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Foroud T, Castelluccio PF, Koller DL, Edenberg HJ, Miller M, Bowman E, Rau NL, Smiley C, Rice JP, Goate A, Armstrong C, Bierut LJ, Reich T, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Goldin LR, Badner JA, Guroff JJ, Gershon ES, McMahon FJ, Simpson S, MacKinnon D, McInnis M, Stine OC, DePaulo JR, Blehar MC, Nurnberger JI. Suggestive evidence of a locus on chromosome 10p using the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar affective disorder pedigrees. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 96:18-23. [PMID: 10686547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
As part of a four-center NIMH Genetics Initiative on Bipolar Disorder, a genome screen using 365 markers was performed on 540 DNAs from 97 families, enriched for affected relative pairs. This is the largest uniformly ascertained and assessed linkage sample for this disease, and includes 232 subjects diagnosed with bipolar I (BPI), 32 with schizo-affective, bipolar type (SABP), 72 with bipolar II (BPII), and 88 with unipolar recurrent depression (UPR). A hierarchical set of definitions of affected status was examined. Under Model I, affected individuals were those with a diagnosis of BPI or SABP, Model II included as affected those fitting Model I plus BPII, and Model III included those fitting Model II plus UPR. This data set was previously analyzed using primarily affected sib pair methods. We report the results of nonparametric linkage analyses of the extended pedigree structure using the program Genehunter Plus. The strongest finding was a lod score of 2.5 obtained on chromosome 10 near the marker D10S1423 with diagnosis as defined under Model II. This region has been previously implicated in genome-wide studies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Other chromosomal regions with lod scores over 1.50 for at least one Model Included chromosomes 8 (Model III), 16 (Model III), and 20 (Model I). Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:18-23, 2000
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White TD, Suwa G, Simpson S, Asfaw B. Jaws and teeth of Australopithecus afarensis from Maka, Middle Awash, Ethiopia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2000; 111:45-68. [PMID: 10618588 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(200001)111:1<45::aid-ajpa4>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Maka locality in Ethiopia's Middle Awash area has yielded new craniodental remains dated to 3.4 million years (myr) in age. These remains are described and assessed functionally and systematically. The fossils are assigned to Australopithecus afarensis. Maka thus joins Hadar and Laetoli as the third major locality yielding this species. As with previous site samples, the Maka collection displays a wide range of size variation. The nearly complete and undistorted MAK-VP-1/12 adult mandible from Maka is an excellent match for Hadar and Laetoli counterparts, confirming the geographic and temporal distribution of A. afarensis. This specimen shows that this taxon is functionally and developmentally hominid in its incisor/canine/premolar complex. A postulated evolutionary trajectory through A. anamensis to A. afarensis would have involved postcanine megadontia and other adaptations to a more heavily masticated diet relative to the earlier Ardipithecus ramidus.
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Abstract
This study examined the prevalence and nature of personality change in 99 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia. Personality was assessed using an informant-rated inventory of the patient's personality before and after the onset of dementia, with the difference equating to a change in personality. Personality characteristics were related to the patients' age and sex, duration of illness, degree of cognitive impairment, the presence of a grasp reflex, and extrapyramidal signs. Personality change was found to be almost universal and negative in nature and was particularly associated with severity of cognitive impairment, longer duration of illness, and neurological signs. The findings reflect those from other studies and emphasize the biological basis of personality changes in dementia.
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Simpson S, Allen H, Tomenson B, Burns A. Neurological correlates of depressive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. J Affect Disord 1999; 53:129-36. [PMID: 10360407 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic brain disease such as dementia or stroke is associated with depression. In dementia, depressive symptoms are common where there is evidence of vascular disease and in Alzheimer's disease they often coexist with extrapyramidal signs. METHOD In a study of 60 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 39 patients with vascular dementia, depressive symptoms were rated using the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Neurological signs were assessed and severity of cognitive impairment was measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination. RESULTS Depressive symptoms were more severe in vascular dementia. Pyramidal tract signs had no relationship to depression in either type of dementia. In vascular dementia, extrapyramidal and grasp reflexes were strongly related to the severity of depression, and were associated with neurovegetative features. In Alzheimer's disease, extrapyramidal signs were the strongest independent predictor of the severity of depression. CONCLUSION Depressive symptoms are more severe in vascular dementia compared to Alzheimer's disease and were related to neurological abnormalities.
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Asfaw B, White T, Lovejoy O, Latimer B, Simpson S, Suwa G. Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science 1999; 284:629-35. [PMID: 10213683 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5414.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The lack of an adequate hominid fossil record in eastern Africa between 2 and 3 million years ago (Ma) has hampered investigations of early hominid phylogeny. Discovery of 2.5 Ma hominid cranial and dental remains from the Hata beds of Ethiopia's Middle Awash allows recognition of a new species of Australopithecus. This species is descended from Australopithecus afarensis and is a candidate ancestor for early Homo. Contemporary postcranial remains feature a derived humanlike humeral/femoral ratio and an apelike upper arm-to-lower arm ratio.
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Simpson S, Patten S. Psychobiology of stroke: a neglected area. CMAJ 1999; 160:780-1. [PMID: 10189415 PMCID: PMC1230148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Simpson S. Maintenance programmes are denied to addicted prisoners in Victoria. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1999; 318:811. [PMID: 10082725 PMCID: PMC1115236 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.318.7186.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hopper L, Simpson S. Introduction of 12-hour shifts for nurses in a metropolitan intensive care unit. Aust Crit Care 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1036-7314(99)70522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Simpson S, Baldwin RC, Jackson A, Burns A. The differentiation of DSM-III-R psychotic depression in later life from nonpsychotic depression: comparisons of brain changes measured by multispectral analysis of magnetic resonance brain images, neuropsychological findings, and clinical features. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:193-204. [PMID: 9951567 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic depression has been proposed as a distinct subtype of major depression. There is considerable evidence for this in younger patients, although the neuroimaging has been rudimentary. Volumetric imaging studies are required of consecutive cohorts of patients with depression. METHODS Ninety-nine consecutive elderly patients were diagnosed with DSM-III-R major depression. Eighteen were psychotic, and 81 were not. Sixty-six patients were given a neuropsychological test battery, and 44 had a magnetic resonance imaging brain scan. A model integrating clinical, psychological, and neuroimaging findings for the explanation of delusion formation during depression is proposed. RESULTS Psychotic depression was characterized by worse physical health, more family history of depression, a poorer response to antidepressant drugs, and more severe lowering of mood; however, the strongest predictors of the presence of delusions were diencephalic atrophy, reticular activating system lesions, brain stem atrophy, and left-sided frontotemporal atrophy. The psychotic patients had poorer performance on tests of frontal lobe function and mental processing speed. CONCLUSIONS In the elderly, psychotic depression is etiologically, clinically, and neuroradiologically distinct, and has different treatment requirements, from nonpsychotic major depression.
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Ludington-Hoe SM, Anderson GC, Simpson S, Hollingsead A, Argote LA, Rey H. Birth-related fatigue in 34-36-week preterm neonates: rapid recovery with very early kangaroo (skin-to-skin) care. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1999; 28:94-103. [PMID: 9924870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1999.tb01970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test preterm neonates' physiologic and behavioral responses when placed skin-to-skin on their mother's chests, called kangaroo care (KC), for the first 6 hours after birth, instead of having the neonates go to an intensive care unit. DESIGN Convenience sampling was used in this descriptive study to enroll neonates who were given continuous KC beginning soon after birth in the delivery room and continuing for 6 hours. Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, abdominal temperature, and behavioral state were recorded each minute. SETTING Data were collected in the delivery room and in a private labor room in tropical Cali, Colombia. PARTICIPANTS Six 34-36-week preterm neonates with 5-minute APGAR scores of 6 or more were enrolled. Two neonates had grunting respirations before KC was begun. RESULTS Temperature rose rapidly to thermoneutral range. With few exceptions, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation remained within normal limits; grunting respirations in two neonates disappeared with warmed humidified oxygen and continuous KC. Sleep predominated, and neonates were discharged home by 48 hours being fully breastfed, suggesting that KC was an environment conducive to recovery from fatigue. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that KC beginning in the delivery room can be given safely and perhaps with benefit to 34-36-week gestation neonates who appear healthy at birth. Kangaroo care was conducive to recovery from birth-related fatigue.
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David Jackson S, Willis J, Kelly GJ, McLellan GD, Webb G, Mather S, Moyes RB, Simpson S, Wells PB, Whyman R. Supported nickel catalysts: Preparation and characterisation of alumina-, molybdena-, and silica-supported nickel, and the identification of reactive oxygen on these catalysts by exchange with isotopically labelled carbon dioxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a809293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Simpson S, Hollinshead J, Katelaris PH. Idiopathic localized dilatation of the ileum. A rare cause of gastrointestinal haemorrhage in an adult. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13:1234-6. [PMID: 9918431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
A case of idiopathic localized dilatation of the ileum presenting in adulthood and associated with small bowel malrotation, ulceration and bleeding is described. To our knowledge, this is the first such report of this combination of features. The diagnosis was made using a small bowel barium study and intra-operative enteroscopy. Idiopathic localized dilatation of the ileum with ulceration should be considered as a rare small intestinal cause of occult or frank gastrointestinal blood loss in children or young adults.
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Simpson S, Baldwin RC, Jackson A, Burns AS. Is subcortical disease associated with a poor response to antidepressants? Neurological, neuropsychological and neuroradiological findings in late-life depression. Psychol Med 1998; 28:1015-1026. [PMID: 9794009 DOI: 10.1017/s003329179800693x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-life depression is associated with increased subcortical white matter hyperintensities. There is some evidence that they are associated with a poorer response to acute treatment. Neurological signs and neuropsychological dysfunction are further evidence of abnormalities in the brain, but they have not been studied in relation to therapy resistance. METHODS A prospective study of 24 normal controls and 75 consecutive elderly (aged 65 to 85) patients with DSM-III-R major depression entered a naturalistic study of treatment. Assessment of response to monotherapy and then lithium augmentation or ECT created three outcome groups. Investigations included magnetic resonance brain imaging, neuropsychological and neurological examination. RESULTS Response to monotherapy within 12 weeks was shown by 42.7%, a further 37.3% responded to lithium augmentation or ECT within 24 weeks and 20% had responded poorly to all treatments at 24 weeks. Subcortical hyperintensities were significantly increased in the more resistant patients. These included confluent deep white matter, multiple (> 5) basal ganglia lesions and pontine reticular formation lesions. Most of the neuropsychological impairment was restricted to the resistant groups and was of a subcortico-frontal type. Extrapyramidal, frontal and pyramidal neurological signs characterized the resistant groups. The combination of extrapyramidal signs, pyramidal tract signs and impairment of motor hand sequencing strongly predicted resistance to 12 weeks of antidepressant monotherapy with 89% sensitivity and 95% specificity. CONCLUSION In late-life depression a poor response to antidepressant monotherapy can be expected in those patients with a frontal lobe syndrome, extrapyramidal signs or if MRI T2-weighted lesions are present in both the basal ganglia and the pontine reticular formation.
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Lockey JE, Levin LS, Lemasters GK, McKay RT, Rice CH, Hansen KR, Papes DM, Simpson S, Medvedovic M. Longitudinal estimates of pulmonary function in refractory ceramic fiber manufacturing workers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:1226-33. [PMID: 9563743 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9707131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractory ceramic fibers (RCF) are man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF) used in high-temperature industrial applications. Between 1987 and 1994, a prospective study evaluated pulmonary function of 361 male workers currently employed in RCF manufacturing and related operations for plausibility of a causal relationship between RCF exposure and pulmonary function changes. Workers included in the analysis provided at least five pulmonary function tests. The exposure-response relationship was modeled with two exposure variables: years in a production job, and cumulative fiber exposure (fiber-mo/cc). Comparison groups were nonproduction workers and workers with up to 15 fiber-mo/cc cumulative exposure. A statistically significant decrease in FVC was demonstrated among workers employed in production jobs more than 7 yr prior to initial test. A similar but nonstatistically significant result was demonstrated for FVC in workers with greater than 60 fiber-mo/cc cumulative exposure prior to initial pulmonary function test. Similar but nonstatistically significant results were obtained for FEV1. These findings, which primarily reflect workers employed before 1980, did not persist with analysis of follow-up production years and accumulated RCF exposure from initial pulmonary function test. Since longitudinal analyses are sensitive to influences that continue to affect annual decline during the study period, lower RCF exposure levels since the 1980s may be responsible for eliminating any further effect on pulmonary function.
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Holländer GA, Zuklys S, Morel C, Mizoguchi E, Mobisson K, Simpson S, Terhorst C, Wishart W, Golan DE, Bhan AK, Burakoff SJ. Monoallelic expression of the interleukin-2 locus. Science 1998; 279:2118-21. [PMID: 9516115 DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5359.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The lymphokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) is responsible for autocrine cell cycle progression and regulation of immune responses. Uncontrolled secretion of IL-2 results in adverse reactions ranging from anergy, to aberrant T cell activation, to autoimmunity. With the use of fluorescent in situ hybridization and single-cell polymerase chain reaction in cells with different IL-2 alleles, IL-2 expression in mature thymocytes and T cells was found to be tightly controlled by monoallelic expression. Because IL-2 is encoded at a nonimprinted autosomal locus, this result represents an unusual regulatory mode for controlling the precise expression of a single gene.
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Seibold F, Brandwein S, Simpson S, Terhorst C, Elson CO. pANCA represents a cross-reactivity to enteric bacterial antigens. J Clin Immunol 1998; 18:153-60. [PMID: 9533659 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023203118100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
pANCA (perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) occur at a high frequency in patients with ulcerative colitis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of pANCA in different mouse models of colitis and to determine whether there is any cross-reactivity of pANCA with bacterial antigens. Sera from 146 colitic mice and controls and from 30 patients with ulcerative colitis were tested for the presence of pANCA by indirect immunofluorescence with or without prior absorption with homogenized murine cecal bacteria. pANCA was found in 24 of 36 IL10(-/-) mice. In contrast to the human pANCA, both nuclear and perinuclear staining was found. Absorption of either human or mouse pANCA-positive sera with enteric bacterial antigens greatly reduced or abolished the specific perinuclear staining of pANCA. We conclude that pANCA occurs not only in humans but also in IL19(-/-) mice with colitis and likely represents a cross-reactivity with enteric bacterial antigens.
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Simpson S, Cossey R, Diamond I. 1991 population estimates for areas smaller than districts. POPULATION TRENDS 1998:31-9. [PMID: 9449158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the construction of population estimates for mid-1991 for electoral wards in England and Wales and postal sectors in Scotland. It shows how earlier work adjusting 1991 census figures at national and local authority level for undercount and other factors has been extended to smaller areas in a way that produces estimates which are consistent with the estimates for larger areas. Estimates for smaller areas are needed to calculate employment, health and other indices, and as a starting point for population estimates between census years.
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Mccaffery A, Simpson S. A gregarizing factor present in the egg pod foam of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. J Exp Biol 1998; 201:347-63. [PMID: 9427669 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.201.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The behavioural phase state and coloration of hatchling Schistocerca gregaria were examined in a series of experiments to determine the means by which phase characteristics are passed between generations. Both crowding of solitary-reared females at the time of oviposition and high egg pod densities promoted behavioural gregarization, although the former appeared to be a rather more potent factor. In contrast, egg pod density alone appeared to promote the development of hatchlings with dark patterns characteristic of the gregarious phase. The phase characteristics of hatchlings were unaffected when sand previously used for oviposition was used to collect further egg pods. Early separation of presumptive gregarious eggs from egg pods laid by crowd-reared females led to solitarization of the hatchlings, indicating that a factor, either in or around the eggs, removed by early separation promoted gregarization. Both the eggs and foam plugs of egg pods from crowd-reared, gregarious females appeared to be a source of this gregarizing factor. In contrast, there was no evidence for a solitarization factor in egg pods from solitary-reared S. gregaria. Saline extracts of egg pod foam plugs produced an active factor which promoted gregarization both in eggs from solitary-reared females and in eggs from gregarious females which were separated and washed to removed the factor. Solitary eggs were influenced by the gregarizing factor in foam plug extracts for up to 1 day after oviposition. Saline extracts of foam plug retained their activity for up to 1 day. Initial studies on the properties of this factor were made. We conclude that the foam plugs of egg pods from crowd-reared, gregarious locusts contain a small (<3 kDa), hydrophilic gregarizing factor which is produced at the time of oviposition and which predisposes hatchlings to attain characteristics of the gregarious phase.
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Baldwin RC, Simpson S. Treatment resistant depression in the elderly: a review of its conceptualisation, management and relationship to organic brain disease. J Affect Disord 1997; 46:163-73. [PMID: 9547114 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hershkovitz I, Kelly J, Latimer B, Rothschild BM, Simpson S, Polak J, Rosenberg M. Oral bacteria in miocene Sivapithecus. J Hum Evol 1997; 33:507-12. [PMID: 9361257 DOI: 10.1006/jhev.1997.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Abstract
This study examined the sleep and mood differences between premenopausal and perimenopausal women matched for age and sociodemographic variables. Wrist actigraphy, Profile of Mood State (POMS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), a sleep questionnaire, and responses to a sleep diary were recorded for a period of 1 week. It was found that the sleep disruption of perimenopausal subjects was significantly greater than that of the premenopausal group (p < 0.05). Overall, the perimenopausal group demonstrated a significant increase in sleep disruption and mood alterations when compared with the premenopausal group. Actigraphic data showed that perimenopausal subjects experienced longer and more numerous arousals resulting in significantly less sleep (p < 0.05). In addition, perimenopausal subjects scored significantly higher (p < 0.05) on the STAI and significantly lower on the Vigor subscale of the POMS (p < 0.01) than premenopausal subjects. Correlational analyses indicated that sleep and mood changes were significantly related in the perimenopausal group, but not in the premenopausal group. Taken together, these results suggest that the mood changes experienced by the perimenopausal group may be mediated by sleep disruption.
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Gottesfeld Z, Simpson S, Maier M. Exposure to alcohol in utero blunts splenic sympathetic neural response to endotoxin and interleukin-1beta in the rat. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 78:180-3. [PMID: 9307243 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic administration of endotoxin (LPS) or interleukin-1beta (IL-1) to prepubertal rats induced a marked increase in splenic but not cardiac norepinephrine (NE) turnover, an index of sympathetic neural activity. In contrast, the splenic neural response was blunted in their fetal alcohol-exposed (FAE) cohorts. Because the sympathetic outflow to lymphoid organs is considered an important immune modulator, the anomalous neural response to immune signals may partly account for the impaired cellular immunity and, thus, for the increased susceptibility to infections associated with FAE.
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Simpson S, Middleton L, Diamond I, Lunn D. Small-area population estimates: a review of methods used in Britain in the 1990s. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY : IJPG 1997; 3:265-80. [PMID: 12348292 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1220(199709)3:3<265::aid-ijpg71>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
"Population estimates are usually produced by local government administrations in Britain, for each small area within their authority. Increasing interest has been shown by commerce and by central government. Five main methods are identified: apportionment, ratio change, additive change, cohort survival, and local censuses. Estimation strategies also vary according to available data, the detail in which a population is estimated, and the precise combination of elements chosen from one or more of the main methods. The use of methods at the beginning of the 1990s is surveyed in this paper, and examples given. The accuracy of each main method is quantified from empirical data collated by the Estimating with Confidence project. Likely developments towards the end of the 1990s are reviewed."
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