Physicochemical and excess properties of binary mixtures of (1-alkyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride/bromide + ethylene glycol) at T = (288.15 to 333.15) K

In the present work, the density, ρ, refractive index, n

Effect of mifepristone in the different treatments of endometriosis

OBJECTIVE

To observe the effect of small-dose mifepristone conservative treatment and laparoscopic combined with mifepristone in the treatment of endometriosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty-five endometriosis cases were given small-dose mifepristone conservative treatment and were assessed for the effect of this treatment; 92 cases were randomly divided into control group (taking gestrinone) and observation group (mifepristone), FSH, P, PRL and E2 levels were compared before and after treatment, and pregnancy investigation and each sex hormone level monitoring were followed-up at one year after drug withdrawal.

RESULTS

Using mifepristone, FSH, P, E2, and LH levels all significantly changed six months after treatment and recovered 12 months after drug withdrawal; when comparing the pelvic symptoms, endometrial thickness showed that mifepristone was significantly effective (p < 0.01), and the pregnancy rate was 27.69%. Comparing the two groups, none of the total effective rate, pregnancy rate one year of follow-up, and recurrence rates were significantly different; hormone levels in the both groups were significantly decreased or increased (p < 0.05) after treatment. The two groups had no significant difference (p > 0.05), but 12 months after drug withdrawal, in the control group (not in the observation group), LH level was still significantly different (p < 0.05) compared pre-treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

In the conservative treatment, mifepristone can safely improve the hormone levels, reduce the thickness of the endometrium, alleviate symptoms. With laparoscopic minimally invasive combined drug therapy, mifepristone has a significant effect, with a more followed-up pregnancy rate, less recurrence, and no drug accumulation side-effects, hence it is worthy of clinical application.

Effects of Wuzhi capsule on blood concentration of tacrolimus after renal transplantation

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Wuzhi capsule on blood concentration of tacrolimus after renal transplantation. Sixty patients after allogenic renal transplantation were enrolled in this study and randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. One oral Wuzhi capsule was taken in the morning and evening for patients in the experimental group, while none was given to the control group, maintaining the trough blood concentration of tacrolimus in the normal range. After 3 weeks, the changes of tacrolimus dosage and hepatorenal function in the two groups were compared. Comparisons of drug dosage and blood concentration C0 value of tacrolimus before initiating the experiment showed that there was no statistically ignificant difference (P>0.05) between the two groups. The differences of blood concentration of tacrolimus and hepatorenal function for patients in both two groups after 3 weeks’ treatment also showed no statistical significance (P>0.05), whereas a statistically significant decrease was demonstrated in the tacrolimus dosage of the Wuzhi capsule group compared with that of the control group (P=0.0083). After renal transplantation, Wuzhi capsules were added so as to enable tacrolimus to reach a suitable blood concentration, which can prevent the occurrence of renal transplantation rejection, thus alleviating the economic burden of patients and producing larger social benefits.

New measurement of antineutrino oscillation with the full detector configuration at Daya Bay

We report a new measurement of electron antineutrino disappearance using the fully constructed Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. The final two of eight antineutrino detectors were installed in the summer of 2012. Including the 404 days of data collected from October 2012 to November 2013 resulted in a total exposure of 6.9×10^{5} GW_{th}  ton days, a 3.6 times increase over our previous results. Improvements in energy calibration limited variations between detectors to 0.2%. Removal of six ^{241}Am-^{13}C radioactive calibration sources reduced the background by a factor of 2 for the detectors in the experimental hall furthest from the reactors. Direct prediction of the antineutrino signal in the far detectors based on the measurements in the near detectors explicitly minimized the dependence of the measurement on models of reactor antineutrino emission. The uncertainties in our estimates of sin^{2}2θ_{13} and |Δm_{ee}^{2}| were halved as a result of these improvements. An analysis of the relative antineutrino rates and energy spectra between detectors gave sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.084±0.005 and |Δm_{ee}^{2}|=(2.42±0.11)×10^{-3}  eV^{2} in the three-neutrino framework.

Dosage assessment of valnemulin in pigs based on population pharmacokinetic and Monte Carlo simulation

To estimate the valnemulin pharmacokinetic profile in a swine population and to assess a dosage regimen for increasing the likelihood of optimization. This study was, respectively, performed in 22 sows culled by p.o. administration and in 80 growing-finishing pigs by i.v. administration at a single dose of 10 mg/kg to develop a population pharmacokinetic model and Monte Carlo simulation. The relationships among the plasma concentration, dose, and time of valnemulin in pigs were illustrated as C(i,v) = X(0 )(8.4191 × 10(-4) × e(-0.2371t) + 1.2788 × 10(-5) × e(-0.0069t)) after i.v. and C(p.o) = X(0) (-8.4964 × 10(-4) × e(-0.5840t) + 8.4195 × e(-0.2371t) + 7.6869 × 10(-6) × e(-0.0069t)) after p.o. Monte Carlo simulation showed that T(>MIC) was more than 24 h when a single daily dosage at 13.5 mg/kg BW in pigs was administrated by p.o., and MIC was 0.031 mg/L. It was concluded that the current dosage regimen at 10-12 mg/kg BW led to valnemulin underexposure if the MIC was more than 0.031 mg/L and could increase the risk of treatment failure and/or drug resistance.

Blood pressure control in ultra-early basal ganglia intracerebral hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE

We performed this study to investigate the effect of blood pressure control in ultra-early basal ganglia intracerebral hemorrhage.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

120 patients with ultra-early basal ganglia intracerebral hemorrhage were randomly divided into experimental group (strengthened antihypertensive) and control (normal antihypertensive). Each group consists of 60 patients, whose contractive pressure were controlled by intravenous antihypertensive drugs among 130-140 mmHg and 160-180 mmHg respectively for 24 h, after 1 h of beginning treatment. They were all evaluated by NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) before and after the treatment. Cranial CT, hematoma volume, hematoma enlargement, edema volume, serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 level were performed and compared between groups.

RESULTS

After 24 h, hematoma volume and hematoma enlargement in the experimental group was significantly lower than control (p < 0.05). After 14 days, NIHSS score in the experimental group was significantly lower than control (p < 0.05). Cerebral edema amount and serum MMP-9 level in the experimental group were significantly lower than control after 5 days and 14 days.

CONCLUSIONS

Ultra-early basal ganglia intracerebral hemorrhage can remarkably reduce hematoma enlargement, cerebral edema, serum MMP-9 level, and improve the neurological function.

Differential expression proteins associated with bud dormancy release during chilling treatment of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa)

Endo-dormant flower buds of tree peony must have sufficient chilling duration to reinitiate growth, which is a major obstacle to the forcing culture of tree peony in winter. We used a combination of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) to identify the differentially expressed proteins of tree peony after three different chilling treatments: endo-dormancy, endo-dormancy release and eco-dormancy stages. More than 200 highly reproducible protein spots were detected, and 31 differentially expressed spots (P < 0.05) were selected for further analysis. Finally, 20 protein spots were confidently identified from databases, which were annotated and classified into seven functional categories: response to abiotic or biotic stimulus (four), metabolic processes (four), other binding (three), transcription or transcription regulation (two), biological processes (one), cell biogenesis (one) and unclassified (five). The results of qPCR of five genes were mainly consistent with that of the protein accumulation analysis as determined by 2-DE. This indicated that most of these genes were mainly regulated at transcriptional level. The activity of nitrate reductase and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 was consistent with the 2-DE results. The proteomic profiles indicated activation of citrate cycle, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy production, calcium signalling and cell growth processes by chilling fulfilment to facilitate dormancy release in tree peony. Analysis of functions of identified proteins will increase our knowledge of endo-dormancy release in tree peony.

Mechanisms of hela cell apoptosis induced by abnormal Savda Munziq total phenolics combined with chemotherapeutic agents

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of abnormal Savda Munziq (ASMq) total phenolics combined with cisplatin and docetaxel on the Hela cell growth.

METHODS

In vivo cultured Hela cells were treated with cisplatin, docetaxel, total phenolics, cisplatin+total phenolics or docetaxel+total phenolics. MTT was performed to assess inhibition of cell proliferation, flow cytometry to detect apoptosis, and semi-quantitative RT-PCR to test for survivin and Bcl-2 expression.

RESULTS

The total phenolics, cisplatin and docetaxel had significant inhibitory and apoptosis-promoting effects on Hela cells (P<0.05), with the early apoptotic rates of 12.8±0.70%, 18.9±3.79% and 15.8±3.8)%; the total phenolics, cisplatin and docetaxel significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and survivin (all P<0.01), especially when used in combination.

CONCLUSION

ASMq total phenolics, combined with cisplatin and docetaxel, could promote the apoptosis of Hela cells possibly through reducing the expression of Bcl-2 and survivin.

Search for a light sterile neutrino at Daya Bay

A search for light sterile neutrino mixing was performed with the first 217 days of data from the Daya Bay Reactor Antineutrino Experiment. The experiment's unique configuration of multiple baselines from six 2.9 GW(th) nuclear reactors to six antineutrino detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 m and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls makes it possible to test for oscillations to a fourth (sterile) neutrino in the 10(-3) eV(2)<|Δm(41)(2) |< 0.3 eV(2) range. The relative spectral distortion due to the disappearance of electron antineutrinos was found to be consistent with that of the three-flavor oscillation model. The derived limits on sin(2) 2θ(14) cover the 10(-3) eV(2) ≲ |Δm(41)(2)| ≲ 0.1 eV(2) region, which was largely unexplored.

Efficient removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater under sunlight by Fe(II)-doped TiO₂ spherical shell

Fe(II)-doped TiO2 spherical shell catalyst was synthesized by one-pot hydrothermal method. The photocatalytic removal of Cr(VI) from plating wastewater under sunlight of the catalyst was demonstrated. It was found that the removal effectiveness of about 99.99% for initial Cr(VI) concentration of 102.3 ppm and 99.01% for 153.4 ppm under 3h sunlight irradiation is realized. The Fe(II) ions serve not only as reducing agents for reducing the Cr(VI) to Cr(III) but also as an intermedium of a two-step reduction, in which the TiO2 photoreduces the Fe(II) ions to Fe atoms firstly, and then the Fe atoms reduce the Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The improved photocatalytic activity of the catalyst is considered due to the synergistic effect of a multi reducing process by Fe(II) doping. The extended optical response and effectively utilization of sunlight of the special spherical-shell-like morphology also contribute to the enhanced photocatalytic activity.

TGF-beta induced RBL2 expression in renal cancer cells by down-regulating miR-93

PURPOSE

TGF-beta can induce G1 arrest via many mechanisms including up-regulating p21, p27, and Rb. However, as the member of Rb family, whether RBL2 is induced by TGF-beta treatment remains exclusive.

METHODS

The expression of RBL2 and miR-93 after TGF-beta treatment was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. The growth of renal cancer cells was determined by CCK-8 assays and cell cycle was determined by PI staining. The binding of miR-93 on RBL2 3'-UTR was determined by double luciferase system.

RESULTS

In renal cancer cells, TGF-beta treatment induced expression of RBL2 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and RBL2 mediated TGF-beta induced growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest in renal cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that miR-93 directly targeted RBL2 by binding to its 3'-UTR in renal cancer cells. Over-expression of miR-93 significantly reduced the expression of RBL2, whereas knock down of miR-93 up-regulated the expression of RBL2. More importantly, TGF-beta treatment inhibited miR-93 expression, which resulted in up-regulation of RBL2 after TGF-beta treatment.

CONCLUSION

TGF-beta induced RBL2 expression through down-regulating miR-93 in renal cancer cells. The newly identified TGF-beta/miR-93/RBL2 signal pathway reveals a new mechanism of TGF-beta induced growth arrest in renal cancer.

Bone marrow-derived clonal mesenchymal stem cells inhibit ovalbumin-induced atopic dermatitis

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory activities, including suppression of T- and B-cell activation. However, their effects on atopic dermatitis (AD) have not yet been studied. Using an ovalbumin-induced AD mouse model, we investigated whether MSCs can be used as therapeutics in AD. We isolated both allogeneic and syngeneic clonal MSCs (cMSCs) from mouse bone marrow according to the subfractionation culturing method. Our cMSCs suppressed both T- and B-cell activation. T-cell proliferation and cytokine production, including interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4, were suppressed by inhibition of transcription factors, such as T-bet, GATA-3, and c-Maf. Those transcription factors were nitric oxide dependent. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) suppression occurred through downregulation of AID and BLIMP-1, important regulators for isotype class switch and B-cell differentiation. The cMSCs were injected intravenously into ovalbumin-induced AD mouse model, and the therapeutic effects were analyzed. Injection of both allogeneic and syngeneic cMSCs in an AD mouse model inhibited cell infiltration in skin lesions and decreased the serum level of IgE. IL-4 expression was also suppressed by cMSCs in both the lymph node and skin. The cMSCs migrated to skin lesions and draining lymph nodes. Taken together, these data demonstrated that cMSCs, which suppressed T- and B-cell functions, can be used for the treatment of AD in mice.

First Report of Bacterial Leaf Streak of Strelitzia reginae Caused by Burkholderia cepacia

In 2011, the bacterial leaf streak disease of the monocotyledonous flowering plant, commonly known as bird of paradise (Strelitzia reginae), occurred in a nursery in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. Lesions on diseased leaves began as water-soaked leaf spots or streaks near the central and secondary veins, eventually expanded along veins and became brown necrotic streaks. Occasionally, during wet conditions, seedlings were completely blighted. The disease incidence was about 12% in the nursery. Bacteria were consistently isolated on nutrient agar (NA) (4) from surface-sterilized symptomatic lesions and purified on NA. Three bacterial strains were tested for pathogenicity on S. reginae plants. Three plants were inoculated per bacterial strain (bacterial suspensions 10⁷ CFU/ml in nutrient broth [NB] [4]) by wounding three young, fully expanded leaves (four wounds per leaf) with needle. Plants were placed in polyethylene bags 1 day before inoculation and maintained for 7 days after inoculation. Three control plants were inoculated with NB. Water-soaked areas on leaves were observed on all inoculated plants 7 days after inoculation. Within 10 days, brown streaks were observed. All strains induced similar symptoms as those observed on the plants in the nursery. Control plants showed no symptoms. For molecular identification, a near full-length sequence of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified from strain TNT1-1 (GenBank Accession No. JX901049.1) with primers 27F and 1492R (3), obtaining a PCR product of ~1,500 bp. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed the highest similarity (99.5%) to sequences of Burkholderia cepacia (FN178432.1 and FN178432.1). BIOLOG identification showed that TTN1-1 had the highest probability index of 0.85 and highest similarity index of 0.85 to B. cepacia. For biochemical characteristics, the strain was gram negative, anaerobic growth test negative, oxidase negative, catalase positive, did not produce fluorescent pigment on KB (4), did not grow on DIM agar (4), arginine dihydrolysis negative, nitrate reduction negative, starch hydrolysis negative, gelatin liquefaction negative, citrate, D-arabinose, L-fructose, trehalose, and maltose utilization positive, didn't produce acid from glucose, and grew on Tween 80 medium at 41°C. The above characteristics were identical to that of reference isolate B. cepacia ATCC 25416. Additionally, bacteria isolated on NA from the leading edge of lesions of inoculated plants with the strain were identical to the inoculated strain based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, but no bacteria were recovered from the wounded sites on the control plants. Therefore, bacterial leaf streak of bird of paradise is caused by B. cepacia based on Koch's postulates. In contrast, two bacterial diseases on S. reginae were previously reported to be caused by Xanthomonas campestris (1) and B. gladioli (2) in the United States and Italy, respectively. A similar leaf streak disease on S. nicolai was caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae in the United States (5). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a leaf streak disease on S. reginae caused by B. cepacia. References: (1) A. R. Chase and J. B. Jones. Plant Dis. 71:845, 1987. (2) G. Cirvilleri et al. Plant Dis. 90:1553, 2006. (3) I. M. Lee et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2631, 1997. (4) N. W. Schaad et al. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001. (5) T. E. Seijo and N. A. Peres. Plant Dis. 95:1474, 2011.

Use of bone mesenchymal stem cells to treat rats with acute liver failure

This study aimed to isolate mesenchymal stem cells from bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), determine their therapeutic potential for treating rats with acute liver failure (ALF), further explore the factors that induce liver failure mechanisms, and elucidate the role of bone marrow stem cell therapy and BMSCs on liver homing. We found that differentiation potential was present in BMSCs expressing high levels of CD29 and CD90. These cells improved liver functioning in vivo after transplantation into rat livers with D-galactosamine damage, as evidenced by the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase returning to normal (low levels) in recipient ALF rats. A significant improvement in the liver functional test and histological findings was observed in the transplantation group after 120 and 168 h of transplantation (P < 0.05). Histological data revealed that hepatocyte cell apoptosis was lower in the transplantation group compared to the control groups (P < 0.05), and that the transplantation of BMSCs reduced liver inflammation, decreased hepatic denaturation and necrosis, and promoted liver regeneration. These ameliorations were not recorded in the control groups. The results of in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot confirmed the presence of transplanted BMSCs in recipient rat livers. Stromal cell derived factor-1 alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor were significantly upregulated after the intraportal transplantation of BMSCs, with significantly higher levels being found in the portal vein and the tail vein groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BMSCs have a therapeutic effect against ALF rats, evoke endogenous repair mechanisms in the liver, and may represent a novel form of therapeutic intervention for the disease. Furthermore, intraportal transplantation serves as a more effective pathway compared to tail vein transplantation.

Spectral measurement of electron antineutrino oscillation amplitude and frequency at Daya Bay

A measurement of the energy dependence of antineutrino disappearance at the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment is reported. Electron antineutrinos (ν¯(e)) from six 2.9  GW(th) reactors were detected with six detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls. Using 217 days of data, 41 589 (203 809 and 92 912) antineutrino candidates were detected in the far hall (near halls). An improved measurement of the oscillation amplitude sin(2)2θ(13)=0.090(-0.009)(+0.008) and the first direct measurement of the ν¯(e) mass-squared difference |Δm(ee)2|=(2.59(-0.20)(+0.19))×10(-3)  eV2 is obtained using the observed ν¯(e) rates and energy spectra in a three-neutrino framework. This value of |Δm(ee)2| is consistent with |Δm(μμ)2| measured by muon neutrino disappearance, supporting the three-flavor oscillation model.

Thermal oxidation of V2O3 nanocrystals: a template method for the fabrication of monoclinic phase VO2 nanocrystals

We report the fabrication of VO2(M) nanocrystals by direct thermal oxidation V2O3 nanocrystals. The controlling of the thermal oxidation temperature and vacuum is essential for obtaining pure VO2(M) nanocrystals. The VO2(M) nanocrystals have nearly a spherical morphology with sizes ranging from 50 to 80 nm and well dispersed. The phase transition temperature is about 65 degrees C with relatively narrow endothermic and exothermal peaks in DSC curve. Variable temperature resistance and infrared transmission measurements demonstrate a reversible phase transition of the VO2(M) nanocrystals. Our method is facile, economical and can be easily scaled-up for mass production.

Ag-decorated TiO₂ nanograss for 3D SERS-active substrate with visible light self-cleaning and reactivation

The production of SERS-active substrates which are uniform, sensitive, reproducibile and durable still remains an important issue. Here, we report a strategy for the fabrication of a large-area Ag-decorated TiO₂ nanograss SERS-active substrate by a simple solvothermal approach combined with Ag evaporation. The nanograss consists of dense rutile TiO₂ nanorods of about 5 nm in diameter and the decorated Ag nanoparticles are an average of 8 nm in diameter. The Ag protrusions and gaps between them contribute to three dimensional SERS "hot spots" which can be modulated by simply controlling the Ag evaporating parameters. The Ag-decorated TiO₂ substrate is highly efficient in detecting rhodamine 6G (R6G) and 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) molecules and has good homogeneity. An obvious red shift and even high enhancement of b₂ vibration mode were observed in detecting 4-ATP due to the effective charge transfer from the Ag atoms to sulfur atoms. The Ag-decorated TiO₂ substrate can be easily self-cleaned and reactivated by visible light irradiation without obvious degeneration of SERS signals. Our results demonstrate that the Ag-decorated TiO₂ substrate with high and homogeneous SERS activity has potential feasibility as a sensitive SERS probe.

Proteomic data show an increase in autoantibodies and alpha-fetoprotein and a decrease in apolipoprotein A-II with time in sera from senescence-accelerated mice

We evaluated changes in levels by comparing serum proteins in senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice at 2, 6, 12, and 15 months of age (SAMP8-2 m, -6 m, -12 m, -15 m) to age-matched SAM-resistant 1 (SAMR1) mice. Mice were sacrificed, and blood was analyzed by 2-dimensional electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry. Five protein spots were present in all SAMP8 serum samples, but only appeared in SAMR1 samples at 15 months of age except for spot 3, which also showed a slight expression in SAMR1-12 m sera. Two proteins decreased in the sera from SAMP8-2 m, -6 m, and -12 m mice, and divided into 2 spots each in SAMP8-15 m sera. Thus, the total number of altered spots in SAMP8 sera was 7; of these, 4 were identified as Ig kappa chain V region (M-T413), chain A of an activity suppressing Fab fragment to cytochrome P450 aromatase (32C2_A), alpha-fetoprotein, and apolipoprotein A-II. M-T413 is a monoclonal CD4 antibody, which inhibits T cell proliferation. We found that M-T413 RNA level was significantly enhanced in splenocytes from SAMP8-2 m mice. This agreed with serum M-T413 protein alterations and a strikingly lower blood CD4⁺ T cell count in SAMP8 mice when compared to the age-matched SAMR1 mice, with the latter negatively correlating with serum M-T413 protein volume. Age-related changes in serum proteins favored an increase in autoantibodies and alpha-fetoprotein and a decrease of apolipoprotein A-II, which occurred in SAMP8 mice at 2 months of age and onwards. These proteins may serve as candidate biomarkers for early aging.

First Report of Leaf Spot on Tibouchina semidecandra Caused by Beltrania rhombica in China

Tibouchina semidecandra Cogn. is a popular ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical areas (1). In August 2011, a leaf spot was observed on approximately 70% of 5,000 potted plants of T. semidecandra in a nursery in Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China. Each leaf spot was round with a brown center surrounded by a reddish brown border, and ranged from 8 to 10 mm in diameter. A fungus was isolated consistently from the lesions by surface-sterilizing symptomatic leaf sections (each 3 cm²) with 75% alcohol for 8 s, washing the sections with sterile water, soaking the sections in 3% NaOCl for 15 s, rinsing the sections with sterile water three times, and then placing the sections on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28°C. Each of three single-spore isolates on PDA produced gray, floccose colonies that reached 70 mm in diameter after 5 days at 28°C. Setae were dark brown, straight, erect, distantly and inconspicuously septate, and 125 to 193 × 3.0 to 4.5 μm. Conidiophores were light brown, cylindrical, simple or sometimes branched at the base, and 105 to 202 × 3 to 5 μm. Separating cells were hyaline, oval, and 12 to 13 × 4 to 5 μm. Conidia were unequally biconic, unicellular, dark brown with a pale brown or subhyaline band just above the widest part, and 26 to 31 × 8.5 to 12 μm (mean 27.3 × 10.6 μm) with a conspicuous appendage at the apex that was 6 to 14 × 1 to 1.8 μm. These characteristics were consistent with the description of Beltrania rhombica Penz. (3). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of one isolate (GenBank Accession No. JN853777) was amplified using primers ITS4 and ITS5 (4) and sequenced. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed 97% similarity to the ITS sequence of an isolate of B. rhombica (GU797390.1). To confirm pathogenicity of the isolate, ten detached leaves from 3-month-old plants of T. semidecandra 'Purple Glorybush' were inoculated in vitro with 5-mm diameter, colonized mycelial plugs from the periphery of 5-day-old cultures of the isolated fungus. The agar plugs were put on the leaf surface and secured with sterile, moist cotton. Sterile PDA plugs were similarly used as the control treatment on ten detached leaves. Leaves were placed in petri dishes and incubated in a growth chamber with 12 h of light/day at 28°C. Necrotic lesions appeared on leaves after 2 to 3 days of incubation, whereas control leaves inoculated with sterile PDA plugs remained asymptomatic. B. rhombica was consistently reisolated from the lesions using the same method described above, but was not reisolated from the control leaves. Although there are approximately 77 reported hosts of B. rhombica (2), to our knowledge, this is the first report of B. rhombica causing a leaf spot on T. semidecandra. Because the disease caused foliar damage and reduced the ornamental value of the nursery plants, control measures may need to be implemented for this species in nurseries. References: (1) M. Faravani and B. H. Bakar. J. Food Agric. Env. Pap. 5:234, 2007. (4) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , 30 Mar. 2012. (2) K. A. Pirozyski and S. D. Patil. Can. J. Bot. Pap. 48:567, 1970. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

First Report of Leaf Spot on Gerbera jamesonii Caused by Corynespora cassiicola in China

Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f.) is a popular cut flower and flowering potted plant. In August 2011, a new leaf spot disease was observed on double-type Gerbera growing in outdoor ground beds in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. Approximately 30% of about 20,000 Gerbera plants in the Guangzhou ground beds were affected. Leaf spots were round or irregular with grayish centers surrounded by dark brown borders and ranged from 5 to 15 mm in diameter. Leaves with multiple lesions became blighted. A fungus was isolated from the lesions and single-spore isolates plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) produced gray, floccose colonies, which reached 65 mm on PDA after 7 days at 28°C. Conidiophores were brown or olivaceous, cylindrical, straight and unbranched, two to seven septations, and 25 to 83 × 4 to 7 μm. Conidiogenous cells were olivaceous or brown, cylindrical, and 11 to 21 × 4 to 6 μm. Conidia were borne singly or in chains of two to five, brown, cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, two to eight pseudosepta, and 30 to 90 × 5.5 to 11.5 μm (mean 70.4 × 7.3 μm), with a conspicuous hilum. These characteristics were consistent with the description of Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis.) C.T. Wei (1). The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of one isolate (GenBank Accession No. JN853778) was amplified using primers ITS4 and ITS5 (3) and sequenced. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed highest similarity (99%) to sequences of C. cassiicola (AY238606.1 and FJ852715.1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 10 potted double-type Gerbera plants. Five wounded and five unwounded leaves on each plant were inoculated with 5-mm mycelial plugs from the periphery of 5-day-old cultures of the isolated fungus. The plugs were put on the leaf surface and secured with sterile wet cotton. Sterile PDA plugs were used as the control treatment on different leaves of the same plants that were inoculated. Plants were covered with plastic bags and incubated in a growth chamber with 12 h of light at 28°C. Necrotic lesions appeared on wounded leaves after 2 to 3 days of incubation and on unwounded leaves 5 to 7 days after incubation. Symptoms on wounded and unwounded leaves were similar to those observed in the field, whereas control leaves inoculated with sterile PDA plugs remained symptomless. C. cassiicola was consistently reisolated from these lesions. Although there are approximately 644 reported hosts of C. cassiicola (2), to our knowledge, this is the first report of C. cassiicola leaf spot on G. jamesonii. Because the disease caused damage to the foliage and affected the flowering of the plants, control measures may need to be implemented for the production of Gerbera in cut flower nurseries. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. CMI Mycol. Pap. 65:15, 1957. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , 21 November 2011. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.