Growth of Salmonella typhimurium in the caecum of gnotobiotic chickens with Eimeria tenella

Gnotobiotic chickens infected with Eimeria tenella (5 X 10(4) oocysts per bird) received an oral inoculation of 100 Salmonella typhimurium two, four, six or eight days after coccidial infection at four days old. When S typhimurium was given two or four days after E tenella infection, S typhimurium counts in the caecal contents were similar to the counts in birds infected with S typhimurium alone. When S typhimurium was given six or eight days after E tenella infection, counts of the organism were significantly greater than with S typhimurium infection alone. There were no differences in the number of chickens positive for S typhimurium in the caecal contents, bile, liver and spleen between the two groups.

Effects of infection of Eimeria tenella, E. acervulina, and E. maxima upon Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens

Three experiments were conducted to examine whether Salmonella typhimurium infection is enhanced by concurrent infection with Eimeria tenella, E. acervulina, or E. maxima. There were two groups in each experiment: birds infected with a daily oral dose of approximately 1 X 10(4) cfu of S. typhimurium for 5 days after coccidial infection and birds infected with S. typhimurium alone with the similar exposure schedule. Chickens were necropsied 7, 10, and 14 days after coccidial infection. The numbers of S. typhimurium in the contents of ceca and small intestine were counted, and numbers of chickens positive for S. typhimurium in the liver and bile were examined. In E. tenella infection, the S. typhimurium counts in the ceca and small intestine of concurrently infected chickens were significantly greater than those of birds infected with S. typhimurium alone. In E. acervulina infection, the S. typhimurium counts in the ceca of chickens killed 14 days after E. acervulina infection and the numbers of birds positive for S. typhimurium in the ceca of chickens killed 10 and 14 days after E. acervulina infection were significantly greater than those of chickens infected with S. typhimurium alone. In E. maxima infection, the numbers of birds positive for S. typhimurium in the ceca and liver of chickens killed 7 days after E. maxima infection were significantly greater than those of birds infected with S. typhimurium alone. Results of this study indicate that infection with E. acervulina or E. maxima is able to enhance S. typhimurium infection in chickens.

Proliferation of Pasteurella pneumotropica at oestrus in the vagina of rats

Using a colony of Wistar-Imamichi rats contaminated with P. pneumotropica, the vaginal microflora was qualitatively and quantitatively investigated by swabbing. P. pneumotropica was the most dominant organism in the majority of rats examined. The population of P. pneumotropica and indigenous bacteria increased significantly higher at oestrus than in other oestrous stages. By the vaginal flushing technique changes in the population of P. pneumotropica and total bacteria, and changes in vaginal cell type and bacterial counts adhering to vaginal epithelial cells were consecutively investigated. The populations of P. pneumotropica and total bacteria were maximal at oestrus. The increase was correlated with an increase in cornified non-nucleated cells, with large numbers of adherent Gram-negative coccobacilli. The findings indicate that the vagina is a suitable site for colonization by P. pneumotropica in adult female rats, and that proliferation of P. pneumotropica may be due to increased affinity of the organism for cornified non-nucleated cells.

Vaginal and uterine microflora of adult dogs

Aerobic and anaerobic microflora were identified and quantitated in 82 vaginal and 78 uterine samples obtained from mature bitches during different stages of the estrous cycle. The mean +/- SD of total bacterial counts/100 mg of vaginal contents of the 82 bitches was log 5.0 +/- 1.5, ranging from log 2.4 to log 8.8. The count at the estrous stage (log 7.8 +/- 0.7) was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than that at the anestrus (log 4.4 +/- 1.0), pregnancy (log 5.9 +/- 1.3), and postpartum (log 5.1 +/- 1.5) stages. The common organisms isolated from the vaginas were Bacteroidaceae, streptococci, Pasteurella spp, and mycoplasmas. Organisms were isolated from 48 (68%) of 78 uterine samples. The range of total counts/100 mg of uterine contents was from log 1.6 to log 8.3. Staphylococci and mycoplasmas were frequently isolated from the uterine contents. Although many uterine microfloras were similar to vaginal microfloras, some uterine culture had a single isolate identified. There were no pathologic findings in most of the uteri. Seemingly, vaginal bacteria frequently flow into the uterus, yet they rarely cause uterine infection.

The invasion of Salmonella typhimurium into the cecal wall of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella

The effect of concurrent Eimeria tenella and Salmonella typhimurium infections on the invasion of S. typhimurium into the cecal wall of chickens were studied. In the experiment 1) groups were composed of birds infected with a daily dose of 1 X 10(3) to 1 X 10(5) S. typhimurium for 5 days and birds infected with S. typhimurium as the same manner one day after having been infected with 20,000 E. tenella oocysts. Chickens were killed 7, 10 and 14 days after coccidial infection. The ceca were examined bacteriologically. The number of S. typhimurium in the cecal washings and cecal wall and the number of chickens positive for S. typhimurium in the ceca were significantly greater in the concurrent infections than in the S. typhimurium alone. In experiment 2) groups were composed of birds infected with E. tenella and S. typhimurium in the same manner as experiment 1) and birds infected with 2 X 10(6) to 2 X 10(7) S. typhimurium for 5 consecutive days. Chickens were killed 7, 10 and 14 (or 15) days after coccidial infection. The distribution of S. typhimurium in the ceca was examined by fluorescent antibody technique. In coccidia-infected chickens, intense, specific fluorescence was noted in the epithelia destructed by coccidia, around the coccidial oocysts parasitized in the epithelial cells, and in the lamina propria and submucosa. In S. typhimurium alone-infected chickens, specific fluorescence was also found in the epithelia, lamina propria and submucosa, but was only limited in the lumen and on the surface of epithelial linings. The results indicated that the invasion of S. typhimurium into the cecal wall was enhanced by E. tenella infection in chickens.

Establishment and persistence of Salmonella typhimurium infection stimulated by Eimeria tenella in chickens

The effect of the concurrent infections of Salmonella typhimurium and Eimeria tenella on the establishment and persistence of salmonella infection were studied in chickens using salmonella isolated from a broiler chicken. Two experiments, with three replications each, were conducted. In experiment 1, groups were composed of uninfected controls, birds infected with 40,000 E tenella oocysts, birds infected with a daily dose of 1 x 10(4) to 4 x 10(4) S typhimurium for five days after having been infected with coccidial oocysts, and birds infected with S typhimurium alone but following the same pattern as the previous group. Chickens were killed seven, 10 and 14 days after coccidial infection. In experiment 2, groups were composed of birds infected with S typhimurium and those infected with E tenella and S typhimurium in the same manner as experiment 1 but killed 17, 21, 24 and 28 days after coccidial infection. In both experiments, the number of salmonella in caecal contents and the number of chickens with salmonella in the caeca and in the liver were significantly greater in the concurrent infections than in the salmonella infection alone. No salmonella was recovered from the bile samples. Serum agglutinin was detected only from chickens infected with E tenella and S typhimurium. The results demonstrated that the establishment and persistence of S typhimurium infection were enhanced by E tenella infection in chickens.

Eimeria tenella infection enhances Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of concurrent infections of Salmonella typhimurium and Eimeria tenella on establishment of salmonella infection in chickens. There were four groups in all experiments: noninfected controls, birds infected with 50,000 E. tenella oocysts, birds infected with approximately 10(4) S. typhimurium, and birds infected with a combination of E. tenella S. typhimurium. In the first experiment with three identical trials of 80 birds each, chickens were infected with the organisms and necropsied 1, 3, 5, and 7 days later. Concurrent infections of coccidia and salmonella did not significantly enhance salmonella infection in terms of number of salmonella in the ceca and the number of positive birds for salmonella. In the second experiment, consisting of three replications of 80 chickens each, birds were exposed to salmonella on the day of coccidia exposure, 2, 4, or 6 days thereafter, and killed 1 day late. Salmonella in the ceca of coccidia-infected chickens did not increase significantly as compared with salmonella exposure alone. In the third experiment, with three replication of 60 birds each, chickens were exposed consecutively to salmonella 1 through 5 days and killed 7, 10, and 14 days after coccidia infection. There was a significant increase in number of salmonella in coccidia-infected ceca and number of chickens positive for salmonella in ceca or in liver when compared with those of salmonella infection alone.

Incidence of otitis externa in dogs and cats in Japan

The incidence of otitis externa in dogs and cats admitted to the animal hospital of the University of Osaka Prefecture was investigated and the bacteria isolated were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Of the various breeds examined, the incidence of otitis externa was highest in miniature poodles and cocker spaniels and Himalayan and Persian cats. The organisms most commonly associated with otitis externa were coagulase-negative staphylococci, followed by coagulase-positive staphylococci, streptococci and Escherichia coli. Most staphylococci were susceptible to the antibiotics tested, but 15 per cent of staphylococci were resistant to more than three antibiotics. Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes species were resistant to almost all antibiotics except gentamicin and colistin.