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Liu Y, Wang C, Zhong Y, Li X, Dai J, Ren X, Xu Z, Li L, Yao Z, Ji D, Wang L, Zhang L, Wong VW‐S, Zoulim F, Xu D. Genotypic resistance profile of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in a large cohort of nucleos(t)ide analogue-experienced Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:e29-39. [PMID: 21392168 PMCID: PMC7167191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypic resistance profile in 1803 nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA)-experienced Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection. Serum HBV DNA was extracted, and the reverse transcriptase region was analysed by a high-sensitive direct PCR sequencing and verified by clonal sequencing if necessary. Drug-resistant mutations were detected in 560 of the 1803 patients, including 214 of 490 patients who received lamivudine (LAM), 35 of 428 patients who received adefovir (ADV), five of 18 patients who received telbivudine and 306 of 794 patients who received various sequential/combined NA therapies. ADV-resistant mutations were detected in 36 of 381 patients who received LAM and then switched-to ADV in contrast to one of 82 patients who received ADV add-on LAM. Entecavir (ETV)-resistant mutations were detected not only in LAM- and ETV-treated patients but also in LAM-treated ETV-naïve patients. Double mutations rtM204I and rtL180M were detected more frequently in genotype C than in genotype B virus, and patients infected with this mutant had higher alanine transaminase levels than those infected with mutant containing the rtM204I substitution alone. Multidrug-resistant HBV strains were identified in eight patients, including two novel strains with mutational patterns rtL180M + A181V + S202G + M204V + N236T and rtL180M + S202G + M204V + N236T. The results provide new information on HBV genotypic resistance profiles in a large cohort of Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection and may have important clinical implication for HBV drug resistance management in China.
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Zhang H, Guo Y, Wang W, Shi M, Chen X, Yao Z. Mutations in the filaggrin gene in Han Chinese patients with atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2011; 66:420-7. [PMID: 21039602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) have been identified as the cause of ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) and also predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis (AD) and AD-associated phenotypes. Until now, over thirty mutations in FLG have been identified in patients with IV and AD, but the FLG mutation spectrum is not clear for Chinese Han patients with AD. This study aimed to investigate the role of FLG mutations in AD and AD-associated phenotypes in a Chinese population. METHODS We carried out a comprehensive sequencing of the entire FLG coding region in 261 Han AD patients. RESULTS In our research, we identified ten novel mutations (R826X, 3222del4, R1140X, 4271delAA, Q1790X, 5757del4, 6834del5, 6950del8, S2706X and K4671X) and eight reported mutations (441delA, R501X, 3321delA, R1474X, Q2417X, E2422X, 7945delA and R4306X) in FLG. FLG mutations were present in 31.4% of our AD patients. Mutations 3321delA and K4671X, with a frequency of 14.6% and 9.2%, respectively, were two of the most common mutations in this AD cohort. FLG null alleles (compound genotypes) were significantly associated with AD (P < 0.001) and AD associated with food sensitization (P = 0.012). However, we did not observe a positive association between FLG mutations and other AD-associated phenotypes, including asthma, allergic rhinitis and elevated total serum IgE level. CONCLUSION Our study increases the total number of reported FLG mutations. Moreover, we further confirm that FLG mutations are strong predisposing factors for AD in Han Chinese.
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Shi M, Zhang H, Chen X, Guo Y, Tao J, Qi H, Gan J, Jiang A, Yu H, Liang J, Chen J, Yang L, Zhuang Y, Yan M, Gu Y, Yu X, Feng X, Yao Z. Clinical features of atopic dermatitis in a hospital-based setting in China. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 25:1206-12. [PMID: 21214635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease. There have been few detailed reports of the clinical evaluation of Chinese patients with AD. OBJECTIVES To give a profile of the clinical features of Chinese AD patients in a university hospital setting. METHODS A total of 1008 cases met Hanifin and Rajka diagnostic criteria of AD were recruited at Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China. RESULTS In our survey, 22.7% patients were mild, 66.6% were moderate and 10.7% were severe according to the SCORAD index. Both the frequency and severity of the male patients were slightly higher. The frequency of asthma among the AD patients was 16.7% and it was increased with the age (χ2 = 205.20, P = 0.000). The frequencies of objective minor signs were demonstrated with age-related changes. Besides, three localized variants including eyelid eczema (49.8%), scalp dermatitis (49.7%), infra-auricular and retroauricular fissuring (44.8%) were commonly observed, especially in the infantile phase (P < 0.01). It was showed significant differences in serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels of different age groups. The positive rate of Phadiatop was raised after 3 years old and that of the common food allergens were decreased after 6 years old. CONCLUSIONS More males than females had ongoing AD in our survey. Most AD debuted in the first year of the cases. High incidence of the three clinical signs: eyelid eczema, scalp dermatitis and infra-auricular and retroauricular fissuring among the patients suggests it can be a potential valuable diagnostic clue to AD.
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Yao Z, Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhang X, Yan S. e0122 Effects of cardiotrophin-1 C-terminal peptides on cardiomyocyte apoptosis in SD rats following myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.208967.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Yao Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Ma R, Gu S, Zhong J. e0085 Relationship between the polymorphism of apolipoprotein apo B gene XbaI EcoRI and the serum lipids in the Li nationality of Haina. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.208967.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Zhang Y, Yao Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Ma R, Yan S. e0264 Investigation on blood lipids of the Li nationality in Hainan Island. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.208967.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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MacQuarrie KL, Yang J, Cao Y, Yao Z, Tapscott S. Rhabdomyosarcoma — A tumor balanced at a differentiation tipping point. Dev Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Li M, Jin C, Yang L, Lai M, Yao Z. A novel complex insertion-deletion mutation in ADAR1 gene in a Chinese family with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 25:743-6. [PMID: 20586835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cao X, Yao Z, Shao M, Chen H, Ye W, Yao X. Pharmacokinetics of methyl protodioscin in rats. DIE PHARMAZIE 2010; 65:359-362. [PMID: 20503929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Methyl protodioscin (MPD), a natural furostanol saponin, showed distinct antitumor activity and is distributed in many traditional Chinese medicines. The pharmacokinetics, distribution and excretion of MPD were first investigated after i.v. injection to rats in this study. The dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of MPD were characterized after i.v. injection (20, 40 and 120 mg/kg of MPD) to rats. A good linearity (r = 0.9989, P < 0.05) was found in the regression analysis of the AUC0-t -dose. The plasma concentrations of MPD declined rapidly with an elimination half-life (t1/2) from 25.56 to 29.32 min. The MPD kinetics was in line with one-compartment model after i.v. injection. 23.43% and 32.86% of MPD was recovered in urine and bile, respectively. The concentrations of MPD in plasma and most examined tissues 5 h after injection were close to or below the Low Limit of Quantification (LLOQ). This indicated that MPD was distributed and eliminated rapidly in rats.
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Seol JH, Jo I, Moore AL, Lindsay L, Aitken ZH, Pettes MT, Li X, Yao Z, Huang R, Broido D, Mingo N, Ruoff RS, Shi L. Two-Dimensional Phonon Transport in Supported Graphene. Science 2010; 328:213-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1184014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1488] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Yao Z, Guo Z, Yang C, Tian Q, Gong CX, Liu G, Wang JZ. Phenylbutyric acid prevents rats from electroconvulsion-induced memory deficit with alterations of memory-related proteins and tau hyperphosphorylation. Neuroscience 2010; 168:405-15. [PMID: 20371270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy has been commonly applied in the treatment of refractory depression, but its cognitive side effects are noticed and restrict its application. The molecular mechanisms underlying the side effects remain elusive, and there is no efficient prevention. By employing a recognized electroconvulsive shock (ECS) rat model, we found in the present study that ECS induced spatial memory deficits with simultaneous decreases in synaptic proteins of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A/B (NR2A/B) and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95), the immediate early gene c-Fos and cAMP response element binding (CREB) proteins, all of which are memory-related proteins. ECS also caused tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple Alzheimer-related phosphorylation sites with activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), Akt and phospho-PKR-like endoreticulum (PERK), and inhibition of protein phosphatase-2A (PP)-2A. Intraperitoneal injection of phenylbutyric acid (PBA), an aromatic short chain fatty acid with the functions of molecule chaperon, prevented rats from the ECS-induced memory deficits, alterations of the memory-associated proteins, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Our data suggest that PBA may be potentially used for attenuating the side effects caused by electroconvulsive therapy.
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Nador RG, Hongo D, Baker J, Yao Z, Strober S. The changed balance of regulatory and naive T cells promotes tolerance after TLI and anti-T-cell antibody conditioning. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:262-72. [PMID: 20041865 PMCID: PMC2886014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to determine how the changed balance of host naïve and regulatory T cells observed after conditioning with total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) and antithymocyte serum (ATS) promotes tolerance to combined organ and bone marrow transplants. Although previous studies showed that tolerance was dependent on host natural killer T (NKT) cells, this study shows that there is an additional dependence on host CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells. Depletion of the latter cells before conditioning resulted in rapid rejection of bone marrow and organ allografts. The balance of T-cell subsets changed after TLI and ATS with TLI favoring mainly NKT cells and ATS favoring mainly Treg cells. Combined modalities reduced the conventional naïve CD4(+) T cells 2800-fold. The host type Treg cells that persisted in the stable chimeras had the capacity to suppress alloreactivity to both donor and third party cells in the mixed leukocyte reaction. In conclusion, tolerance induction after conditioning in this model depends upon the ability of naturally occurring regulatory NKT and Treg cells to suppress the residual alloreactive T cells that are capable of rejecting grafts.
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Yao Z, Duan S, Hou D, Wang W, Wang G, Liu Y, Wen L, Wu M. B23 acts as a nucleolar stress sensor and promotes cell survival through its dynamic interaction with hnRNPU and hnRNPA1. Oncogene 2010; 29:1821-34. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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139
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Zhang Z, Song Q, Lin M, Ding Y, Kang X, Yao Z. Immunomodulated signaling in macrophages: Studies on activation of Raf-1, MAPK, cPLA(2) and secretion of IL-12. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 40:583-92. [PMID: 18726282 DOI: 10.1007/bf02882688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/1997] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanism and signal transduction by LPS-mediated immunomodulation of murine peritoneal macrophages. It is found that the signal molecules of the down-stream of Ras, Raf-1, MAPK p44, and MAPK p42 are phosphorylated, and cPLA(2) is activated with a significant increase of the release of [ H(3) ] AA by macrophages in response to LPS and PMA. Compared with the very recent finding that LPS and PMA trigger the activation and translocation of PKC-alpha and PKC-epsilon, these findings suggest that there is a connection between PKC signaling pathway and the Raf-1/MAPK pathway and that the activation of these main signaling events may be closely related to the secretion of IL-12 during LPS-induced modulation of macrophages.
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Jones J, Yao Z, Knox S. Radiation Upregulates Specific Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Immunotherapy Targets. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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141
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Zhen X, Jiang J, Wang S, Yao Z, Xu C, Jiang T, NI AD. Compensative changes in MCI and AD revealed by cortical thickness connections. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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142
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He H, Lyons K, Shen X, Yao Z, Bleasby K, Chan G, Hafey M, Li X, Xu S, Salituro GM, Cohen LH, Tang W. Utility of unbound plasma drug levels and P-glycoprotein transport data in prediction of central nervous system exposure. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:687-93. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250903015402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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143
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Jiang J, Wang S, Zhen X, Yao Z, Xu C, Jiang T, NI AD. Amyloid aggregations and tau pathology reflected by cortical thickness in the default network of MCI and AD. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Zhong S, Magnolo L, Yao Z, Tarugi P. Abstract: 528 FAMILIAL HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA DUE TO MISSENSE MUTATIONS IN APOB WHICH AFFECT HEPATIC SECRETION OF APOB-CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(09)70270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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145
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Duan S, Yao Z, Zhu Y, Wang G, Hou D, Wen L, Wu M. The Pirh2-keratin 8/18 interaction modulates the cellular distribution of mitochondria and UV-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:826-37. [PMID: 19282868 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) provide crucial structural support in higher eukaryotic cells. Accumulating evidences show that IFs also participate in various cellular activities including stress responses, cell growth, cell death and cell migration through dynamic interactions with various non-structure proteins. Here we report the identification of Pirh2, a RING-H2-type ubiquitin E3 ligase, as a novel binding partner of the cytoplasmic IF proteins keratin 8/18 (K8/18). Phosphorylation of either Pirh2 or K8/18 affects their association. Although Pirh2 was not found to influence the stability of K8/18, it displayed an unexpected role in regulating the organization of the network of K8/18 keratin filaments. Disruption of Pirh2-K8/K18 interaction by either UV irradiation or knockdown with Pirh2 or K18 led to the aggregation of K8/18 keratin filaments. It further induced mitochondrial redistribution, and this process is likely through a microtubule-mediated pathway. The abnormal localization of mitochondria in Pirh2-knockdown cells may partially account for its increased cell sensitivity to UV-induced apoptosis, probably through enhancing the release of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO to the cytosol. Overall, our data reveal the novel role of the Pirh2-K8/18 complex in governing the distribution of mitochondria.
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Jones J, Yao Z, Strober S, Knox S. Immune Cell Subset Survival after Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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147
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Ignatoski KMW, Escara-Wilke JF, Dai JL, Lui A, Dougall W, Daignault S, Yao Z, Zhang J, Day ML, Sargent EE, Keller ET. RANKL inhibition is an effective adjuvant for docetaxel in a prostate cancer bone metastases model. Prostate 2008; 68:820-9. [PMID: 18324676 PMCID: PMC7480006 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docetaxel induces an anti-tumor response in men with advanced prostate cancer (PCa); however, the side effects associated with docetaxel treatment can be severe, resulting in discontinuation of therapy. Thus, identification of an effective adjuvant therapy to allow lower doses of docetaxel is needed. Advanced PCa is typically accompanied by skeletal metastasis. Receptor activator of NFkB ligand (RANKL) is a key pro-osteoclastic factor. Targeting RANKL decreases establishment and progression of PCa growth in bone in murine models. METHODS The efficacy of inhibiting RANKL, using a recombinant soluble RANK extracellular domain fused with the immunoglobulin Fc domain (RANK-Fc), was tested as an adjuvant therapy with docetaxel for PCa bone metastasis in a murine intra-tibial model. RESULT The combination of RANK-Fc and docetaxel reduced tumor burden in bone greater than either treatment alone. CONCLUSION The combination of docetaxel with a RANKL-inhibiting agent merits further investigation for treatment of advance PCa.
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Yao Z, Xu S, Jenkins ML, Kirk MA. Preparation of TEM samples of ferritic alloys. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 2008; 57:91-94. [PMID: 18316797 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfn004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe techniques for electropolishing irradiated ferritic specimens for examination under the TEM in situations where the foil quality is of utmost importance. First, we describe some modifications to the standard technique for making plan-view specimens aimed at optimizing the foil quality. Second, we describe a technique for making plan-view specimens from a region of buried damage in a specimen irradiated with 2 MeV Fe(+) ions.
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Lo J, Wang Y, Tumanov A, Bamji M, Yao Z, Reardon C, Getz G, Fu Y. LYMPHOTOXIN/LIGHT PATHWAY REGULATES ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND LIPID HOMEOSTASIS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(08)70148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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150
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Yao Z, Seger R. Immunological detection of phosphorylation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CELL BIOLOGY 2008; Chapter 14:Unit 14.2. [PMID: 18228325 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb1402s00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of phosphates into serine, threonine, and tyrosine acceptors in proteins is a common mechanism for regulating protein function. This unit presents protocols that use specific anti-phosphoamino acid (PAA) and anti-phosphoprotein antibodies to detect protein phosphorylation and protein kinase activity. Immunoblotting to detect protein phosphorylation using either anti-PAA or anti-phosphoprotein antibodies. This is a convenient method that usually yields impressive results. Phosphorylation can also be detected by immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblot analysis or by immunofluorescent staining; these methods are typically more complicated and time consuming. All three methods have been successfully used to detect protein phosphorylation with a wide variety of antibodies and most phosphorylated proteins.
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