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Abbass H, Alam S, Bender A. Mebra: multiobjective evolutionary-based risk assessment. IEEE COMPUT INTELL M 2009. [DOI: 10.1109/mci.2009.933098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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127
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Alam S, Shah H, Magan N. Water availability affects extracellular hydrolytic enzyme production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2009. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of different water activities (aw; 0.99, 0.96 and 0.94) and time (up to 120 h) on quantitative and specific enzyme production during germination and initial growth of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus strains at 25 °C. This is an important early indicator of potential for aflatoxin production under conducive conditions. Qualitative API ZYM generic enzyme strips were used to identify key hydrolytic enzymes produced. Subsequently, the temporal effects of aw on the total/specific activity of the key 4-5 hydrolytic enzymes were determined using 4-nitrophenyl substrates in a 96-well microtitre plate assay. The main enzymes produced by germinating conidia of A. flavus were esterase, lipase, acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, while for A. parasiticus these were alkaline phosphatase, lipase, acid phosphatase and β-fucosidase for both total (µmol 4-nitrophenol/min/g) and specific activity (nmol 4-nitrophenol/min/µg protein). There were significant increases in the specific activity of all these enzymes of germinating spores of A. flavus (0-120 h) except for β-glucosidase which was maximum at 72 h. The total/specific activities of the enzymes produced by A. flavus were maximum at 0.99 aw, with the exception of acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase at 0.94 aw. For A. parasiticus, maximum total activity occurred at 0.99 aw for fucosidase activity, while specific activity was found to be higher at lower aw levels. These enzymes are important in early colonisation of food matrices by these species and single factors (aw, time) and two-way interactions were all statistically significant for the enzymes assayed for both species. These enzymes could be used as an early and rapid indicator of the activity of Aspergillus section flavi species and suggests that rapid infection may occur over a wide range of aw conditions.
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Bangash FK, Alam S. Adsorption of acid blue 1 on activated carbon produced from the wood of Ailanthus altissima. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-66322009000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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129
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Ueki K, Hashiba Y, Marukawa K, Nakagawa K, Alam S, Okabe K, Yamamoto E. The effects of changing position and angle of the proximal segment after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 38:1041-7. [PMID: 19477622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The authors evaluated changes in position and angle of the proximal segment, including the condyle, after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) with and without a Le Fort I osteotomy to verify whether displacement of the proximal segment could induce postoperative complications. Changes in condylar angle, ramus angle, and displacement of proximal segment were measured pre- and postoperatively. The position of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc was examined pre- and postoperatively. Trigeminal nerve hypoesthesia in the lower lip was assessed bilaterally. The postoperative horizontal condylar angle was significantly smaller than the preoperative one on the deviated and non-deviated sides (P<0.0001). The postoperative coronal condylar angle was significantly larger than the preoperative one on the deviated side (P=0.0483). The postoperative sagittal ramus angle was larger than the preoperative one on the deviated (P<0.0001) and non-deviated (P=0.00005) side. Most joints with an anteriorly-displaced disc with and without reduction improved on the non-deviated side; 5 of 16 joints improved on the deviated side. Results suggest the position and angle of the proximal segment, including the condyle, could change after IVRO. This could be associated with symptomatic improvement in TMJ, and extreme medial displacement of the proximal segment could delay recovery from lower lip hypoesthesia.
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Majumdar KC, Alam S, Muhuri S. Regioselective synthesis of 4-aryloxymethylene-2,3,5-trihydrothiopyrano[3,2-b]indoles by the thio-claisen rearrangement of 3-(4′-aryloxybut-2′-ynylthio)indoles. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570440624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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131
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Agarwal V, Zaidi MGH, Vishnoi S, Alam S, Rai AK. Fullerene [60]-Mediated Polymerization of Polyacrylic Acid in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10236660802588463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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132
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Schroeder H, Kapoor P, Shaw G, Parks R, Alam S, Verkoczy L, Haynes B. T.59. The Composition of the Primary Immunoglobulin Repertoire Influences HIV gp140 Epitope Selection. Clin Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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133
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Dhar DK, Ganguly KC, Alam S, Hossain A, Sarker UK, Das BK, Haque MJ. Kartagener's Syndrome. Mymensingh Med J 2009; 18:75-79. [PMID: 19182755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Kartagener's Syndrome or Immotile Cilia Syndrome, a variant of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD), is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by defect in the tiny hair like structure, the cilia lining the respiratory tract (upper and lower), sinuses, eustachian tubes, middle ear and fallopian tubes. Here electron microscopy shows abnormal arrangement of ciliary tubules and patients with Kartagener's syndrome has an absence of dynein arms at the base of the cilia. The inability of cilia to move results in inadequate clearance of bacteria from the air passages, resulting in an increased risk of infection and causing bronchiectasis. Another result of ciliary immobility is infertility. A 60 years old lady was diagnosed as a case of Kartagener's syndrome. She had history of chronic cough for 20 years, irregular fever for 20 years and occasional shortness of breath for 5 years. Relevant investigations revealed dextrocardia, situs inversus, bilateral maxillary sinusitis with non pneumatised frontal sinus and bronchiectasis. She was treated with low concentration oxygen inhalation, antibiotic, bronchodilator, chest physiotherapy including postural drainage, vitamins and other supportive treatment.
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Majumdar KC, Alam S, Chattopadhyay B. Regioselective unusual formation of spirocyclic 4-{3′-benzo(2′,3′-dihydro)furo}-9-methyl-2,3,9-trihydrothiopyrano [2,3-b]indole by acid-catalyzed reaction of enol ethers. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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135
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Alam S, Katakura Y, Shirahata S. Establishment of human T cell clones exhibiting natural killer-like activity. Cytotechnology 2008; 32:77. [PMID: 19002968 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008123212694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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136
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Majumdar KC, Debnath P, Alam S, Islam R. Regioselective synthesis of indole-annulated sulfur heterocycles by tri-n-butyltin hydride-mediated aryl radical cyclization. J Sulphur Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/17415990802105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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137
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Sanyal D, Chakma D, Alam S. Persistence of a neonicotinoid insecticide, acetamiprid on chili (Capsicum annum L.). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 81:365-8. [PMID: 18592123 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to find out the persistence of two different formulations of Acetamiprid, namely 20% SP (soluble powder) and 20% SL (soluble liquid) in chili. Following three applications @ 20 g a.i./ha and 40 g a.i./ha, the initial deposits were found to be 0.0207, 0.0405, 0.0244 and 0.1039 microg/g. The half-life values of acetamiprid in chili were in the range of 2.24-4.84 days. A waiting period of 1 day is suggested.
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Mazumder S, Bose S, Bandopadhyay A, Alam S, Mukherjee M. Study of laccase production byPleurotus ostreatusin a 5 l bioreactor and application of the enzyme to determine the antioxidant concentration of human plasma. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 47:355-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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139
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Ali ME, Ahmed MU, Alam S, Rahman MH. HLA-A, -B and -DRB1 allele frequencies in the Bangladeshi population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 72:115-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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140
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Ajaz A, Alam S, Chaudhary S. Metoclopramide and domperidone in the treatment of gastroparesis. Hippokratia 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004777.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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141
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Singhal N, Alam S, Sherwani R, Musarrat J. Serum zinc levels in celiac disease. Indian Pediatr 2008; 45:319-321. [PMID: 18451454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study was done to determine the zinc levels in 30 children with celiac disease. Serum zinc level was estimated at inclusion and zinc supplementation was given for 3 months. Zinc levels were repeated at 3 and 6 months after inclusion. The serum zinc levels of newly diagnosed CD cases (0.64+/-0.34 microg/mL) versus controls (0.94+/-0.14 microg/mL) were significantly lower (95% CI -0.44 to -1.4), whereas in the old cases this difference was non-significant. The serum zinc level among severely malnourished and stunted celiac cases was also significantly lower irrespective of their treatment status. We conclude that serum zinc levels are low in newly diagnosed and severely malnourished children with celiac disease.
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142
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Alam A, Zahangir Alam M, Islam STA, Alam S, Saha M. Application of Statistical Design to Benzylation of Toluene with Benzyl Alcohol. Chem Eng Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.200700439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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143
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Majumdar KC, Islam R, Alam S. Aluminium Chloride–Catalyzed Claisen Rearrangement: Synthesis of Polyheterocycles Containing Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701820418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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144
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Majumdar K, Debnath P, Alam S, Maji P. Thiol-mediated radical cyclization: regioselective formation of indole-annulated sulfur heterocycles by tandem cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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145
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Rahman F, Banerjee S, Ahmed CM, Jamil AA, Uddin MS, Alam S, Bhattcharjo B, Azam G, Sarker H, Shamim K, Rashid H, Diva F, Jaman M, Hossain Z, Ahsan SA, Siddique AB, Khalil M, Haque SS, Uddin MJ, Hasan KA, Khaleque MA, Rashid M. Evaluation of stentangioplasty in university cardiac center. Mymensingh Med J 2007; 16:197-203. [PMID: 17703159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this ongoing prospective study conducted in University Cardiac Center, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from July 2004 to January 2006. Fifty (50) patients (mean age 56+/-7.2 years) underwent stentangioplasty were evaluated. The study group of 50 patients consisted of 42 (84%) men and 08 (16%) women. The aim of this study was to evaluate in-hospital success, failure and complications during the procedures. About risk factors 19(38%) had hypertension, 13(26%) were smoker, 11(22%) suffered from diabetes mellitus, 05(10%) had family history of ischaemic heart disease. Average left ventricular ejection fraction was 54+/-7. Target vessel percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) were done in 61 vessel, intracoronary stent implanted in 58 vessels, direct stenting were done in 35 cases, failed PTCA were in 03(6%) cases and two had dissection. The native vessels had a mean reference diameter of 2.91 mm and their luminal diameter increased significantly after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). All the patients were discharged by one to three days of the procedure with improvement of their clinical condition. In conclusion, intracoronary stent deployment in coronary artery stenosis following balloon angioplasty is a valid and beneficial strategy with good in-hospital results.
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Schmidt MV, Sterlemann V, Ganea K, Liebl C, Alam S, Harbich D, Greetfeld M, Uhr M, Holsboer F, Müller MB. Persistent neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of a novel, etiologically relevant mouse paradigm for chronic social stress during adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:417-29. [PMID: 17449187 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is widely regarded as a key risk factor for a variety of diseases. A large number of paradigms have been used to induce chronic stress in rodents. However, many of these paradigms do not consider the etiology of human stress-associated disorders, where the stressors involved are mostly of social nature and the effects of the stress exposure persist even if the stressor is discontinued. In addition, many chronic stress paradigms are problematic with regard to stress adaptation, continuity, duration and applicability. Here we describe and validate a novel chronic social stress paradigm in male mice during adolescence. We demonstrate persistent effects of chronic social stress after 1 week of rest, including altered adrenal sensitivity, decreased expression of corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus and increased anxiety. In addition, pharmacological treatments with the antidepressant paroxetine (SSRI) or with the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist DMP696 were able to prevent aversive long-term consequences of chronic social stress. In conclusion, this novel chronic stress paradigm results in persistent alterations of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function and behavior, which are reversible by pharmacological treatment. Moreover, this paradigm allows to investigate the interaction of genetic susceptibility and environmental risk factors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The cause of postherpetic neuralgia is damage to peripheral neurons, dorsal root ganglia, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, secondary to herpes zoster infection (shingles). In postherpetic neuralgia, peripheral neurons discharge spontaneously and have lowered activation thresholds, and exhibit an exaggerated response to stimuli. Topical lidocaine dampens peripheral nociceptor sensitisation and central nervous system hyperexcitability, and may benefit patients with postherpetic neuralgia. OBJECTIVES To examine the efficacy and safety of topical lidocaine in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group Trials Register, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS, SIGLE for conference proceedings, Citation Index, the reference lists of all eligible trials, key textbooks, and previous systematic reviews. We also wrote to authors of all identified trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised or quasi-randomised trials comparing all topical applications of lidocaine, including gels and patches in patients of all ages with postherpetic neuralgia (pain persisting at the site of shingles at least one month after the onset of the acute rash). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors extracted data, and a third checked them. We obtained some missing data from the US Food and Drugs Administration. MAIN RESULTS Three trials involving 182 topical lidocaine treated participants and 132 control participants were included. Two trials gave data on pain relief, and the remaining study provided data on secondary outcome measures. The largest trial published as an abstract compared topical lidocaine patch to a placebo patch and accounted for 150 of the 314 patients (48%).A meta-analysis combining two of the three studies identified a significant difference between the topical lidocaine and control groups for the primary outcome measure: a mean improvement in pain relief according to a pain relief scale. Topical lidocaine relieved pain better than placebo (P = 0.003). There was a statistical difference between the groups for the secondary outcome measure of mean VAS score reduction (P = 0.03), but this was only for a single small trial. There were a similar number of adverse skin reactions in both treatment and placebo groups. The highest recorded blood lidocaine concentration varied between 59 ng/ml and 431 ng/ml between trials. The latter figure is high and the authors of the study suggest that the sample had been contaminated during the assay procedure. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to recommend topical lidocaine as a first-line agent in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia with allodynia. Further research should be undertaken on the efficacy of topical lidocaine for other chronic neuropathic pain disorders, and also to compare different classes of drugs (e.g. topical anaesthetics versus anti-epileptics).
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148
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Alam S, Khanna R, Sherwani R, Siraj I. Celiac disease: anti-endomysial antibody versus villous atrophy. Indian J Gastroenterol 2007; 25:317-8. [PMID: 17264440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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149
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Ueki K, Marukawa K, Shimada M, Yoshida K, Hashiba Y, Shimizu C, Nakgawa K, Alam S, Yamamoto E. Condylar and disc positions after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy with and without a Le Fort I osteotomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007; 36:207-13. [PMID: 17239565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) morphology and clinical symptoms after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) with and without a Le Fort I osteotomy. Of 50 Japanese patients with mandibular prognathism with mandibular and bimaxillary asymmetry, 25 underwent IVRO and 25 underwent IVRO in combination with a Le Fort I osteotomy. The TMJ symptoms and joint morphology, including disc tissue, were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively by magnetic resonance imaging and axial cephalogram. Improvement was seen in just 50% of joints with anterior disc displacement (ADD) that received IVRO and 52% of those that received IVRO with Le Fort I osteotomy. Fewer or no TMJ symptoms were reported postoperatively in 97% of the joints that received IVRO and 90% that received IVRO with Le Fort I osteotomy. Postoperatively, there were significant condylar position changes and horizontal changes in the condylar long axis on both sides in the two groups. There were no significant differences between improved ADD and unimproved ADD in condylar position change and the angle of the condylar long axis, although distinctive postoperative condylar sag was seen. These results suggest that IVRO with or without Le Fort I osteotomy can improve ADD and TMJ symptoms along with condylar position and angle, but it is difficult to predict the amount of improvement in ADD.
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150
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Schmidt MV, Levine S, Alam S, Harbich D, Sterlemann V, Ganea K, de Kloet ER, Holsboer F, Müller MB. Metabolic signals modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation during maternal separation of the neonatal mouse. J Neuroendocrinol 2006; 18:865-74. [PMID: 17026536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal development of the mouse is characterised by a period of hypo-responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to moderate stressors. Maternal separation disinhibits this blockade of the HPA axis, but the mechanism responsible is not clear. The present study examined the influence of metabolic signals on the central and peripheral components of the HPA axis in neonatal mice aged 8 days in absence or presence of the mother. Reductions in plasma glucose and leptin as well as rapid increases in plasma ghrelin were apparent in the neonate 4 h following maternal deprivation and maximal at 8 h. In addition, maternal separation induced an increase of neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus, a decrease of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus and a rise in serum corticosterone. Pharmacological manipulation of the metabolic signals attenuated the HPA response to maternal separation. Thus, the rise in plasma corticosterone induced by maternal separation was ameliorated by prevention of reduction in blood glucose or blockade of the ghrelin signalling pathway, as were the hypothalamic changes in NPY and CRH mRNAs. By contrast, leptin treatment did not affect the HPA axis response to maternal separation. Together these results suggest that metabolic signals play an important role in triggering the HPA response of the neonate to maternal separation.
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