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Yang B, Yao X, Gu S, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y. Selectivity of lynx proteins on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 19:283-289. [PMID: 20002807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are major excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Two lynx proteins (Nl-lynx1 and Nl-lynx2) have been identified in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, which act as modulators on insect nAChRs. In the present study, two lynx proteins were found to act on the triplet receptor Nlalpha1/Nlalpha2/beta2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes, increasing agonist-evoked macroscopic currents, but not changing agonist sensitivity and desensitization properties. Nl-lynx1 and Nl-lynx2 increased I(max) (maximum responses) of acetylcholine to 4.85-fold and 2.40-fold of that of Nlalpha1/Nlalpha2/beta2 alone, and they also increased I(max) of imidacloprid to 2.57-fold and 1.25-fold. Although, on another triplet nAChRs Nlalpha3/Nlalpha8/beta2, Nl-lynx2 increased I(max) of acetylcholine and imidacloprid to 3.63-fold and 2.16-fold, Nl-lynx1 had no effects on I(max) of either acetylcholine or imidacloprid. The results demonstrate the selectivity of lynx proteins for different insect nAChR subtypes. This selectivity was also identified in native N. Lugens. Co-immunoprecipitation was found between Nlalpha1/Nlalpha2-containing receptors and both Nl-lynx1 and Nl-lynx2, but was only found between Nlalpha3/Nlalpha8-containing receptors and Nl-lynx2. When the previously identified Nlalpha1(Y151S) and Nlalpha3(Y151S) mutations were included (Nlalpha1(Y151S)/Nlalpha2/beta2 and Nlalpha3(Y151S)/Nlalpha8/beta2), the increase in I(max) of imidacloprid, but not acetylcholine, caused by co-expression of Nl-lynx1 and Nl-lynx2 was more noticeable than that of their wildtype counterparts. Taken together, these data suggest that two modulators, Nl-lynx1 and Nl-lynx2, might serve as an influencing factor in target site insensitivity in N. lugens, such as Y151S mutation.
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Pierz KA, Gu S, Lewis ME, Hsu S, Falandry C, Salles GA, Fey MF, Martinelli G, Hitz F, Ghielmini ME. Predictive value of FCGR3A genotype on response to rituximab induction and maintenance therapy (MT) in follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kolb SJ, Snyder PJ, Poi EJ, Renard EA, Bartlett A, Gu S, Sutton S, Arnold WD, Freimer ML, Lawson VH, Kissel JT, Prior TW. Mutant small heat shock protein B3 causes motor neuropathy: utility of a candidate gene approach. Neurology 2010; 74:502-6. [PMID: 20142617 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181cef84a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Idiopathic peripheral neuropathy is common and likely due to genetic factors that are not detectable using standard linkage analysis. We initiated a candidate gene approach to study the genetic influence of the small heat shock protein (sHSP) gene family on an axonal motor and motor/sensory neuropathy patient population. METHODS The promoter region and all exonic and intronic sequences of the 10 sHSP genes (HSPB1-HSPB10) were screened in a cohort of presumed nonacquired, axonal motor and motor/sensory neuropathy patients seen at the Ohio State University Neuromuscular Clinic. RESULTS A missense mutation in the gene encoding small heat shock protein B3 (HSPB3, also called HSP27, protein 3) was discovered in 2 siblings with an asymmetric axonal motor neuropathy. Electrophysiologic studies revealed an axonal, predominantly motor, length-dependent neuropathy. The mutation, HSPB3(R7S), is located in the N-terminal domain and involves the loss of a conserved arginine. CONCLUSIONS The discovery of an HSPB3 mutation associated with an axonal motor neuropathy using a candidate gene approach supports the notion that the small heat shock protein gene family coordinately plays an important role in motor neuron viability.
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Hu Z, Mao J, Huang G, Kuo W, Lenburg M, Ziyad S, Korkola J, Bayani N, Wang N, Gu S, Weber B, Wooster R, Gray J. A Systems Analysis of Mitotic Apparatus Inhibitors Defines a Response Network for Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-09-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Deregulation of aspects of the mitotic apparatus leads to increased genome instability, carcinogenesis and aggressive tumor behavior in human and rodent model systems1. This knowledge has stimulated development of inhibitors of elements of the mitotic apparatus as anticancer agents including PLK1, CENPE, and AURKB and several are now being tested for efficacy clincially2-6. These trials and eventual clinical use will benefit from molecular markers that predict response. In order to identify such markers, we assessed quantitative responses to the agents GSK461364, GSK923295 and GSK1070916 that target PLK1, CENPE and AURKB; respectively, in a panel of 50 breast cancer cell lines. This analysis showed that basal subtype cell lines were preferentially sensitive to all three agents and that responses among the lines to the three agents were strongly correlated. This may be explained by our discovery that components of the mitotic apparatus including PLK1, CENPE and AURKB form a transcriptionally co-regulated network comprised of more than 50 genes that is preferentially active in basal subtype of breast cell lines and primary tumors. Remarkably, this network also is activate in subsets of cancers of the lung, ovarian, prostate and brain, Wilms tumor, human blood malignancies and selected normal tissues. We then defined a mitotic apparatus network index (MANI) and showed that high MANI was associated with poor outcome clinically and with preferential responsive to GSK461364, GSK923295 and GSK1070916 in preclinical models. This suggests that measures of the MANI will identify poor outcome tumors that will likely respond well to mitotic apparatus network gene inhibitors as well as potential dose limiting normal tissues.Reference1. Quigley, D.A. et al. Nature 458, 505-8 (2009).2. Strebhardt, K. & Ullrich, A. Nat. Rev. Cancer 6, 321-330 (2006).3. Toyoshima-Morimoto, F., Taniguchi, E., Shinya, N., Iwamatsu, A. & Nishida, E. Nature 410, 215-20 (2001).4. Barr, F.A., Sillje, H.H. & Nigg, E.A. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5, 429–440 (2004).5. McInnes, C. et al. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2, 608–617 (2006).6. Yamada, S. et al. Oncogene 23, 5901-5911(2004).
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2020.
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Shen DK, Gu S. The mechanism for thermal decomposition of cellulose and its main products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:6496-504. [PMID: 19625184 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Experiment is performed to investigate the mechanism of the cellulose pyrolysis and the formation of the main products. The evolution of the gaseous products is examined by the 3-D FTIR spectrogram at the heating rate of 5-60 K/min. A pyrolysis unit, composed of fluidized bed reactor, carbon filter, vapour condensing system and gas storage, is employed to investigate the products of the cellulose pyrolysis under different temperatures (430-730 degrees C) and residence time (0.44-1.32 s). The composition in the bio-oil is characterized by GC-MS while the gases sample is analyzed by GC. The effects of temperature and residence time on the main products in bio-oil (LG, 5-HMF, FF, HAA, HA and PA) are examined thoroughly. Furthermore the possible routes for the formation of the products are developed from the direct conversion of cellulose molecules and the secondary reactions of the fragments. It is found that the formation of CO is enhanced with elevated temperature and residence time, while slight change is observed for the yield of CO(2).
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Shimono A, Ueno S, Gu S, Zhao X, Tsumura Y, Tang Y. Range shifts of Potentilla fruticosa on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during glacial and interglacial periods revealed by chloroplast DNA sequence variation. Heredity (Edinb) 2009; 104:534-42. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Foller M, Mahmud H, Gu S, Wang K, Floride E, Kucherenko Y, Luik S, Laufer S, Lang F. Participation of leukotriene C(4) in the regulation of suicidal erythrocyte death. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE POLISH PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2009; 60:135-143. [PMID: 19826192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes, is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis is triggered by increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration upon energy depletion. The present study explored the involvement of leukotrienes. Western blotting was employed to detect the cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor cysLT1, competitive immune assay to determine leukotriene release from erythrocytes, Fluo3 fluorescence to estimate cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, forward scatter to analyse cell volume and annexin V-binding to disclose phosphatidylserine exposure. As a result, erythrocytes expressed the leukotriene receptor CysLT1. Glucose depletion (24 hours) significantly increased the formation of the cysteinyl-leukotrienes C(4)/D(4)/E(4). Leukotriene C(4) (10 nM) increased Ca(2+) entry, decreased forward scatter, activated caspases 3 and 8, and stimulated annexin V-binding. Glucose depletion similarly increased annexin V-binding, an effect significantly blunted in the presence of the leukotriene receptor antagonist cinalukast (1 microM) or the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor BW B70C (1 microM). In conclusion, upon energy depletion erythrocytes form leukotrienes, which in turn activate cation channels, leading to Ca(2+) entry, cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes thus participate in the signaling of eryptosis during energy depletion.
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Gal A, Veske A, Jojart G, Grammatico B, Huber B, Gu S, del Porto G, Senyi K. Norrie-Warburg syndrome: two novel mutations in patients with classical clinical phenotype. ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENT 2009:13-6. [PMID: 8741107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.1996.tb00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Norrie-Warburg syndrome (NWS) is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by blindness, which is invariable, deafness and mental disturbances, which are present occasionally. We describe here two novel mutations, a missense mutation (C126S) and a 1-base pair insertion (insT466/T467), together with a recurrent mutation (M1V), found in patients presenting with the classical clinical phenotype of NWS. All three mutations are likely to result in prominent structural changes of the norrin protein.
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Papadikis K, Gu S, Bridgwater A. CFD modelling of the fast pyrolysis of biomass in fluidised bed reactors. Part B. Chem Eng Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Papadikis K, Bridgwater A, Gu S. CFD modelling of the fast pyrolysis of biomass in fluidised bed reactors, Part A: Eulerian computation of momentum transport in bubbling fluidised beds. Chem Eng Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2008.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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136
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Zeoli N, Gu S, Kamnis S. Numerical simulation of in-flight particle oxidation during thermal spraying. Comput Chem Eng 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Banerjee A, Damera G, Bhandare R, Gu S, Lopez-Boado Y, Panettieri R, Tliba O. Vitamin D and glucocorticoids differentially modulate chemokine expression in human airway smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:84-92. [PMID: 18552877 PMCID: PMC2440089 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chemokines play a critical role in the pathogenesis of asthma and facilitate the recruitment of inflammatory cells in the airways. Evidence now suggests that airway smooth muscle (ASM) may serve as a source of chemokines in inflamed airways. Although vitamin D has potent anti-inflammatory properties in vitro in some cell types, its effects on ASM cells remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether 1alpha, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (calcitriol) modulated chemokine production in ASM. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human ASM cell cultures were derived from tracheal samples taken during surgery. ASM cells were treated with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and/or interferon gamma (IFNgamma) for 24 h in the presence of calcitriol and/or the glucocorticoid fluticasone added 2 h before. RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and fractalkine (FKN) levels in cell supernatants were measured by ELISA. KEY RESULTS In TNFalpha-treated cells, calcitriol inhibited RANTES and IP-10 secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. FKN levels were negligible. In TNFalpha/IFNgamma-treated cells, whereas fluticasone or calcitriol alone partially inhibited RANTES secretion (by 38 and 20%, respectively), the combination of both drugs additively inhibited RANTES secretion (by 60%). No effect was observed on IP-10 secretion. Whereas fluticasone enhanced FKN secretion (by 50%), calcitriol significantly decreased FKN levels (by 50%). Interestingly, calcitriol blocked the stimulatory effect of fluticasone on FKN secretion, which was inhibited by 60% with the combination of calcitriol and fluticasone. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that vitamin D uniquely modulates human ASM expression of chemokines and may exert some beneficial effects in the treatment of steroid-resistant patients with asthma.
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Lucas PC, Kuffa P, Gu S, Kohrt D, Kim DSL, Siu K, Jin X, Swenson J, McAllister-Lucas LM. A dual role for the API2 moiety in API2-MALT1-dependent NF-kappaB activation: heterotypic oligomerization and TRAF2 recruitment. Oncogene 2007; 26:5643-54. [PMID: 17334391 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is the most common extranodal lymphoid neoplasm. Chromosomal translocation t(11;18)(q21,q21) is found in 30% of gastric MALT lymphomas and is associated with a failure to respond to standard treatment and a tendency to disseminate. This translocation generates a chimeric protein composed of N-terminal sequences of Inhibitor of Apoptosis 2 (API2, also known as BIRC3 and cIAP2) fused to C-terminal sequences of MALT1. API2-MALT1 promotes cell survival and proliferation via activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Here, we investigate the mechanism by which the API2 moiety contributes to NF-kappaB stimulation. We find that the API2 moiety mediates oligomerization of API2-MALT1 as well as interaction with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2). Surprisingly, oligomerization does not occur via homotypic interaction; rather, the API2 moiety of one monomer interacts with the MALT1 moiety of another monomer. Further, the specific region of the API2 moiety responsible for mediating oligomerization is distinct from that mediating TRAF2 binding. Although deletion or mutation of the TRAF2 binding site does not inhibit oligomerization, it does lead to dramatically decreased NF-kappaB activation. Deletion of both TRAF2 binding and oligomerization regions results in near-complete loss of NF-kappaB activation. Thus, API2 moiety-mediated heterotypic oligomerization and TRAF2 binding both contribute to maximal API2-MALT1-dependent NF-kappaB stimulation.
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Fellerhoff B, Laumbacher B, Mueller N, Gu S, Wank R. Associations between Chlamydophila infections, schizophrenia and risk of HLA-A10. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:264-72. [PMID: 17102800 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several microbes have been suspected as pathogenetic factors in schizophrenia. We have previously observed increased frequencies of chlamydial infections and of human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-A10 in independent studies of schizophrenia. Our aim here was to analyze frequencies of three types of Chlamydiaceae in schizophrenic patients (n=72), random controls (n=225) and hospital-patient controls (n=36), together with HLA-A genotypes. Patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of hospitalization and analyzed with Chlamydiaceae species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Control panels consisted of randomly selected volunteers and hospitalized, non-schizophrenic patients. We found chlamydial infection in 40.3% of the schizophrenic patients compared to 6.7% in the controls. The association of schizophrenia with Chlamydiaceae infections was highly significant (P=1.39 x 10(-10), odds ratio (OR)=9.43), especially with Chlamydophila psittaci (P=2.81 x 10(-7), OR=24.39). Schizophrenic carriers of the HLA-A10 genotype were clearly most often infected with Chlamydophila, especially C. psittaci (P=8.03 x 10(-5), OR=50.00). Chlamydophila infections represent the highest risk factor yet found to be associated with schizophrenia. This risk is even further enhanced in carriers of the HLA-A10 genotype.
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Sun L, Gu S, Li X, Sun Y, Zheng D, Yu K, Ji C, Tang R, Xie Y, Mao Y. Identification of a novel human MAST4 gene, a new member of human microtubule associated serine/threonine kinase family. Mol Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893306050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sun L, Gu S, Li X, Sun Y, Zheng D, Yu K, Ji C, Tang R, Xie Y, Mao Y. [Identification of a novel human MAST4 gene, a new member of the microtubule associated serine-threonine kinase family]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2006; 40:808-15. [PMID: 17086981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Human protein kinases make up a large superfamily of homologous proteins, which are related by virtue of their kinase domains (also known as catalytic domains). Here we report the cloning and characterization of a novel human MAST4 (microtubule associated serine/threonine kinase family member 4) gene, which locates on human chromosome 5q13. The MAST4 cDNA is 7587 base pairs in length and encodes a putative protein of 2435 amino acids which contains a serine/threonine kinase domain and a PDZ domain. MAST4 protein has 64%, 63%, 59% and 39% identical aminoacid residues with MAST1, MAST2, MAST3 and MASTL respectively. RT-PCR analysis revealed relatively high expression level of MAST4 in most normal human tissues, with an exception of in testis, small intestine, colon and peripheral blood leukocyte.
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Gorelov A, Melconian D, Alford WP, Ashery D, Ball G, Behr JA, Bricault PG, D'Auria JM, Deutsch J, Dilling J, Dombsky M, Dubé P, Fingler J, Giesen U, Glück F, Gu S, Häusser O, Jackson KP, Jennings BK, Pearson MR, Stocki TJ, Swanson TB, Trinczek M. Scalar interaction limits from the beta-nu correlation of trapped radioactive atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:142501. [PMID: 15904059 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.142501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We have set limits on contributions of scalar interactions to nuclear beta decay. A magneto-optical trap provides a localized source of atoms suspended in space, so the low-energy recoiling nuclei can freely escape and be detected in coincidence with the beta. This allows reconstruction of the neutrino momentum, and the measurement of the beta-nu correlation, in a more direct fashion than previously possible. The beta-nu correlation parameter of the 0(+)-->0(+) pure Fermi decay of (38)K(m) is a =0.9981+/-0.0030+0.0032 / -0.0037, consistent with the standard model prediction a =1.
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Woodruff RC, Thompson JN, Gu S. Premeiotic Clusters of Mutation and the Cost of Natural Selection. J Hered 2004; 95:277-83. [PMID: 15247306 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esh048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haldane stated that there is a cost of natural selection for new beneficial alleles to be substituted over time. Most of this cost, which leads to "genetic deaths," is in the early generations of the substitution process when the new allele is low in frequency. It depends on the initial frequency and dominance value, but not the selection coefficient, of the advantageous allele. There have been numerous suggestions on how to reduce the cost for preexisting genetic variation that goes from disadvantageous, or neutral, to advantageous with a change in the environment. However, the cost of natural selection for new alleles that arise by mutation is assumed to be high, based on the assumption that new mutant alleles arise in natural populations as single events [1/(2N) of the total alleles]. However, not all mutant alleles arise as single events. Premeiotic mutations occur frequently in individuals (germinal mosaics), giving rise to multiple copies of identical mutant alleles called a "cluster" (C) with an initial allele frequency of C/(2N) instead of 1/(2N). These clusters of new mutant alleles reduce the cost of natural selection in direct proportion to the relative size of the cluster. Hence new advantageous alleles that arise by mutation have the greatest chance of going to fixation if they occur in large clusters in small populations.
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Dai J, Li Y, Ji C, Jin F, Zheng Z, Wang X, Sun X, Xu X, Gu S, Xie Y, Mao Y. Characterization of two novel KRAB-domain-containing zinc finger genes, ZNF460 and ZNF461, on human chromosome 19q13.1-->q13.4. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 103:74-8. [PMID: 15004467 DOI: 10.1159/000076292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Accepted: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the cloning and characterization of two novel human zinc finger protein cDNAs (ZNF460 and ZNF461) from a fetal brain cDNA library. The ZNF460 cDNA is 3,135 bp in length encoding a 562-amino-acid polypeptide and the ZNF461 cDNA is 2,548 bp encoding a 563-amino-acid protein. Both of the proteins contain a KRAB A+B box and eleven C2H2 type zinc finger motifs. ZNF461 shows high similarity with the rat GIOT-1 gene (GIOT1). The ZNF460 gene mapped to 19q13.4 with 3 exons, and ZNF461 mapped to 19q13.1 with 6 exons. Both of the two genes are ubiquitously expressed in normal human tissues and the abundance of the ZNF460 mRNA is relatively low.
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Yin X, Gu S, Jiang JX. Regulation of lens connexin 45.6 by apoptotic protease, caspase-3. CELL COMMUNICATION & ADHESION 2003; 8:373-6. [PMID: 12064621 DOI: 10.3109/15419060109080756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions are important in maintaining lens homeostasis. Here we report that connexin 45.6 (Cx45.6) was partially truncated to a 46 kDa fragment during chicken lens development. This specific truncation initiated during embryonic days and the truncated fragment accumulated towards the later developmental stages. When membranes of the embryonic lens were subjected to caspase-3 treatment, the 46 kDa fragment of Cx45.6 was reproduced, suggesting apoptotic protease caspase-3 is a potential protease involved. The COOH-terminus of Cx45.6 in GST-fusion protein was also cleaved by caspase-3, confirming that Cx45.6 is a direct substrate of caspase-3. Induction of apoptosis in lens primary cultures regenerated the 46 kDa fragment and this cleavage was blocked by a caspase-3 inhibitor. Alteration of amino acid residue Asp364 or Glu367 to Ala prevented Cx45.6 from cleavage by caspase-3, suggesting that the cleavage site of Cx45.6 is likely to be between Glu367 and Gly361. Phosphorylation of Ser363, a known substrate for casein kinase II (CKII) in vivo, inhibited the cleavage of Cx45.6 by caspase-3. Thus, this study demonstrates that a lens connexin can be a direct target of caspase-3 and the cleavage by caspase-3 leads to the development-associated truncation of Cx45.6. Finally, caspase-3 mediated truncation can be modulated by the specific connexin phosphorylation.
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Laumbacher B, Müller N, Bondy B, Schlesinger B, Gu S, Fellerhoff B, Wank R. Significant frequency deviation of the class I polymorphism HLA-A10 in schizophrenic patients. J Med Genet 2003; 40:217-9. [PMID: 12624143 PMCID: PMC1735388 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.3.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Trinczek M, Gorelov A, Melconian D, Alford WP, Asgeirsson D, Ashery D, Behr JA, Bricault PG, D'Auria JM, Deutsch J, Dilling J, Dombsky M, Dubé P, Eaton S, Fingler J, Giesen U, Gu S, Häusser O, Jackson KP, Lee B, Schmid JH, Stocki TJ, Swanson TB, Wong W. Novel search for heavy nu mixing from the beta+ decay of 38mK confined in an atom trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:012501. [PMID: 12570603 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.012501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new technique, full neutrino momentum reconstruction, is used to set limits on the admixture of heavy neutrinos into the electron neutrino. We measure coincidences between nuclear recoils and positrons from the beta decay of trapped radioactive atoms and deduce the neutrino momentum. A search for peaks in the reconstructed recoil time-of-flight spectrum as a function of positron energy is performed. The admixture upper limits range from 4 x 10(-3) to 2 x 10(-2) and are the best direct limits for neutrinos (as opposed to antineutrinos) for the mass region of 0.7 to 3.5 MeV.
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Gu S, Liu C, Zhong S. A study on the development of urbanization in China. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POPULATION SCIENCE 2002; 10:251-65. [PMID: 12322420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Gu S, Zhu N. Regional differences and development models in China's urbanization. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POPULATION SCIENCE 2002; 5:251-66. [PMID: 12345591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Huang Y, Tang R, Dai J, Gu S, Zhao W, Cheng C, Xu M, Zhou Z, Ying K, Xi Y, Mao Y. A novel human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 1 gene (HSDL1) is highly expressed in reproductive tissues. Mol Biol Rep 2002; 28:185-91. [PMID: 12153137 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015726217890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning and characterization of a novel human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like gene (HSDL1) located on human chromosome 16q24.2. The HSDL1 cDNA is 3407 base pair in length, encoding a 309 amino acid polypeptide related to human 17beta-HSD3. Northern blot reveals that the HSDL1 is highly expressed in testis and ovary. In situ hybridization indicates that the expression of HSDL1 is predominantly increased in the prostate cancer tissue compared with the normal prostate tissue, which suggests that the gene expression is important to the arising of prostate cancer.
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