M. Incorporation of membrane proteins into large single bilayer vesicles. Application to rhodopsin. J Cell Biol 1979; 81:446-52. [PMID: 468914 PMCID: PMC2110311 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.81.2.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A general procedure to incorporate membrane proteins in a native state into large single bilayer vesicles is described. The results obtained with rhodopsin from vertebrate and invertebrate retinas are presented. The technique involves: (a) the direct transfer of rhodopsin-lipid complexes from native membranes into ether or pentane, and (b) the sonication of the complex in apolar solvent with aqueous buffer followed by solvent evaporation under reduced pressure. The spectral properties of rhodopsin in the large vesicles are similar to those of rhodopsin in photoreceptors; furthermore, bleached bovine rhodopsin is chemically regenerable with 9-cis retinal. These results establish the presence of photochemically functional rhodopsin in the large vesicles. Freeze-fracture replicas of the vesicles reveal that both internal and external leaflets contain numerous particles approximately 80 A in diameter, indicating that rhodopsin is symmetrically distributed within the bilayer. More than 75% of the membrane area is incorporated into vesicles larger than 0.5 micron and approximately 40% into vesicles larger than 1 micron.
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208
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209
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Matsumoto H, Asato AE, Liu RS. 7-cis-porphyropsin from 7-cis-3-dehydroretinal and cattle opsin. Photochem Photobiol 1979; 29:695-8. [PMID: 451009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1979.tb07751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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210
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211
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Dratz EA, Miljanich GP, Nemes PP, Gaw JE, Schwartz S. The structure of rhodopsin and its disposition in the rod outer segment disk membrane. Photochem Photobiol 1979; 29:661-70. [PMID: 109868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1979.tb07746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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212
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Tsuda M. Transient spectra of intermediates in the photolytic sequence of octopus rhodopsin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 545:537-46. [PMID: 34434 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(79)90162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate photolytic sequence of octopus rhodopsin was studied at different temperatures and different pH values by means of a flash photolysis-rapid scan spectrophotometry near physiological temperature. The first photoproduct in the photolysis of rhodopsin was lumirhodopsin. Transformation of lumirhodopsin leads to mesorhodopsin took place independently of the pH of the solution. Mesorhodopsin was transformed to acid metarhodopsin in acid solution. In alkaline solution, mesorhodopsin was transformed to transient acid metarhodopsin whose absorption spectrum was similar to acid metarhodopsin. Transient acid metarhodopsin was then transformed to alkaline metarhodopsin reaching a tautomeric equilibrium which was determined by the pH of the solution.
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213
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Trissl HW. Light-induced conformational changes in cattle rhodopsin as probed by measurements of the interface potential. Photochem Photobiol 1979; 29:579-88. [PMID: 441131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1979.tb07093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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214
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Eyring G, Mathies R. Resonance Raman studies of batho rhodopsin: evidence for a protonated Schiff base linkage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:33-7. [PMID: 284349 PMCID: PMC382870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A dual beam pump/probe technique has been used with a 585-nm probe wavelength to obtain maximal resonance enhancement of the Raman lines of bathorhodopsin in a photostationary steady-state mixture at -160 degrees C. These studies show that bathorhodopsin has a protonated Schiff base vibration at 1657 cm(-1) which shifts upon deuteration to 1625 cm(-1). Within our experimental error (+/-2 cm(-1)) these frequencies are identical to those observed in rhodopsin and isorhodopsin. These effects show that the strength of the C=N bond and the degree of protonation of the Schiff base nitrogen are the same in bathorhodopsin, rhodopsin, and isorhodopsin. The implication of these results for the structure of the retinal chromophore in bathorhodopsin are discussed. The resonance Raman spectrum of pure bathorhodopsin has been generated by accurately subtracting the residual contributions of rhodopsin and isorhodopsin from spectra of the low temperature photostationary mixture. Bathorhodopsin is found to have lines at 853, 875, 920, 1006, 1166, 1210, 1278, 1323, 1536, and 1657 cm(-1). Also, by using an intensified vidicon detector, we have observed Raman scattering from bathorhodopsin at room temperature by generating a photostationary steady state with pulsed laser excitation. At room temperature the three characteristic lines of bathorhodopsin are found at 858, 873, and 920 cm(-1). The fact that the frequencies of these bathorhodopsin lines are nearly identical at both temperatures implies that the retinal conformation in bathorhodopsin formed at -160 degrees C is the same as that formed at room temperature.
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215
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Brett M, Findlay JB. Investigation of the organization of rhodopsin in the sheep photoreceptor membrane by using cross-linking reagents. Biochem J 1979; 177:215-23. [PMID: 106845 PMCID: PMC1186359 DOI: 10.1042/bj1770215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The organization of rhodopsin in the photoreceptor membrane of sheep rod outer segments was investigated by using a variety of bifunctional reagents. Of the nine reagents used, seven gave oligomeric opsin species, whereas two, copper phenanthroline and dithiobisphenyl azide, failed to cross-link the protein. In general, the cross-linked species obtained showed diminishing yields from dimer to tetramer, together with some higher-molecular-weight aggregates. It is proposed that the patterns of cross-linking arise as a result of collision complexes and best describe a monomeric organization for native rhodopsin. No significant differences between the patterns obtained with dark-adapted bleached or regenerated protein states were observed. This interpretation is discussed in relation to the postulated mechanism of action of rhodopsin.
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216
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Fedorovich IB, Avakian KA. [Relationship between the kinetics of photo- and thermodecolorization of rhodopsin and the question of its heterogeneity]. BIOFIZIKA 1979; 24:38-45. [PMID: 435541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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217
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218
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Regan CM, de Grip WJ, Daemen FJ, Bonting SL. Biochemical aspects of the visual process. XXXIX. Sulfhydryl group reactivity as a probe of transient protein conformational changes during rhodopsin photolysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 537:145-52. [PMID: 718977 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(78)90609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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219
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Chabre M. Diamagnetic anisotropy and orientation of alpha helix in frog rhodopsin and meta II intermediate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:5471-4. [PMID: 310121 PMCID: PMC392986 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.11.5471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The diamagnetic anisotropy of retinal rod outer segments, and its variation upon bleaching, have been measured with a rotating field device. A large molar diamagnetic asymmetry is found for rhodopsin. This cannot be explained by an anisotropy of the aromatic side chains of the protein, nor by the orientation of the retinal chromophore. However, it can be accounted for by an orientation perpendicular to the disc membrane of a major proportion of the alpha-helical segments of the protein. Upon bleaching a decrease of 9 +/- 2% of the diamagnetic asymmetry is observed when going to the meta II intermediate. This change is not mainly due to a reorientation of the retinal, since it is practically insensitive to detachment of the chromophore by addition of NH2OH. Comparison with recent UV linear dichroism results indicate that it may be due to the rotation of a trytophan residue in the bleaching sequence.
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220
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Sulkes M, Lewis A, Marcus MA. Resonance Raman spectroscopy of squid and bovine visual pigments: the primary photochemistry in visual transduction. Biochemistry 1978; 17:4712-22. [PMID: 728380 DOI: 10.1021/bi00615a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectra of squid rhodopsin have been obtained under a variety of temperature and illumination conditions. The data have been characterized in terms of spectral contributions from squid rhodopsin, isorhodopsin, bathorhodopsin, lumirhodopsin, mesorhodopsin, P-465, and acid metarhodopsin. The results are compared with the spectral features obtained from bovine rhodopsin, isorhodopsin, and bathorhodopsin. The data support a proposed structure for the chromophore in bathorhodopsin which is not all trans, 11-cis, or 9-cis. This structure can be generated from either rhodopsin or isorhodopsin by a similar motion (simultaneously rotating chromophore carbon atoms 10 and 11 out-of-plane). Furthermore, we detect the same distinct bathorhodopsin vibrational modes when rhodopsin is illuminated between 4 and 100 K. This demonstrates that under steady-state illumination the light-induced chromophore structural alterations occurring at 4 K are very similar to those occurring at higher temperatures. Finally, our data indicate that bathorhodopsin is generated not only by structural transitions in the chromophore but also alterations in the opsin conformation as has recently been proposed[Lewis, A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 549].
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221
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Kühn H. Light-regulated binding of rhodopsin kinase and other proteins to cattle photoreceptor membranes. Biochemistry 1978; 17:4389-95. [PMID: 718845 DOI: 10.1021/bi00614a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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222
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Abstract
Picosecond spectroscopy is a relatively new field of science that utilizes ultrashort laser pulses to monitor events taking place in the 10(-12) second regime. The continuing development of picosecond spectroscopy has made possible the detection and measurement of the primary events in many physical and tiological processes. This article describes a currently used picosecond spectroscopy system that is capable of reliably recording picosecond events. Two areas of picosecond research are discussed; one concerns the interaction of electrons in fluids, and the second the primary events in vision.
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223
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Shichi H, Somers RL. Light-dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin. Purification and properties of rhodopsin kinase. J Biol Chem 1978; 253:7040-6. [PMID: 690139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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224
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Abstract
A brief discussion of the initial events leading to the visual transduction process will be presented to illustrate the capabilities of picosecond spectroscopy.
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225
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Albert AD, Litman BJ. Independent structural domains in the membrane protein bovine rhodopsin. Biochemistry 1978; 17:3893-900. [PMID: 708684 DOI: 10.1021/bi00612a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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226
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Rousselet A, Devaux PF. Interaction between spin-labeled rhodopsin and spin-labeled phospholipids in the retinal outer segment disc membranes. FEBS Lett 1978; 93:161-4. [PMID: 212310 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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227
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Osborne HB, Nabedryk-Viala E. The conformation of membrane-bound and detergent-solubilised bovine rhodopsin. A comparative hydrogen-isotope exchange study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 89:81-8. [PMID: 699918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb20898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The conformations of the intrinsic membrane protein, rhodopsin, in its membrane-bound and detergent-solubilised states have been compared by hydrogen isotope exchange measurements. The infrared peptide exchange data show that the highly hydrophobic nature of rhodopsin is conserved in the presence of the two detergents used: Cemulsol LA 90 and Ammonyx LO. Only about 50% of the peptide hydrogens exchange under conditions where about 80% would exchange in most soluble proteins. The conformational stability of rhodopsin in these two detergents is also demonstrated by the similarity of the tritium exchange-out kinetics and the infrared amide I band frequencies for both membrane-bound and detergent-solubilised rhodopsin. Upon illumination of rhodopsin (bleaching) in the presence of detergents, the hydrogen exchange rates are greatly increased and shifts in the amide I band frequencies are observed, indicative of a large conformation change. No such change occurs upon bleaching membrane-bound rhodopsin. We conclude that the conformation of rhodopsin is not altered by solubilisation in non-ionic detergents. However, in agreement with previously published results, bleached rhodopsin is stabilised by the membrane but does not retain a native conformation in these detergents.
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228
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Osborne HB, Sardet C, Michel-Villaz M, Chabre M. Structural study of rhodopsin in detergent micelles by small-angle neutron scattering. J Mol Biol 1978; 123:177-206. [PMID: 682198 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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229
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Abstract
Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy provides detailed information on the vibrational and electronic properties of biochemical and biological chromophores. The analysis of RR spectra, using for example model compounds or a group frequency approach, enables us to form an accurate structural picture of the chromophore in its natural biological site. Moreover, the insight gained into the electronic states of a biological chromophore can be crucial to our understanding of its function. Thus the RR technique represents a powerful means of eliciting precise structural and electronic data from a coloured species and of focusing upon key aspects of its function. It has even been possible to obtain RR spectra from some natural chromophores invivo, giving spectra detailed and informative enough to please a spectroscopist from a system complex enough to satisfy a biologist.
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230
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Thacher SM. Light-stimulated, magnesium-dependent ATPase in toad retinal rod outer segments. Biochemistry 1978; 17:3005-11. [PMID: 151554 DOI: 10.1021/bi00608a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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231
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Aton B, Callender RH, Honig B. Photochemical cis-trans isomerisation of bovine rhodopsin at liquid helium temperatures. Nature 1978; 273:784-6. [PMID: 661987 DOI: 10.1038/273784a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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232
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Holten D, Windsor MW. Picosecond flash photolysis in biology and biophysics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOENGINEERING 1978; 7:189-227. [PMID: 352240 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bb.07.060178.001201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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233
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Warshel A. Charge stabilization mechanism in the visual and purple membrane pigments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:2558-62. [PMID: 275826 PMCID: PMC392599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.6.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of charged groups of rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin on the potential energy surface of their chromophore are examined, taking into account the protein dielectric effect. It is found that the barriers for twisting double bonds of an isolated chromophore can be drastically reduced when the chromophore interacts with the protein charges. New types of local minima are found in the ground-state potential surface of the protein-chromophore complex. These minima correspond to "charge-stabilized intermediates" which are formed when a shift of the chromophore positive charge to the ring is stabilized by the ionization of a properly placed acidic group of the protein and by partial alternation of the bond lengths of the chromophore. It is suggested that the absorption of light by rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin may be used not only for isomerization about double bonds, but also for trapping such charge-stabilized intermediates. Thus, for example, it is concluded that prelumirhodopsin might be still in the cis configuration. Both the mechanism of the proton pump system of the purple membrane and the dark reaction of the visual and purple membrane pigments are considered. The connection between the finding of the present work and the mechanism of storage of light energy in photobiology is indicated.
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234
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Pober JS, Iwanij V, Reich E, Stryer L. Transglutaminase-catalyzed insertion of a fluorescent probe into the protease-sensitive region of rhodopsin. Biochemistry 1978; 17:2163-8. [PMID: 27209 DOI: 10.1021/bi00604a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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235
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Cookingham R, Lewis A. Resonance Raman spectroscopy of chemically modified retinals: assigning the carbon--methyl vibrations in the resonance Raman spectrum of rhodopsin. J Mol Biol 1978; 119:569-77. [PMID: 642003 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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236
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Maeda A, Schichida Y, Yoshizawa T. Formation of 7-cis retinal by the direct irradiation of all-trans retinal. J Biochem 1978; 83:661-3. [PMID: 565355 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a131957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
7-cis Retinal, one of the geometrical isomers of retinal, was prepared by the direct irradiation of all-trans retinal dissolved in ethanol and successive separation by high performance liquid chromatography. The production for its purification and identification are described.
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Shukoliukov SA, Chizhevich EP, Korchagin VP. [Accessibility of sulfhydryl groups to 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid and acid-base properties of bovine and walleye pollock rhodopsin preparations]. BIOKHIMIIA (MOSCOW, RUSSIA) 1978; 43:296-304. [PMID: 25681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both the number of exposed SH-groups and the rate of reaction with 5,5'dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) in walleye pollock and bovine rhodopsin depend on a degree of native structure of the preparation to be investigated. The preparations studied can be arranged in the order of increase of these parameters as follows: ROS less than rhodopsin extracted by digitonin less than triton X-100 less than cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) less than sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). After illumination of ROS and digitonin, triton X-100 and CTAB-solubilized rhodopsin, and increase was observed in the number of modified SH-groups. Dark and bleached samples of walleye pollock rhodopsin exhibited a faster rate reaction and a more number of modified SH-groups as compared to bovine preparation. The differences between bovine and walleye pollock preparation disappeared after complete opsin unfolding as a result ROS solubilization in SDS. Six SH-groups per molecule of rhodopsin were modified in both preparation under these conditions. No differences in the number of cysteine residues (10--11), disulfide groups (2), acid (35--40) and base (25--30) titratable groups per rhodopsin molecule were found between bovine and walleye pollock ROS membranes. The isoelectric point of both rhodopsin preparations was within the pH range 5.2--5.6. After proteolysis of ROS with papain, a fragment with molecular weight 24500 +/- 1000 was detected, which contained the same number of SH-groups and cysteine residues as in the case of intact rhodopsin. The results obtained suggest that, in spite of a similar primary structure, the walleye pollock visual pigment has more "loose" and "fluid" space packing in the ROS membrane than the bovine pigment.
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238
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Stubbs GW, Litman BJ. Effect of alterations in the amphipathic microenvironment on the conformational stability of bovine opsin. 2. Rate of loss of opsin regenerability. Biochemistry 1978; 17:220-5. [PMID: 619987 DOI: 10.1021/bi00595a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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239
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Stubbs GW, Litman BJ. Effect of alterations in the amphipathic microenvironment on the conformational stability of bovine opsin. 1. Mechanism of solubilization of disk membranes by the nonionic detergent, octyl glucoside. Biochemistry 1978; 17:215-9. [PMID: 619986 DOI: 10.1021/bi00595a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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240
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Bowmaker JK, Dartnall HJ, Lythgoe JN, Mollon JD. The visual pigments of rods and cones in the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta. J Physiol 1978; 274:329-48. [PMID: 415133 PMCID: PMC1282494 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
1. New microspectrophotometric measurements have been made of the photo-pigments of individual rods and cones from the retina of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The measuring beam was passed transversely through isolated outer segments. 2. The transverse absorbance for rods ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 and that for cones from 0.01 to 0.03. 3. The mean absorbance spectrum for rods (n = 25) had a peak of 502 +/- 2.7 nm. A digitonin extract from the same group of eyes gave a lambda-max. of 499 +/- 1 nm. 4. Of a sample of 82 cones, 40 were 'red' (P565 nm) and 42 were 'green' (P536 nm). The mean absorbance spectrum for the green cones is very similar to the Dartnall nomogram, but that for the red cones is narrower. 5. No bleachable, blue-sensitive outer segments were recorded, although structures were found that absorbed at short wave-lengths and were neither photosensitive nor dichroic. 6. If the long wave-length and middle wave-length cone pigments of the rhesus monkey are assumed to be identical to those of man and if additional assumptions are made about the lengths of human outer segments and about prereceptoral absorption, it is possible to derive psychophysical sensitivities that closely resemble the pi5 and pi4 mechanisms of W. S. Stiles.
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241
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Fager RS, Gentilcore PC, Abrahamson EW. Kinetics of cryanoborohydride reduction of bovine rhodopsin. Vision Res 1978; 18:483-8. [PMID: 27004 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(78)90060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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242
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Kawamura S, Wakabayashi S, Maeda A, Yoshizawa T. Iso rhodopsin: conformation and orientation of its chromophore in frog disk membrane. Vision Res 1978; 18:457-62. [PMID: 307300 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(78)90057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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243
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Abstract
The thermal stability of lipid-free rhodopsin in solutions of a homologous series of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide detergents and one nonionic detergent, dodecyl-beta-maltoside, has been studied as a function of detergent concentration. Rhodopsin thermal stability increases with increasing chain length within the homologous series of ionic detergents, and for chain lengths greater than 10 carbon atoms increases with increasing detergent concentration up to a "critical" concentration that depends on the chain length. Stability also increases with increasing detergent concentration for rhodopsin in solutions of the nonionic detergent. These results may be rationalized in terms of the dependence of micelle packing density on the detergent chain length, head group, and concentration.
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244
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Goldsmith TH. The spectral absorption of crayfish rhabdoms: pigment, photoproduct and pH sensitivity. Vision Res 1978; 18:463-73. [PMID: 27003 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(78)90058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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245
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246
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Korenbrot JI, Pramik MJ. Formation, structure, and spectrophotometry of air-water interface films containing rhodopsin. J Membr Biol 1977; 37:235-62. [PMID: 563922 DOI: 10.1007/bf01940934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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247
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248
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O'Brien DF, Zumbulyadis N, Michaels FM, Ott RA. Light-regulated permeability of rhodopsin:egg phosphatidylcholine recombinant membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:5222-6. [PMID: 271947 PMCID: PMC431657 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purified rhodopsin was incorporated into phospholipid bilayers of egg phosphatidylcholine to give recombinant membrane vesicles, which were examined by proton and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Increased rhodopsin content in the membranes appears to progressively inhibit the molecular motions of the methyl, methylene, and phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules. This indicates that regions of the rhodopsin molecule interact in a manner that affects the phospholipids from the aqueous interface to the bilayer midline. In the dark, the recombinant vesicles were sealed to europium, manganese, or cobalt ions. Light exposure allowed rapid equilibration of Mn2+ and Co2+, and somewhat slower equilibration of Eu3+ across the membrane. Light changed the membrane permeability, and the gradient in chemical potential resulted in a net ion movement across the rhodopsin:phospholipid recombinant membrane. The results suggest rhodopsin is a transmembrane protein.
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249
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Shriver J, Mateescu G, Fager R, Toricha D, Abrahamson EW. Unprotonated chromophore-protein bond in visual pigments from 13C-NMR spectra. Nature 1977; 270:271-4. [PMID: 563517 DOI: 10.1038/270271a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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250
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Suzuki T, Makino M, Azuma M. Reversible changes in circular dichroism spectra of cattle rhodopsin and isorhodopsin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 494:115-25. [PMID: 901803 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(77)90139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When the disk membrane of rod outer segment is treated with detergents, the alpha-band CD of rhodopsin decreases and the gamma-band CD increases. This tendency of CD change is most prominent in the purified rhodopsin in cholic acid obtained by the ammonium sulfate fractionation of disk membranes, and the gamma-band CD is three times larger than the alpha-band CD. The beta-band CD of rhodopsin is only slightly influenced by detergents. The gamma-band of isorhodopsin shows two CD bands, one negative and one positive. Both in rhodopsin and isorhodopsin the gamma-band CD is lost by light irradiation. It is supposed that both chromophore retinal and aromatic amino acid residues of opsin are responsible for the gamma-band CD. When ammonium sulfate is added to the sonicated disk membranes suspended in cholic acid solution, the alpha-band CD of rhodopsin decreases to about a third and the gamma-band CD increases remarkably. The CD spectrum goes back to the original one on eliminating ammonium sulfate from the solution with dialysis. However, the purified rhodopsin recovers native CD spectrum on addition of lipids extracted from disk membranes. The retinal-opsin interaction that induces optical activity depends upon the property of a local environment formed by lipid and detergent.
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