126
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Sanders IO, Smith AR, Hall MA. Ethylene metabolism in Pisum sativum L. PLANTA 1989; 179:104-114. [PMID: 24201428 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/1989] [Accepted: 04/20/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The possible role of C2H4 metabolism in mediating the responses of plants to C2H4 is re-examined. It is demonstrated that (i) the effects of inhibitors upon C2H4 action do not correspond with their effects on metabolism, (ii) elicitors of C2H4 effects do not have appropriate effects on C2H4 metabolism, (iii) inhibitors of C2H4 metabolism do not affect the response of plants to C2H4. It is concluded that metabolism of C2H4 is not linked to the mode of action of the growth regulator.
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127
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Sanders IO, Smith AR, Hall MA. The measurement of ethylene binding and metabolism in plant tissue. PLANTA 1989; 179:97-103. [PMID: 24201427 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/1989] [Accepted: 04/20/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Methods are described for the rigorous measurement of C2H4 metabolism and C2H4 binding in plant tissue. Comparisons are drawn between the results obtained using other methods and those which emerge from our studies, indicating that significant misapprehensions may have arisen in relation both to the distribution of metabolism and binding.
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128
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Hill JC, Wohn FK, Winger JA, Khayat M, Mercier MT, Smith AR. Two-neutron emission from electromagnetic dissociation of 59Co and 197Au targets by relativistic heavy ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1989; 39:524-529. [PMID: 9955224 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.39.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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129
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Smith AR, Hosker GL, Warrell DW. The role of pudendal nerve damage in the aetiology of genuine stress incontinence in women. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1989; 96:29-32. [PMID: 2923841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1989.tb01572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conduction was studied in the terminal branches of the pudendal nerve in 42 women with normal urinary control and 87 women with stress incontinence of urine, genitourinary prolapse, or both. Women with stress incontinence of urine had delayed conduction to both the striated urethral muscle and the pelvic floor muscle, indicative of denervation injury. Women with normal urinary control and genitourinary prolapse had similar conduction times to the urethral sphincter striated muscle as normal women but clear evidence of denervation damage to the pelvic floor.
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130
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Smith AR, Hosker GL, Warrell DW. The role of partial denervation of the pelvic floor in the aetiology of genitourinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A neurophysiological study. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1989; 96:24-8. [PMID: 2923840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1989.tb01571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-fibre electromyography of the pubococcygeus muscle of the pelvic floor was performed in 69 asymptomatic women and 105 women with stress incontinence of urine or genitourinary prolapse or both. The results suggest that partial denervation of the pelvic floor with subsequent reinnervation is a normal accompaniment of ageing and is increased by childbirth. Women with stress incontinence of urine or genitourinary prolapse or both have a significant increase in denervation of the pelvic floor compared with asymptomatic women.
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131
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Gilpin SA, Gosling JA, Smith AR, Warrell DW. The pathogenesis of genitourinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A histological and histochemical study. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1989; 96:15-23. [PMID: 2923839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1989.tb01570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Histological and histochemical analysis of biopsy samples of pubococcygeus muscle obtained from asymptomatic women and from women with stress incontinence of urine, with or without genitourinary prolapse, have been compared. In the asymptomatic women both age and parity appeared to be related to the morphological features of the samples and in particular those obtained from the posterior part of the pubococcygeus. In the symptomatic women there was a significant increase in the number of muscle fibres showing pathological damage which were obtained from the posterior part of the pelvic floor. The range of diameters of both Type I and Type II fibres obtained from this region was significantly different between symptomatic and asymptomatic women. These findings may be attributable to partial denervation of the pelvic floor in patients with urinary stress incontinence with or without genital tract prolapse.
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132
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Maloney SE, Maule A, Smith AR. Microbial transformation of the pyrethroid insecticides: permethrin, deltamethrin, fastac, fenvalerate, and fluvalinate. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:2874-6. [PMID: 3145715 PMCID: PMC204391 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.11.2874-2876.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pure cultures of Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Achromobacter sp. were shown to transform five pyrethroid insecticides in the presence of Tween 80. One of the major products, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, was further transformed to 4-hydroxy-3-phenoxybenzoic acid. Permethrin was the most rapidly transformed of the pyrethroids, with a half-life of less than 5 days.
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133
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Hill JC, Wohn FK, Winger JA, Khayat M, Leininger K, Smith AR. Electromagnetic dissociation of 59Co and 197Au targets by relativistic 139La projectiles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1988; 38:1722-1729. [PMID: 9954982 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.38.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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134
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Caldwell DO, Eisberg RM, Grumm DM, Witherell MS, Sadoulet B, Goulding FS, Smith AR. Laboratory limits on galactic cold dark matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1988; 61:510-513. [PMID: 10039354 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.61.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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135
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Smith AR, Hill JC, Winger JA, Karol PJ. Cross section for the 12C(139La,X)11C reaction at relativistic energies. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1988; 38:210-212. [PMID: 9954794 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.38.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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136
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Smith AR, Bjarngard BE, Chen GT, Pelizzari CA, Paliwal BR, Persson B, Strohbehn JW, Shrivastava PN, Bigler RE, Zanzonico PB. Basic and clinical radiation physics. Am J Clin Oncol 1988; 11:187-211. [PMID: 3289358 DOI: 10.1097/00000421-198806000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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137
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Kort WJ, Marquet RL, Smith AR, Westbroek DL. Evaluation of five training courses in microsurgery. THE NETHERLANDS JOURNAL OF SURGERY 1988; 40:90-2. [PMID: 3405446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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138
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van der Kogel AJ, Martin JC, Smith AR, Raju MR. Late effects of fractionated pi-mesons compared to X rays on mouse lung. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1988; 14:1175-84. [PMID: 3384720 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(88)90396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Early and late delayed effects of up to 20 fractions of pions and X rays were investigated in the mouse lung. The whole thorax of female CD-1 mice was irradiated under Ethrane/O2 anesthesia. Respiration rate was measured by whole body plethysmography at biweekly to monthly intervals. With signs of irreversible respiratory distress, animals were sacrificed and their lungs evaluated histologically. In addition to the effect of fractionation, the influence of dose-rate and anesthesia was studied as well. The degree of injury for the most predominant lesions (macrophage accumulation, fibrosis, vascular congestion) was scored, and the correlation with the relative change in respiratory rate and survival was analyzed. This analysis showed the primary lesion to be radiation pneumonitis at a median survival time of approximately 100 days. Focal fibrosis was observed to occur soon thereafter, and no evidence was obtained for an independent second wave of fibrotic injury. Fibrosis seemed primarily the result of pathological organization in areas with heavy concentration of macrophages. It was observed that the mice were unusually sensitive, with a single dose X ray ED50/180 of 8.8 Gy. A similar value was found for unanesthetized mice. This might have been the result of performing these studies at an altitude of 2100 m. The fractionation effect also seemed more pronounced, with alpha/beta values of 0.6 Gy for X rays and 4 Gy for pions, which is significantly lower compared to reported values. At the pion dose-rate of 0.25 Gy.min-1, RBE values for single doses were 0.9 when compared to high dose-rate X rays, and 1.36 at equivalent dose rates. This clearly shows that significant repair occurs during the relatively low dose-rate pion irradiations. With smaller doses per fraction, the dose-rate effect became less dominant, and for 20 fractions of pions the RBE was 1.4 compared to fractionated high dose-rate X rays. These RBE's are similar to values reported for acute effects in skin.
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139
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Abstract
Excision and replantation of the latissimus dorsi muscle of the rabbit was done after various periods of hypothermic ischemia (5 degrees C). Sections studied under the light microscope were classified as having minimal changes, slight degenerative changes, severe degenerative changes, or necrosis. In all sections of the 24-hour group total or nearly total necrosis was found. In the 5-, 8-, and 16-hour groups slight degenerative changes and severe degenerative changes, with a severe reactive proliferation of fibroblasts were seen. A sliding scale was found in which severe degenerative changes were seen more often as ischemia time lasted longer. No statistical significance was found between the various groups.
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140
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Hill JC, Wohn FK, Winger JA, Smith AR. Electromagnetic dissociation for high-Z projectiles and at ultrarelativistic energies. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1988; 60:999-1001. [PMID: 10037915 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.60.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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141
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Ray TC, Smith AR, Wait R, Hignett RC. Structure of the sidechain of lipopolysaccharide from Erwinia amylovora T. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 170:357-61. [PMID: 3691526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The sidechain of lipopolysaccharide from Erwinia amylovora T was composed of D-fucose, D-galactose and D-glucose in equimolar proportions. Using NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, mass spectrometry, Smith degradation and optical rotation data, the repeat unit was shown to have the following most probable structure: (formula; see text)
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142
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Smith AR. Urinary incontinence. MIDWIFE, HEALTH VISITOR & COMMUNITY NURSE 1987; 23:482-6. [PMID: 3696011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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143
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von Essen CF, Bagshaw MA, Bush SE, Smith AR, Kligerman MM. Long-term results of pion therapy at Los Alamos. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1987; 13:1389-98. [PMID: 3114189 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(87)90235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two hundred twenty-eight patients were treated at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) with negative pi-mesons (pions) between 1974 and 1981. Of these, 19 patients with metastatic disease were treated in pilot studies. Following the clinical determination of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of pions, 209 patients were treated in site and dose searching studies beginning in 1977. Advanced but regionally localized cancers that were considered poorly responsive to conventional therapy were selected for treatment. A wide range of treatment fractions (22 to 45) and of total dose (1800 to 4200 cGy at the 80% isodose level) to the prescribed target volumes was explored. A follow-up observation period of between 4.5 and 9 years has been completed. The analysis focuses on 129 patients receiving pion therapy alone. Thirty-six (28%) had persisting local tumor control of which 12 (9%) suffered complications of treatment. The results varied among treatment sites, for example: prostate cancer, 18/21 (86%) locally controlled, 6/21 (29%) complications; head and neck, 8/31 (26%) locally controlled, 1/31 (3%) complications; and pancreas, none controlled and no complications. Analysis of dose-fraction response suggests a steep rising curve of complications beyond the dose level of 3750 cGy minimum, 4700 cGy maximum, in 38 fractions. The tumor control response has a broader and ill-defined curve possibly due to the heterogeneity of tumor types. The RBE for late effects in normal tissues appeared to be higher than that for acute effects although the mixture of tumor types, sites, dose, and fractionation made this estimate highly uncertain. No late secondary neoplastic changes in pion irradiated tissues were seen. It is concluded that pions can locally ablate some advanced cancers, often without significant sequelae, but that the optimum therapeutic range is critical. The Los Alamos data may be of use to ongoing pion studies in Canada and Switzerland.
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144
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Caldwell DO, Eisberg RM, Grumm DM, Witherell MS, Goulding FS, Smith AR. Limits on neutrinoless beta beta decay, including that with majoron emission. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1987; 59:419-422. [PMID: 10035764 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.59.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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145
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Smith AR, Hur D, Resano F. Grand mal seizures after 2-chloroprocaine epidural anesthesia in a patient with plasma cholinesterase deficiency. Anesth Analg 1987; 66:677-8. [PMID: 3111302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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146
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Smith AR, van Alphen WA, van der Pompe WB. Lymphatic drainage in patients after replantation of extremities. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987; 79:163-70. [PMID: 3809264 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-198702000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lymph drainage was studied by means of lymph scintigraphy in eight patients in whom successful replantation of a totally or subtotally amputated extremity had been performed. Scintigrams were made after subcutaneous injection of technetium-99m in the replanted part of the patient and the contralateral, normal extremity. In all scintigrams, axillary or inguinal lymph node activity is seen, implying drainage of lymph by means of the lymph vessels. Retention of colloid in the replanted part (79 to 94 percent) shows no significant difference with the contralateral, normal side (86 to 94 percent). Unquestionable evidence of regeneration of lymphatics in humans is delivered in the three patients, in whom lymph node activity and normal retention percentages are seen on the scintigrams after total amputation of an extremity followed by replantation without anastomosing of interrupted lymph vessels.
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147
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Smith AR, Swart A. [Free tissue transplantation with microsurgery]. NEDERLANDS TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GENEESKUNDE 1987; 131:59-65. [PMID: 3821977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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148
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Smith AR, Boursnell ME, Binns MM, Brown TD, Inglis SC. Identification of a new gene product encoded by mRNA D of infectious bronchitis virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1987; 218:47-54. [PMID: 2829563 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1280-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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149
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Anderson KL, Smith AR, Shanks RD, Whitmore HL, Davis LE, Gustafsson BK. Endotoxin-induced bovine mastitis: immunoglobulins, phagocytosis, and effect of flunixin meglumine. Am J Vet Res 1986; 47:2405-10. [PMID: 3538954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Milk whey immunoglobulins (Ig) and phagocytosis of staphylococci by milk polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) were measured in 12 cows (allotted to 6 pairs) during acute bovine mastitis induced by intramammary inoculation of endotoxin. Six of these cows (or 1 in each pair) were treated with flunixin meglumine and were compared with the others (given only saline solution). The endotoxin inoculation comprised 10 micrograms of Escherichia coli O26:B6 lipopolysaccharide injected into one of the rear quarters (mammae). Flunixin meglumine was administered parenterally at a dosage of 1.1 mg/kg every 8 hours (total of 7 doses) beginning at 2 hours after endotoxin was injected. Milk samples were obtained, and whey samples were prepared from each quarter of each cow 3 times before inoculation and at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, and 336 hours after endotoxin was inoculated. Significant increases (P less than 0.05) in milk whey IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA concentrations were observed in whey samples from endotoxin-inoculated quarters. Greatest relative increase was seen for IgG2. Increased whey Ig concentrations were not observed in quarters which were not inoculated with endotoxin. Concentrations of whey IgG1 and IgM in endotoxin-inoculated quarters were significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased in flunixin meglumine-treated cows, compared with those in saline solution-treated cows. Significant increases in phagocytosis of staphylococci by milk PMN were observed in whey samples from endotoxin-inoculated quarters. Significant differences in PMN phagocytosis were not found in whey samples from cows given flunixin meglumine when compared with whey samples from cows given saline solution.
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150
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Smith AR, McIntosh M, McInnes GT, Lawson DH. Trends in psychotropic prescribing in general practice and general medical patients. Postgrad Med J 1986; 62:637-41. [PMID: 3748929 PMCID: PMC2418729 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.62.729.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychotropic drug prescribing in 1280 medical inpatients between 1973-75 was compared with that in 1200 similar patients during 1982-83. Three benzodiazepines accounted for 64% of prescriptions in 1973-75 and nine benzodiazepines for 82% of prescriptions in 1982-83. Over the decade, use of psychotropic drugs fell from 56% to 38% (P less than 0.001), primarily due to a reduction in patients treated only in hospital (34% vs 16%, P less than 0.001). Before admission, the proportions of patients receiving these drugs were similar (17% vs 18%). During admission, concomitant administration of similar drugs declined from 22% of patients in 1973-75 to 11% in 1982-83 (P less than 0.001), while concurrent prescribing before admission increased from 13 to 19%. The marked fall in psychotropic drug use and in inappropriate concomitant therapy indicates an encouraging trend towards more rational drug use at least in hospital. This was achieved without fiscal control and further rationalization of prescribing habits may be achieved by self-audit within the profession without legislative action.
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