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Cole RJ, Sanders TH, Hill RA, Blankenship PD. Mean geocarposphere temperatures that induce preharvest aflatoxin contamination of peanuts under drought stress. Mycopathologia 1985; 91:41-6. [PMID: 3930968 DOI: 10.1007/bf00437286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Apparently undamaged peanuts grown under environmental stress in the form of drought and heat become contaminated with Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin in the soil prior to harvest. The upper mean temperature limit for aflatoxin contamination in undamaged peanut kernels grown under drought stress the latter 4-6 weeks of the growing season was between 29.6-31.3 degrees C. The lower limit was between 25.7-26.3 degrees C. That is, peanuts grown under drought stress with a mean geocarposphere temperature of 29.6 degrees C were highly contaminated while those at 31.3 degrees C were not contaminated. Likewise, those grown under drought stress with a mean geocarposphere temperature of 25.7 degrees C were not contaminated while those subjected to a mean geocarposphere temperature of 26.0 degrees C resulted in some categories becoming contaminated. Increasing the mean temperature up to 29.6 degrees C caused increasing amounts of contamination.
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127
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Cox SR, Harrington EL, Hill RA, Capponi VJ, Shah AC. Bioavailability studies with ciglitazone in beagles. I. Effect of a meal on the bioavailability of three ciglitazone dosage forms. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1985; 6:67-80. [PMID: 3986302 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2510060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Three separate Latin square crossover studies were conducted in beagles to examine the effect of a meal on the bioavailability of a ciglitazone tablet, suspension, and solution. In these studies, drug was administered to fasted animals with either 50 ml water or with 180 g Purina Dog Chow and 20 g butter. The data indicated that the meal significantly increased the AUC by about 40 per cent for both the tablet and the suspension but had no significant effect on the solution treatment. Comparisons across studies indicated low bioavailability in fasted animals from either the tablet or suspension relative to the solution. When drug was co-administered with a meal, however, bioavailability appeared to be independent of dosage form.
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128
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Sanders TH, Blankenship PD, Cole RJ, Hill RA. Effect of soil temperature and drought on peanut pod and stem temperatures relative to Aspergillus flavus invasion and aflatoxin contamination. Mycopathologia 1984; 86:51-4. [PMID: 6429541 DOI: 10.1007/bf00437229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Peanut stem and pod temperatures of plants growing in irrigated, drought, drought-heated soil, and drought-cooled soil treatments were determined near the end of the growing season. Mean soil temperatures of the treatments during this period were 21.5 degrees, 25.5 degrees, 30 degrees and 20 degrees C, respectively. Peanut stem temperatures in all drought treatments reached a maximum of ca. 40 degrees C and for 6-7 h each day were as much as 10 degrees C warmer than irrigated peanut stems. Pod temperatures in drought-heated soil and drought treatments were ca. 34 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively, for several hours each day. As pod temperatures approached the optimum for A. flavus growth (ca. 35 degrees C), the proportion of kernels colonized and aflatoxin concentrations increased. Increased plant temperature without accompanying pod temperature increases (drought-cooled soil) resulted in colonization percentages and aflatoxin concentrations only slightly higher than those of the irrigated peanuts.
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129
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Blankenship PD, Cole RJ, Sanders TH, Hill RA. Effect of geocarposphere temperature on pre-harvest colonization of drought-stressed peanuts by Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxin contamination. Mycopathologia 1984; 85:69-74. [PMID: 6427616 DOI: 10.1007/bf00436705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Florunner peanuts grown in research plots were subjected to 5 soil temperature and moisture treatment regimes resulting in A. flavus infestation and subsequent aflatoxin contamination in drought-stressed peanuts. Treatments imposed beginning 85 days after planting were drought, drought with heated soil and 3 drought treatments with cooled soil. The incidence of A. flavus in drought-stressed, unshelled , sound mature kernels ( SMK ) decreased with decreases in the mean 5 cm deep soil temperature. The incidence of A. flavus was greater in inedible categories and in damaged kernels than in SMK . The mean, threshold, geocarposphere temperature required for aflatoxin development during the latter part of the peanut growth cycle was found to be between 25.7 degrees C and 27 degrees C.
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Abstract
Numbers of viable fungal propagules in corn dusts in southern Georgia were estimated during various farm and grain elevator operations in 1979, 1980, and 1982. A six-stage Andersen sampler for viable microbial particles was used to sample the dusts with various agar media. The most abundant fungi in corn dusts were species of yeasts: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaria. Helminthosporium, and Fusarium. However, the relative abundance of these fungi differed between years. There was a greater incidence of the Aspergillus flavus group in the hot, dry year of 1980 compared with the cooler, wetter years of 1979 and 1982. Fungi in the corn dusts sampled numbered between 10(4) and 10(9) viable propagules per m3 of air. By contrast, outdoor air often contained fewer than 10(4) viable fungal propagules per m3. Most A. flavus propagules were deposited at stages three and four of the Andersen sampler, with correspond to the trachea, primary bronchi, and secondary bronchi in the human respiratory system. In an assessment of the air spores by exposing sterile petri dishes, more large-spored fungi, like Alternaria tenuis, and fewer small-spored fungi, such as A. flavus, were detected when compared with colony counts from petri dishes exposed to air in the Anderson sampler.
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131
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Owyoung A, Hill RA, Esherick P. Optical Stark effects on pure-spin Raman transitions in molecular oxygen. OPTICS LETTERS 1983; 8:425-427. [PMID: 19718136 DOI: 10.1364/ol.8.000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fully resolved pure-spin Raman transitions near 2 cm(-1) have been observed in (3)Sigma(g) ground-state molecular oxygen using stimulated Raman techniques. Anomalous differences between polarized and depolarized spectra are fully explained in terms of optical Stark effects.
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132
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Hill RA, Blankenship PD, Cole RJ, Sanders TH. Effects of soil moisture and temperature on preharvest invasion of peanuts by the Aspergillus flavus group and subsequent aflatoxin development. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 45:628-33. [PMID: 6402980 PMCID: PMC242335 DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.2.628-633.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Four soil temperature and moisture treatment regimens were imposed on Florunner peanuts 94 days after planting in experimental plots in 1980. At harvest (145 days after planting), the incidence of the Aspergillus flavus group and the aflatoxin concentration were greatest in damaged kernels. Extensive colonization of sound mature kernels (SMK) by the A. flavus group occurred with the drought stress treatment (56% kernels colonized); colonization was less in the irrigated plot (7%) and the drought stress plot with cooled soil (11%) and was intermediate in the irrigated plot with heated soil (26%). Aflatoxin was virtually absent from SMK with the last three treatments, but it was found at an average concentration of 244 ppb (ng/g) in drought-stressed SMK. Colonization of SMK by the A. flavus group and aflatoxin production were greater with hot dry conditions. Neither elevated temperature alone nor drought stress alone caused aflatoxin contamination in SMK. When the ratio of SMK colonized by A. flavus compared with A. niger was greater than 19:1, there was aflatoxin contamination, but there was none if this ratio was less than 9:1. Irrigation caused a higher incidence of A. niger than drought did. This may have prevented the aflatoxin contamination of undamaged peanuts.
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133
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Cole RJ, Dorner JW, Cox RH, Hill RA, Cluter HG, Wells JM. Isolation of Citreoviridin from
Penicillium charlesii
Cultures and Molded Pecan Fragments. Appl Environ Microbiol 1981; 42:677-81. [PMID: 16345866 PMCID: PMC244082 DOI: 10.1128/aem.42.4.677-681.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraction and systematic fractionation of
Penicillium charlesii
Smith cultures and contaminated pecan fragments yielded the yellow mycotoxin citreoviridin. Citreoviridin proved acutely toxic to 1-day-old chickens, with an oral 50% lethal dose of 37.5 mg/kg, and showed plant growth inhibition in wheat coleoptiles even at concentrations as low as 10
−4
M. It was toxic to corn seedlings but did not affect young tobacco seedlings.
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Abstract
A single pulse from a TEA CO(2) laser is used to heat 1:7:14 mixtures of SF(6):CH(4):O(2) to temperatures near 1000 K. A short- or long-duration pulse (one-half the energy deposited in 0.25 or 0.82 microsec, respectively) from a second TEA CO(2) laser is used to ignite the mixture. At comparable values of absorbed energy from the second laser, ignition-delay times for the long-duration secondary pulse are approximately twice those for the short-duration pulse. Ignition of the hot mixture requires about 10% less absorbed energy with the short-duration pulse than with the long-duration pulse. These results indicate the short-duration pulse is more effective in producing a high population density of reactive species that initiate the reactions necessary for ignition.
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135
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Spiller GA, Chernoff MC, Hill RA, Gates JE, Nassar JJ, Shipley EA. Effect of purified cellulose, pectin, and a low-residue diet on fecal volatile fatty acids, transit time, and fecal weight in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33:754-9. [PMID: 7361693 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/33.4.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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136
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Sutter LV, Wakalopulos G, Hill RA, Peressini ER, Dolezal F. Holographic interferometry of a large-bore cw high-energy gas-laser medium during laser-power extraction. APPLIED OPTICS 1979; 18:3835-3837. [PMID: 20216701 DOI: 10.1364/ao.18.003835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A holographic interferometer is described that is used in conjunction with a high-speed camera system (10,000 frames/sec) to record the temporal and spatial interactions of the laser gas medium and the resonator mode. In particular, a high-power CO(2) electric discharge convectively cooled laser-gas medium was interferometrically analyzed before, during, and after laser power extraction such that the mode-medium interaction was observed.
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137
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Mulac AJ, Flower WL, Hill RA, Aeschliman DP. Pulsed spontaneous Raman scattering technique for luminous environments. APPLIED OPTICS 1978; 17:2695-2699. [PMID: 20203853 DOI: 10.1364/ao.17.002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A gated photon counting system, cavity-dumped argon-ion laser, and a multipass retroreflecting light cell have been combined in a system to enhance spontaneous Raman scattering in luminous background situations. Signal-to-background ratio (SBR) has been improved a factor of 450 over a single-pass cw system with cw power equal to the pulsed average power. The improvement attributable to the gating and cavity dumping the laser is a factor of 30. A factor of 15 improvement is due to the retroreflecting light cell. Temperature and density data obtained from N(2)Q-branch spectra of a luminous methane-air flame are presented to illustrate the utility of the system. A passband fitting technique is introduced to analyze the data.
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138
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Hill RA, Mulac AJ, Hackett CE. Retroreflecting multipass cell for Raman scattering. APPLIED OPTICS 1977; 16:2004-2006. [PMID: 20168848 DOI: 10.1364/ao.16.002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A retroreflecting multipass cell consisting of two lenses and both on-axis and off-axis retroreflecting mirror assemblies has been constructed and tested. A gain in Raman scattered signal intensity of 20 has been attained in a focal volume 1.1 mm x 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm. A system employing off-axis paraboloids should provide somewhat higher gain and a diffraction limited focal volume. These systems are applicable to Raman diagnostics of various gas dynamic processes, including flame gases, or the characterization of the gas mixing process in gas-dynamic or chemical laser nozzle arrays.
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139
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Hill RA, Hartley DL. Focused multiple-pass cells for Raman scattering: authors' reply to comment. APPLIED OPTICS 1974; 13:168664. [PMID: 20134539 DOI: 10.1364/ao.13.1739_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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140
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Hill RA, Hartley DL. Focused, multiple-pass cell for Raman scattering. APPLIED OPTICS 1974; 13:186-192. [PMID: 20125942 DOI: 10.1364/ao.13.000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A simple optical system is described that makes use of a unique property of ellipsoidal mirrors, viz., light brought to one focus will be reflected alternately through the two foci and collapse to the major axis. This system consists of an on-axis ellipsoidal mirror facing a coaxial flat-spherical mirror assembly that is positioned at the minor axis. Calculations indicate that gains of the order of 500 in the light flux at the point of observation should be attainable with low-eccentricity ellipsoids. Raman-scattered light from atmospheric N(2) was obtained with a system employing a 0.2 eccentricity ellipsoid. An experimental gain of 93 was determined by the ratio of the scattering with the system to the scattering obtained with one beam. This result is in good agreement with the theory.
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141
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Aeschliman DP, Hill RA. Method for measuring Doppler shifts in arc-heated flows. APPLIED OPTICS 1972; 11:148-152. [PMID: 20111470 DOI: 10.1364/ao.11.000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel method of determining both the Doppler and Stark shifts in a single measurement of spectral lines emitted by the arc-heated flow from a plasma jet has been successfully demonstrated. The method uses a spherical mirror arranged with its optical axis coincident with the optical axis of a Fabry-Perot interferometer and with its center of curvature at the center line of the flow. The common optical axis lies at an angle to the flow. With this system, both red-and blue-shifted line profiles are recorded in the same spectral scan. If conditions are such that the red-and blue-shifted profiles are not resolvable, the blue-shifted component is chopped so that the recorded signal consists of the envelopes of both the red-shifted profile and the superimposed red-and blue-shifted profiles. The wavelength difference between the blue-and red-shifted line profiles is exactly twice the Doppler shift integrated along a line of sight through the flow and is independent of a Stark shift. The Stark shift is given by the wavelength difference between the absolute line center and the midpoint of the red-and blue-shifted lines. Abel inversion of integrated line shift data has yielded radial velocity profiles to an accuracy of +/-3% in a supersonic, arc-heated argon flow.
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142
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Ozeran RS, Wagner GR, Reimer TR, Hill RA. Neuropathy of the sympathetic nervous system associated with diabetes mellitus. Surgery 1970; 68:953-8. [PMID: 4320665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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143
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144
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Hill RA. A new plane grating monochromator with off-axis paraboloids and curved slits. APPLIED OPTICS 1969; 8:575-581. [PMID: 20072261 DOI: 10.1364/ao.8.000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A design for a new plane grating monochromator is described. The system employs a symmetrical configuration of off-axis paraboloids for both the collimator and camera mirrors. The entrance and exit slits are mounted on the same side of the grating and are curved in order to eliminate wavelength errors due to spectral line curvature. There is, in fact, a remarkable coincidence between the curvature which is required to avoid wavelength errors and the curvature which is required to obtain equal curvatures in the object and image planes. Ray tracing calculations for a symmetrical configuration of off-axis paraboloids show that the image of a curved slit with a length equal to 0.05 times the focal length of an f/5 mirror is diffraction limited for wavelengths lambda > 0.2 . micro.
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145
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Macleod IB, Hill RA. Effects of SC 15396 on gastric secretion. II. Inhibitory effect of SC 15396 on stimulated canine gastric secretion after surgical procedures. Gut 1968; 9:644-9. [PMID: 5717964 PMCID: PMC1552893 DOI: 10.1136/gut.9.6.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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146
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Hill RA. Rapid scan spectrometers for the diagnostics of transient plasmas. APPLIED OPTICS 1968; 7:2184-2189. [PMID: 20068964 DOI: 10.1364/ao.7.002184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An observation that a symmetrical configuration of off-axis paraboloidal mirrors produces an excellent image of an extended slit, while an unsymmetrical configuration produces poor images, has led to a modification of the original Sandia rapid scan spectrometer and to the design of a new wide range, rapid scan spectrometer. The new instrument employs a high speed rotating mirror in a Littrow arrangement to obtain a spectral scan speed double that of the original spectrometer; e.g., with a 600-lines/mm grating, a spectral scan speed of ~410 A/microsec is obtained at 1000 rps. Techniques for obtaining an accurate calibration of the spectral scan speed are described, and some examples of spectra which were recorded from a xenon and a hydrogen plasma are shown.
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147
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148
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Edwards AE, Hill RA, Treatwell T. Improvements in the magnetometer technique of measuring gastric motility. Psychophysiology 1967; 4:116-8. [PMID: 6063043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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149
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Edwards AE, Hill RA. The effect of data characteristics on theoretical conclusions concerning the physiology of emotions. Psychosom Med 1967; 29:303-11. [PMID: 6059908 DOI: 10.1097/00006842-196707000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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150
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Hill RA, Fellerhoff RD. A dual recording, variable range, rapid-scan spectrometer; comparison of simultaneously recorded stark-broadened Halpha and Hbeta line profiles. APPLIED OPTICS 1966; 5:1105-1110. [PMID: 20049028 DOI: 10.1364/ao.5.001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An ultrarapid scanning spectrometer has been constructed that records spectra at a constant angle of diffraction. The spectral scanning is accomplished by the rotation of a high-speed rotating mirror (7.6 cm diam) that causes a collimated light beam to sweep across a plane grating, changing the angle of incidence. The full-aperture scanning range depends upon the over-all grating width, upon the grating spacing, and upon the orientation of the grating with respect to the high-speed mirror. For example, a 12.5-cm, 1200-lines/mm grating gives a scanning range of approximately 2000 A on each of two separate detector systems, or a total range of 4000 A that can be centered at any wavelength between 4000 A and 8000 A. This grating provides a theoretical resolving power of approximately 85,000 in the first order, a reciprocal dispersion of 17.5 A/mm at f/5, and a spectral scan speed of 115 A/microsec at 1100 rps. This spectrometer has been used to record, simultaneously, Stark-broadened Halpha and Hbeta emission line profiles from a transient plasma generated in the impulse tube. Electron densities calculated from the half-width of the Hbeta profiles are in good agreement with values obtained by fitting the line wings of the self-absorbed Halpha profiles to the theoretical profiles of Griem, Kolb, and Shen.
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