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Belikova NA, Jiang J, Tyurina YY, Zhao Q, Epperly MW, Greenberger J, Kagan VE. Cardiolipin-Specific Peroxidase Reactions of Cytochrome c in Mitochondria During Irradiation-Induced Apoptosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69:176-86. [PMID: 17707271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether cytochrome c (cyt c) content and associated cardiolipin oxidation can be determinants of cell sensitivity to irradiation-induced apoptosis. METHODS AND MATERIALS The small interfering RNA (siRNA) approach was used to engineer HeLa cells with lowered contents of cyt c (14%, HeLa 1.2 cells). Cells were treated by gamma-irradiation (in doses of 5-40 Gy). Lipid oxidation was characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis and fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography-based Amplex Red assay. Release of a proapoptotic factor (cyt c, Smac/DIABLO) was detected by Western blotting. Apoptosis was revealed by caspase-3/7 activation and phosphatidylserine externalization. RESULTS Irradiation caused selective accumulation of hydroperoxides in cardiolipin (CL) but not in other phospholipids. HeLa 1.2 cells responded by a lower irradiation-induced accumulation of CL oxidation products than parental HeLa cells. Proportionally decreased release of a proapoptotic factor, Smac/DIABLO, was detected in cyt c-deficient cells after irradiation. Caspase-3/7 activation and phosphatidylserine externalization were proportional to the cyt c content in cells. CONCLUSIONS Cytochrome c is an important catalyst of CL peroxidation, critical to the execution of the apoptotic program. This new role of cyt c in irradiation-induced apoptosis is essential for the development of new radioprotectors and radiosensitizers.
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Epperly MW, Wegner R, Kanai AJ, Kagan V, Greenberger EE, Nie S, Greenberger JS. Effects of MnSOD-Plasmid Liposome Gene Therapy on Antioxidant Levels in Irradiated Murine Oral Cavity Orthotopic Tumors. Radiat Res 2007; 167:289-97. [PMID: 17316075 DOI: 10.1667/rr0761.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Intraoral manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2)-plasmid liposome (PL) radioprotective gene therapy prolongs the survival of mice with orthotopic oral cavity tumors within the irradiated field. To determine whether the mechanism involved effects in antioxidant pool, C57BL/6J mice bearing orthotopic oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma SCC-VII tumors received intraoral or intravenous MnSOD-PL gene therapy 24 h prior to 18 Gy irradiation to the head and neck region. Glutathione (GSH) levels and levels of radiation-generated nitric oxide and peroxynitrite were measured in orthotopic tumors and in adjacent oral mucosa. MnSOD-PL transfection of the SCC-VII tumor cells, but not normal embryo fibroblasts, produced acute radiosensitization. Furthermore, SCC-VII tumor cells demonstrated increased relative hydrogen peroxide (the product of MnSOD superoxide dismutation)-induced apoptosis in vitro. Radiation decreased levels of GSH and increased GPX in both tumor and normal cells in vitro, effects that were blunted by MnSOD-PL treatment. In vivo irradiation decreased GSH and GPX more effectively in tumors, and the decrease was not reversed by MnSOD-PL therapy. Intravenous but not intraoral administration of epitope-tagged hemagglutinin MnSOD-PL resulted in significant uptake in orthotopic tumors and decreased the levels of radiation-induced nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Thus normal tissue radioprotective MnSOD-PL gene therapy radiosensitizes tumor cell lines in vitro and has a therapeutic effect on orthotopic tumors in part through its effects on tumor antioxidants.
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Greenberger JS, Epperly MW. Review. Antioxidant gene therapeutic approaches to normal tissue radioprotection and tumor radiosensitization. In Vivo 2007; 21:141-6. [PMID: 17436562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Administration of manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid liposomes (MnSOD-PL) has been demonstrated to provide local radiation protection to the lung, esophagus, oral cavity, urinary bladder and intestine. Radiation protection has been shown to be mediated in part by MnSOD stabilization of the antioxidant pool including glutathione and total thiols within cells and in normal tissues. In experiments to determine whether organ-specific radioprotection would also protect orthotopic tumors, mice with Lewis lung carcinoma orthotopically placed at the carina or in other experiments with mice with cheek pouch placed SCCVII orthotopic squamous cell tumors demonstrated paradoxical and beneficial tumor radiosensitization following intratracheal or intraoral MnSOD-PL, respectively. The mechanism of MnSOD-PL tumor radiosensitization may involve a difference in redox balance between tumors and normal tissues. Differences in handling radiation-induced oxidative stress between tumors and normal tissues can provide a fundamental basis to design new cancer therapeutic agents which can exploit differences between normal tissue and tumor mechanisms of handling the oxidative stress of ionizing irradiation damage.
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Epperly MW, Cao S, Zhang X, Franicola D, Shen H, Greenberger EE, Epperly LD, Greenberger JS. Increased longevity of hematopoiesis in continuous bone marrow cultures derived from NOS1 (nNOS, mtNOS) homozygous recombinant negative mice correlates with radioresistance of hematopoietic and marrow stromal cells. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:137-45. [PMID: 17198882 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1, mitochondrial NOS, neuronal NOS) homozygous deletion recombinant negative mice demonstrate ionizing irradiation resistance in vivo, attributable to the decrease in mitochondrial-localized production of peroxynitrite, a potent lipid toxic free radical species resulting from the combination of nitric oxide and superoxide. The present studies were designed to determine whether reduced mitochondrial generation of toxic radical oxygen species in NOS1-/- mice also increased the longevity of hematopoiesis in continuous bone marrow cultures and conferred radioresistance to cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMCs) were established from NOS1-/- and NOS1+/+ littermate mice. Radiation resistance of hematopoietic and marrow stromal cells was measured. Cell cycle analysis and measurement of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were carried out on irradiated clonal bone marrow stromal cell lines. RESULTS A significant increase in longevity of hematopoiesis was detected in NOS1-/- mouse LTBMCs for over 64 weeks in culture compared to 20 weeks for NOS1+/+ mouse LTBMCs (p < 0.001). Permanent bone marrow stromal cell lines derived from NOS1-/- mouse LTBMCs demonstrated increased radioresistance in vitro reflected by an increased shoulder on the survival curve with n = 32.15 +/- 1.21 compared to NOS1+/+ cells n = 10.47 +/- 3.2 (p = 0.0026), interleukin-3-dependent NOS1-/- hematopoietic progenitor cell lines also demonstrated decreased apoptosis after 10 Gy irradiation. Both pre- and postirradiation stabilization of the cellular antioxidant pool was detected in NOS1-/- cells. NOS1-/- cells showed a prolonged G1 cell cycle arrest after 10 Gy. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged hematopoiesis in LTBMCs correlates with intrinsic radioresistance of hematopoietic and marrow stromal cells from NOS1-/- mice. The data confirm the importance to hematopoiesis of mitochondrial localized nitric oxide in both radioresistance and longevity of hematopoiesis in continuous bone marrow cultures.
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Epperly MW, Franicola D, Zhang X, Nie S, Greenberger JS. Effect of EGFR antagonists gefitinib (Iressa) and C225 (Cetuximab) on MnSOD-plasmid liposome transgene radiosensitization of a murine squamous cell carcinoma cell line. In Vivo 2006; 20:791-6. [PMID: 17203769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy of tumors of the head and neck region is compromised by dose limiting toxicity of normal tissues including the oral cavity and oropharyngeal mucosa. MnSOD-Plasmid Liposome (MnSOD-PL) intraoral gene therapy has been demonstrated to decrease normal tissue toxicity and also improve survival in mice with orthotopic SCC-VII squamous cell tumors on the floor of the mouth. Furthermore, intravenous administration of MnSOD-PL in mice with orthotopic tumors, or addition of MnSOD-PL to tumor cell lines in vitro produces a radiosensitizing effect attributable to differences in antioxidant pool responses of tumor cells compared to normal tissues following irradiation. To determine whether EGF receptor (EGFR) antagonists Iressa, or Cetuximab provided further improvement of radiation killing of squamous cell tumors, MnSOD-PL transfected or control SCCVII tumor cells were irradiated in vitro, and then the effect of EGFR receptor antagonists was tested. Cells transfected with MnSOD-PL were relatively radiosensitive D0 = 1.244 +/- 0.126 Gy compared to control D0 = 3.246 +/- 0.087 (p < 0.0001). Clonogenic radiation survival curves of SCCVII cells demonstrated radiosensitization by Iressa D0 = 2.770 +/- 0.134 Gy (p = 0.0264), but no significant radiosensitizing effect of Cetuximab D0 = 3.193 +/- 0.309 (p = 0.7338). The combination of MnSOD-PL plus Iressa further increased radiosensitivity of SCC-VII cells in vitro D0 = 0.785 +/- 0.01064 (p < 0.0001). The results suggest some synergy of the effectiveness of the EGFR antagonist Iressa on increasing the radiation killing of SCC-VII cells that supplements MnSOD-PL tumor radiosensitization.
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Epperly MW, Franicola D, Zhang X, Nie S, Wang H, Bahnson AB, Shields DS, Goff JP, Shen H, Greenberger JS. Reduced irradiation pulmonary fibrosis and stromal cell migration in Smad3-/- marrow chimeric mice. In Vivo 2006; 20:573-82. [PMID: 17091762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary irradiation fibrosis involves migration to the lungs of bone marrow origin myofibroblast progenitor cells (marrow stromal cells (MSCs)). Smad3-/- mice display decreased ionizing irradiation-induced skin fibrosis, defective osteochondrogenesis and other abnormalities thought to be associated with a defective stromal cell response(s) to transforming growth factor-beta (TGFFbeta). Clonal bone marrow stromal cell lines were derived from the adherent layer of continuous bone marrow cultures of homozygous deletion recombinant negative Smad3-/- mice and Smad3+/+ littermates. Quantitation in an Automated Cell Tracking System of the in vitro single cell migratory capacity over five days demonstrated a significant decrease in locomotion in microns per 24 h of Smad3-/- compared to Smad3+/+ clonal MSC lines. Reexpression by retroviral vector transfection of the Smad3 but not control ds-red transgene restored in vitro migratory capacity. Intravenously injected GFP transgene product labeled Smad3-/- (MSCs) seeded 10-fold less effectively than ds-red transgene product labeled Smad3+/+ cells to the 80 days post 20 Gy irradiated lungs of C57BL/6J mice and proliferated less significantly for 60 days after cell injection. Female mice chimeric for male Smad3-/- compared to Smad3+/+ marrow showed decreased irradiation pulmonary fibrosis, Y+ stromal cell migration to the lungs, and improved survival. The data show that the reduced in vitro and in vivo migratory capacity of Smad3-/- bone marrow stromal cells correlates with decreased radiation pulmonary fibrosis observed in mice chimeric for Smad3-/- marrow.
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Damodaran KM, Epperly MW, Pillai KMR, Bloomer WD. A facile and improved synthesis of 17α-{2-(E)-[1 2 5 I]-iodovinyl}-19-nortestosterone, a no-carrier-added ligand for progesterone receptor analyses. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580340104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Epperly MW, Shields D, Niu Y, Carlos T, Greenberger JS. Bone marrow from CD18-/- (MAC-1-/-) homozygous deletion recombinant negative mice demonstrates increased longevity in long-term bone marrow culture and decreased contribution to irradiation pulmonary damage. In Vivo 2006; 20:431-8. [PMID: 16900771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow macrophage surface expression of CD18 (MAC-1, LFA1) is involved in cellular binding to V-CAM-1 and V-CAM-2 adhesion molecules expressed on endothelial cells. We sought to determine if this interaction affected the growth of marrow in long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMCs) and macrophage migration to the irradiated lung in pulmonary fibrosis/organizing alveolitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Continuous bone marrow cultures from CD18-/- and CD18+/+ littermates were established. Bone marrow migration to the irradiated lung was quantitated in CD18+/+ or CD18-/- marrow chimeric mice. Anti-macrophage antibodies were administered to block monocyte/macrophage migration after lung irradiation. RESULTS CD18-/- LTBMCs demonstrated significantly increased longevity (over 20 weeks) of production of multilineage hematopoietic progenitor cells, total non-adherent cells and macrophage progenitors compared to those derived from CD18+/+ littermates (10 weeks). C57BL/6J female mice chimeric for male CD18-/- bone marrow showed improved (50%) survival at 120 days after pulmonary radiation compared to female mice chimeric for male CD18+/+ bone marrow (0.0%). Intraperitoneal injections (daily for 15 days) of an anti-macrophage antibody on days 80-98 after 20 Gy total lung irradiation resulted in reduction of macrophage migration to the lungs and increased survival. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate a complex role of CD18 (MAC-1) in macrophage progenitor and macrophage cellular interaction involving stromal cells of the bone marrow and lung.
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Epperly MW, Goff JP, Zhang X, Niu Y, Shields DS, Wang H, Shen H, Franicola D, Bahnson AB, Nie S, Greenberger EE, Greenberger JS. Increased Radioresistance, G2/M Checkpoint Inhibition, and Impaired Migration of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Lines Derived from Smad3−/−Mice. Radiat Res 2006; 165:671-7. [PMID: 16802867 DOI: 10.1667/rr3572.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Smad3 protein is a prominent member of the Tgfb receptor signaling pathway. Smad3(-/-) mice display decreased radiation-induced skin fibrosis, suggesting a defect in both Tgfb-mediated fibroblast proliferation and migration. We established bone marrow stromal cell lines from Smad3(-/-) mice and homozygous littermate(+/+) mice. Smad3(-/-) cells displayed a significant increase in radiation resistance with a D(0)=2.25+/- 0.14 Gy compared to Smad3(+/+) cells with a D(0)=1.75+/- 0.03 (P=0.023). Radioresistance was abrogated by reinsertion of the human SMAD3 transgene, resulting in a D(0)=1.49 0.10 (P=0.028) for Smad3(-/-)(3) cells. More Smad3(-/-) cells than Smad3(+/+) cells were in the G(2)/M phase; Smad3(-/-)(3) cells were similar to Smad3(+/+) cells. Smad3(+/+) cells exhibited increased apoptosis 24 h after 5 Gy (15%) or 8 Gy (43%) compared to less than 1% in Smad3(-/-) cells exposed to either dose. The movement of Smad3(-/-) cells, measured in an automated cell tracking system, was slower than that of Smad3(+/+) cells. Smad3(-/-)(3) cells resembled Smad3(+/+) cells. These studies establish concordance of a defective Tgfb signal transduction pathway, an increased proportion of G(2)/M cells, and radioresistance. The decreased migratory capacity of Smad3(-/-) cells in vitro correlates with decreased radiation fibrosis in vivo in mice deficient in Tgfb signaling.
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Epperly MW, Greenberger EE, Franicola D, Jacobs S, Greenberger JS. Thalidomide radiosensitization of normal murine hematopoietic but not squamous cell carcinoma or multiple myeloma tumor cell lines. In Vivo 2006; 20:333-9. [PMID: 16724666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thalidomide (TL), due to its antiangiogenic effects, has been postulated to be a potential radiosensitizer of multiple myeloma and squamous tumors in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine whether TL was a radiosensitizer, 32D cl 3 cells (hematopoietic progenitor) as well as SCC-VII (squamous cell carcinoma), OPM1 or OPM2 (multiple myeloma) tumor cells were irradiated to doses ranging from 0 to 8 Gy and then plated in 0, 50 or 150 microM TL in each of three protocols: i) 1 hour before irradiation; ii) 1 hour before irradiation and also in medium following irradiation; or iii) placed in TL containing medium following irradiation. RESULTS Using 150 microM TL (which did not stimulate cell growth) the 32D cl 3 cells had increased radiation sensitivity compared to the control irradiated cells. In contrast, the SCC-VII, OPMI or OPM2 cells showed no detectable radiosensitization when incubated in TL before, during or after irradiation compared to the control irradiated cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that TL may be a selective radiosensitizer.
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Greenberger JS, Niu Y, Epperly MW. 687. In a Model of Irradiation Retreatment of the Murine Lung, Gene Therapy with Manganese Superoxide Dismutase-Plasmid Liposome (MnSOD-PL) Increases Lung Tolerance. Mol Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.08.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Niu Y, Epperly MW, Greenberger JS. 349. Pretreatment of the Esophagus with Manganese Superoxide Dismutase-Plasmid Liposome (MnSOD-PL) Complex Increases Migration and Proliferation of Marrow Stem Cell Progenitors of Esophageal Squamous Epithelium. Mol Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.08.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Epperly MW, Nie S, Kanai AJ, Greenberger JS. 941. Manganese Superoxide Dismutase-Plasmid Liposome (MnSOD-PL) Transgenic Effects on Irradiation-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Normal Tissue Also Destabilize Antioxidant Pools in Orthotopic Oral Cavity Tumors. Mol Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.08.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Pearce LL, Kanai AJ, Epperly MW, Peterson J. Nitrosative stress results in irreversible inhibition of purified mitochondrial complexes I and III without modification of cofactors. Nitric Oxide 2005; 13:254-63. [PMID: 16185902 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of both nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite on complexes I (NADH dehydrogenase) and III (cytochrome c reductase) isolated from bovine heart have been examined. EPR signals ("g=2.01") previously detected in association with loss of complex I and III activities in cultured cells and isolated mitochondria subjected to nitrosative stress are shown not to arise from these particular enzymes. Neither NO nor peroxynitrite (ONO(2)(-)) reacts to any appreciable extent with the oxidized forms of flavin mononucleotide, iron-sulfur clusters, or heme moieties found in complexes I and III. However, ONO(2)(-) is readily able to abstract electrons from the reduced forms of both complexes I and III, without any apparent modification of the enzyme cofactors. While no attempt was made in the present study to catalog all the possible modifications, it is clear that ONO(2)(-) can react with the protein moieties of the enzymes. For example, when added in excess, ONO(2)(-) derivatizes a select few tyrosine residues in both complexes I and III forming 3-nitrotyrosine as detected by immunoblots. In the case of complex I, we find a minimum of 3 out of the 46 subunits present were modified (49, approximately 18, and approximately 15kDa); whereas in complex III, 4 out of the 13 subunits stained for 3-nitrotyrosine (46, 27, 7, and 6kDa). Significant irreversible inhibition of activity required the addition of >10(2)-fold excesses of ONO(2)(-) to the enzymes. At 10(3)-fold excess of added ONO(2)(-), the activity of complex I was only diminished by approximately 18%, while a 60% loss of activity was observed for complex III.
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Epperly MW, Tyurina YY, Nie S, Niu YY, Zhang X, Kagan V, Greenberger JS. MnSOD-plasmid liposome gene therapy decreases ionizing irradiation-induced lipid peroxidation of the esophagus. In Vivo 2005; 19:997-1004. [PMID: 16277013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing irradiation-induced cellular and tissue damage is mediated in part by resultant radiochemical reactions and resultant oxidative stress. Irradiation-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species include: superoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide. The biochemical combination of superoxide and nitric oxide radicals forms peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant known to induce lipid peroxidation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation of the esophagus were determined following irradiation. RESULTS In the present studies, measurements of total antioxidant capacity did not change in the esophagus of control irradiated or control plasmid pNGVL3-PL intraesophageally-injected mice. In contrast, manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposome (MnSOD-PL) intraesophageally-treated mice showed a significant increase in antioxidant capacity persisting for seven days. Lipid peroxidative changes induced in the control irradiated mouse esophagus decreased over seven days after irradiation of C3H/HeNHsd mice exposed to 37 Gy in a single fraction. MnSOD-PL radioprotective gene therapy administered intraorally 24 hours prior to irradiation did not significantly reduce the kinetics of induction of total peroxidated lipids over the first seven days after irradiation but did decrease lipid peroxidation at days 14 and 21. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate the antioxidant function of MnSOD-PL gene therapy to the esophagus, which is detectable as a reduction in irradiation-induced lipid peroxidation.
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Lechpammer S, Epperly MW, Zhou S, Nie S, Glowacki J, Greenberger JS. Adipocyte differentiation in Sod2−/− and Sod2+/+ murine bone marrow stromal cells is associated with low antioxidant pools. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:1201-8. [PMID: 16219542 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipocytogenesis in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from manganese-superoxide dismutase-deficient (Sod2(-/-)) and wild-type (Sod2(+/+)) mice and the effect of antioxidant pool size were determined. METHODS BMSCs from Sod2(-/-) or Sod2(+/+) mice were cultured with and without adipocytogenic supplements including: 10 mug/mL insulin, 1 muM dexamethasone, and 100 muM indomethacin. Oil Red-O-positive cells and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction measurement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were measured. Antioxidant glutathione levels (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPX) were determined. RESULTS Sod2(-/-) cells demonstrated constitutive adipocytogenesis in basal medium and generated 34% more adipocytes in adipocytogenic media. Growth of cells in the free radical scavenger antioxidant, amifostine (WR2721; 4 mM) decreased numbers of adipocytes in Sod2(-/-) BMSCs in both basal (38.0%, p = 0.037) and adipocytogenic (37.5%, p = 0.021) media and reduced to undetectable the levels of expression of PPARgamma and LPL. In contrast, Sod2(+/+) cells showed no detectable constitutive adipocytogenesis but formed adipocytes in adipocytogenic medium, with a decrease (43.7%, p = 0.001) by addition of WR2721. In basal conditions, Sod2(-/-) cells had lower GSH (78.6%; p = 0.0089) and GPX (52.7%; p < 0.001) levels than did Sod2(+/+) cells, which were increased in either medium by WR2721 treatment of Sod2(-/-) or Sod2(+/+) cells (all p < 0.001). Differentiation of BMSCs to adipocytes was inversely correlated with the level of GSH (r = -0.9427, p = 0.0167). Sod2(-/-) long-term bone marrow cultures had decreased hematopoiesis compared to those from Sod2(+/-) or Sod2(+/+) mice. CONCLUSION The cellular redox pathway has a role in adipocyte differentiation of cells of the hematopoietic microenvironment.
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Epperly MW, Cao S, Goff J, Shields D, Zhou S, Glowacki J, Greenberger JS. Increased longevity of hematopoiesis in continuous bone marrow cultures and adipocytogenesis in marrow stromal cells derived from Smad3(-/-) mice. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:353-62. [PMID: 15730859 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of Smad3 in modulating hematopoiesis, continuous bone marrow cultures were established from Smad-/- mice, and the longevity of hematopoiesis and extent of adipogenesis in the supportive hematopoietic microenvironment were compared to those from cultures of control, Smad3+/+ or heterozygous Smad3+/- mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMCs) were established from Smad3+/+, Smad3+/-, or Smad3-/- mice. On a weekly basis, the number of cobblestone islands, number of nonadherent cells, confluence of the adherent cells, or CFU-GEMM colonies was determined. Bone marrow stromal cell lines were established and cobblestone island production on these cell lines determined in the presence of nonadherent cells from week-42 Smad3-/- or week-4 C57BL/6J LTBMCs. RESULTS Initial proliferative capacity of the LTBMCs was similar in all groups through week 20, at which time there was an increase in cobblestone islands and production of nonadherent cells and CFU-GEMM colonies in the Smad3-/- group. By week 28, only the Smad3-/- LTBMCs had significantly maintained increased production of these parameters. Maintenance of cobblestone islands indicative of the most primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells persisted past 45 weeks in Smad3-/- cultures. The Smad3-/- stromal cell line also demonstrated increased support of cobblestone island production when incubated with nonadherent cells from week-42 Smad3-/- or week-4 C57BL/6J LTBMCs. Evaluation of adipocytogenesis in stromal cells showed significantly greater accumulation of adipocytes in lines from Smad3-/- than from Smad3+/+ mice. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence for a significant effect of deletion of the Smad3 signaling pathway in increased hematopoiesis in LTBMCs and support the negative regulatory influence of TGFbeta signaling on adipocytogenesis and long-term hematopoiesis in vitro.
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Thomas SM, Zeng Q, Epperly MW, Gooding WE, Pastan I, Wang QC, Greenberger J, Grandis JR. Abrogation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma growth by epidermal growth factor receptor ligand fused to pseudomonas exotoxin transforming growth factor alpha-PE38. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:7079-87. [PMID: 15501988 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was undertaken to determine whether low intratumoral doses of the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand-transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) fused to Pseudomonas exotoxin (TGF-alpha-PE38)-abrogated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In vitro cytotoxicity assays were carried out to determine the sensitivity of HNSCC cells to TGF-alpha-PE38. TGF-alpha-PE38-treated HNSCC cells were examined by immunoblotting for cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase to evaluate apoptosis. Nude mice bearing established HNSCC xenografts were treated with several doses of TGF-alpha-PE38 to evaluate the antitumor efficacy in vivo. Tumor sections were stained with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling for apoptosis. To determine the effect of oral administration of TGF-alpha-PE38, gavage injections of TGF-alpha-PE38 were administered, and the esophagus and surrounding soft tissue were then stained for apoptotic cells. RESULTS HNSCC cell lines examined were sensitive to low doses of TGF-alpha-PE38 (EC(50) in the range of 1.6 to 10 ng/mL). HNSCC cells treated with TGF-alpha-PE38 undergo apoptosis. Antitumor effects were observed using 0.1 and 0.03 microg of TGF-alpha-PE38 administered intratumorally. At these doses, the treatment was well tolerated. Tumors treated with the toxin had a higher number of apoptotic cells compared with the control tumors. No apoptotic cells were observed in the pharyngoesophageal tissues of the mice after gavage administration of the toxin suggesting that the toxin could be orally administered without toxicity. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that topical or intratumoral administration of low doses of TGF-alpha-PE38 may demonstrate antitumor effects in HNSCC without associated systemic toxicity.
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Carpenter M, Epperly MW, Agarwal A, Nie S, Hricisak L, Niu Y, Greenberger JS. Inhalation delivery of manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposomes protects the murine lung from irradiation damage. Gene Ther 2005; 12:685-93. [PMID: 15750616 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intratracheal injection of manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposome (MnSOD-PL) complexes has been demonstrated to delay the onset and reduce the extent of ionizing irradiation-induced murine pulmonary organizing alveolitis/fibrosis. To facilitate translation of this modality to clinical fractionated radiotherapy, inhalation delivery of MnSOD-PL was developed using an ultrasonic nebulizer. Transgene product was quantitated by immunohistochemical quantitation and pulmonary tissue levels of MnSOD biochemical activity. C57BL/6NHsd female mice demonstrated a plasmid dose-dependent increased expression of MnSOD transgene product over the range of 250 microg-2.5 mg of MnSOD-PL administered over a constant 5 min interval. Delivery of a constant concentration of 500 microg of MnSOD-PL with varying times of administration ranging from 0.5 to 10 min demonstrated optimal MnSOD expression at 5 min. Mice pretreated by inhalation delivery of MnSOD-PL demonstrated significantly improved survival after 20 Gy single fraction irradiation to both lungs compared to LacZ-PL inhalation-treated or irradiated control mice. Mice receiving 10 fractions of 3.5 cGy demonstrated increased pulmonary MnSOD transgene product activity by a protocol of every Monday-Wednesday or daily inhalation of MnSOD-PL. Thus, inhalation radioprotective gene therapy using MnSOD-PL provides a practical and effective method for delivery of lung-specific radioprotection during fractionated radiotherapy protocols in a mouse model.
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Perry Y, Epperly MW, Fernando HC, Klein E, Finkelstein S, Greenberger JS, Luketich JD. Photodynamic therapy induced esophageal stricture—an animal model: From mouse to pig. J Surg Res 2005; 123:67-74. [PMID: 15652952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A major limitation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for Barrett's esophagus is the development of esophageal stricture. We developed an animal model of PDT-induced esophageal stricture to elucidate the mechanism of stricture development. Our studies began in a mouse but, due to its limitations, we advanced to a porcine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the mouse model, 62 mice were injected with Photofrin (2-10 mg/kg) 48 h prior to photoactivation. Light energy (20-400 Joules/cm (J)) was delivered with a laser probe as a single dose, or fractionated doses (20-150 J). Animals were sacrificed when showing signs of distress or 6 to 18 weeks post-illumination. Esophagus was removed, with gross and microscopic examination performed on frozen specimens. To develop a pig model, six pigs were injected with Photofrin (2 mg/kg) 48 h prior to photoactivation. Light energy (400 J) was delivered via an endoscope using a laser probe as a single dose or repeated at 48 h. Animals were sacrificed if they could not eat soft food or lost more than 10% of their original weight according to the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. RESULTS Exposure of mice to doses of 400 J x 1, 125 J x 3, or 150 J x 3 fractions resulted in severe lung damage and death in 90% of the mice without any evidence of esophageal stricture. Lower energy levels caused minor lung damage and no change in the endothelial layer or a stricture. In pigs, exposure of 400 J as one or two fractions resulted in weight loss of 10% within 3 weeks. Endoscopy, upper GI, contrast swallow, and pathological and histological examination showed evidence of esophageal stricture at the exposed area. CONCLUSIONS In the mouse model, pulmonary toxicity is the limiting factor following esophageal PDT exposure. In the pig model we induced esophageal stricture following PDT. This is the first animal model created to study esophageal strictures resulting from PDT.
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Amundson SA, Grace MB, McLeland CB, Epperly MW, Yeager A, Zhan Q, Greenberger JS, Fornace AJ. Human in vivo radiation-induced biomarkers: gene expression changes in radiotherapy patients. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6368-71. [PMID: 15374940 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
After initially identifying potential biomarkers of radiation exposure through microarray studies of ex vivo irradiated human peripheral white blood cells, we have now measured the in vivo responses of several of these biomarker genes in patients undergoing total body irradiation. Microarray analysis has identified additional in vivo radiation-responsive genes, although the general in vivo patterns of stress-gene induction appear similar to those obtained from ex vivo white blood cell experiments. Additional studies may reveal correlations between responses and either diagnosis or prognosis, and such in vivo validation marks an important step in the development of potentially informative radiation exposure biomarkers.
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Epperly MW, Guo H, Shen H, Niu Y, Zhang X, Jefferson M, Sikora CA, Greenberger JS. Bone marrow origin of cells with capacity for homing and differentiation to esophageal squamous epithelium. Radiat Res 2004; 162:233-40. [PMID: 15333000 DOI: 10.1667/rr3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to determine whether esophageal progenitor cells could be isolated from adult mouse esophagus or bone marrow and shown to home to and proliferate in the irradiated esophagus of recipient mice. Esophageal progenitor cells were isolated from adult male C3H/HeNsd or C57BL/6J green fluorescent protein (GFP(+)) mice by a serial in vitro preplate technique or the technique of side population cell sorting. When injected intravenously (i.v.), these cells homed to the 30-Gy-irradiated esophagus of GFP(-) female recipient mice and formed donor-origin esophageal foci. GFP(+) whole murine bone marrow cells injected i.v. also formed donor-origin esophageal squamous cell foci and protected recipient GFP(-) mice from upper-body irradiation in a cell dose-dependent manner. Marrow chimeric GFP(-) mice reconstituted with GFP(+) cells showed migration of GFP(+) marrow cells to the esophagus after 30 Gy irradiation. Purified esophageal progenitor cells isolated from first-generation preplate cell recipients engrafted after i.v. injection to the esophagus of second-generation-irradiated recipient mice. These data establish that esophageal progenitor cells can home to the irradiated esophagus and show limited differentiation capacity to squamous epithelium.
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Epperly MW, Shen H, Jefferson M, Greenberger JS. In vitro differentiation capacity of esophageal progenitor cells with capacity for homing and repopulation of the ionizing irradiation-damaged esophagus. In Vivo 2004; 18:675-85. [PMID: 15646807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing irradiation of the esophagus results in development of esophagitis. In a mouse model, esophageal progenitor cells, isolated by either the side population (SP) sorting technique or a serial preplate technique, have been demonstrated to repopulate the irradiated esophagus of recipient mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Esophageal progenitor cells (SP or preplate) as well as bone marrow cells were characterized phenotypically and by their ability to form colonies in methylcellulose in vitro. RESULTS Esophageal SP cells were able to differentiate to endothelin or vimentin positive colonies in vitro while preplate cells formed colonies that were uni-lineage, bi-lineage, or tri-lineage for macrophage, endothelin, or vimentin positive colonies. In methylcellulose culture, there was no difference in the types of colonies formed by the two techniques. As a control, hematopoietic progenitor cells formed multi-lineage hematopoietic colonies. CONCLUSION The data establish the existence of a subpopulation of esophageal progenitor cells with in vitro differentiation capacity to multiple adherent cellular lineages.
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Epperly MW, Carpenter M, Agarwal A, Mitra P, Nie S, Greenberger JS. Intraoral manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposome (MnSOD-PL) radioprotective gene therapy decreases ionizing irradiation-induced murine mucosal cell cycling and apoptosis. In Vivo 2004; 18:401-10. [PMID: 15369176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single or multiple intraoral administrations of manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposomes (MnSOD-PL) to C3H/HeNHsd mice receiving single fraction or fractionated ionizing irradiation to the head and neck region have been shown to significantly decrease mucosal ulceration, weight loss and to improve survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS To elucidate the mechanism of irradiation protection by MnSOD-PL and explore possible additive or synergistic protective effects with Amifostine (WR2721), mice received a single fraction of 19, 22.5, 25 or 30 Gy, or 24 fractions of 3 Gy irradiation to the oral cavity and oropharynx. Multiple parameters of irradiation-induced toxicity were quantitated in subgroups of each irradiated group of mice treated with single or multiple administrations of intraoral MnSOD-PL and/or intravenous WR2721. RESULTS In 19 Gy single fraction irradiated mice, MnSOD-PL treatment the day before irradiation alone or in combination with intravenous WR2721 significantly decreased the irradiation induction of mucosal cell cycling as measured by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BuDR) uptake in oral cavity mucosal cells at 48 hours and decreased ulceration of the tongue at nine days after irradiation compared to control, irradiated or irradiated, WR2721-treated mice. Mice treated in single fractions of 22.5, 25 or 30 Gy showed MnSOD-PL protection against irradiation-induced oral mucosal apoptosis and xerostomia measured in decreased saliva output. In fractionated irradiated mice, twice weekly hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged MnSOD uptake in oral cavity and tongue mucosal cells was not detectably altered by daily WR2721 intravenous administration. Mice treated with both radioprotective agents (MnSOD-PL and WR2721) demonstrated a significant decrease in irradiation-induced xerostomia (measured as reduced salivary gland output volume), mucosal ulceration and improved survival. CONCLUSION Enhanced salivary gland function in WR2721-treated mice in the absence of detectable mucosal protection, coupled with relatively low uptake of HA-MnSOD in the salivary glands of intraorally-treated mice, suggests that a combination of both radioprotective agents may prove optimally effective for the prevention of the acute and late normal tissue toxicities of fractionated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.
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Epperly MW, Osipov AN, Martin I, Kawai KK, Borisenko GG, Tyurina YY, Jefferson M, Bernarding M, Greenberger JS, Kagan VE. Ascorbate as a “redox sensor” and protector against irradiation-induced oxidative stress in 32D CL 3 hematopoietic cells and subclones overexpressing human manganese superoxide dismutase. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 58:851-61. [PMID: 14967442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2003] [Revised: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 10/15/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether increased expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) protects cells from irradiation by preventing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a new approach to detecting free radical intermediates using ascorbate as an endogenous spin trap was used. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells from the 32D cl 3 hematopoietic cell line or a subclone overexpressing MnSOD (2C6) were incubated with dehydroascorbate for 30 min and irradiated to doses from 0 to 50 Gy. Radical intermediates reacting with spin traps or ascorbate were measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Results were compared to irradiation-induced changes in thiol levels, irradiation survival curves, and accumulation of 8-OHdG as a measurement of DNA oxidative damage. RESULTS Manganese superoxide dismutase-overexpressing 2C6 cells maintained higher levels of ascorbate (5.4 +/- 0.5 and 2.6 +/- 0.5 nmol/10(6) cells, respectively) and thiols (14.0 +/- 0.1 and 11.1 +/- 0.2 nmol/10(6) cells) compared to 32D cl 3 parent cells. Cells overexpressing MnSOD produced lower levels of ROS than did the parental 32D cl 3 cells, as evidenced by lower expenditure of ascorbate and GSH after irradiation. Increased ascorbate levels protected both 32D cl 3 and 2C6 cells from irradiation killing, as demonstrated by an increased shoulder on survival curves and decreased DNA 8-OHdG accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Manganese superoxide dismutase overexpression protects 2C6 cells from irradiation damage by scavenging ROS that readily interact with major endogenous antioxidants--ascorbate and GSH--in nontransfected hematopoietic 32D cl 3 cells.
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