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McPherson PAC, McKenna N, Clare D. Biphasic Effect of Curcuminoids on Oxidation of Postprandial Chylomicrons. J Med Food 2021; 24:1340-1343. [PMID: 34495769 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chylomicrons are large, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that transport dietary lipids and lipophilic micronutrients through the lymphatic system and into the venous circulation. They therefore represent a valuable means of investigating the bioavailability of a range of bioactive molecules. Curcuminoids have a complex reputation, with most in vitro studies suggesting a beneficial effect (e.g., as an antioxidant), while in vivo work is often, at best, equivocal. We have prepared a curcuminoid extract from fresh turmeric and investigated the transfer of curcuminoids to chylomicrons by rapid ultracentrifugation. We subsequently characterized the chylomicrons in terms of their susceptibility to oxidation. There was a dose-dependent relationship between the curcuminoid level in chylomicrons and decreased levels of preformed lipid hydroperoxides (P < .05), which was broadly mirrored by paraoxonase arylesterase activity. At lower dosages (1000-3000 mg), curcuminoids protected chylomicrons against copper(II)-mediated oxidation, but at higher levels (4000-5000 mg), a pro-oxidant effect was observed. In conclusion, we report a clear biphasic (hormetic) effect of curcuminoids on lipid oxidation, which supports the theory that low dosages of bioactive compounds can have beneficial effects, while higher dosages may have an equivocal or negative impact on the disease.
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Jones VA, Patel PM, Wilson C, Wang H, Ashack KA. Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for common skin diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAAD Int 2021; 2:76-93. [PMID: 34409356 PMCID: PMC8362305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdin.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments are growing in popularity as alternative treatments for common skin conditions. Objectives To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the tolerability and treatment response to CAM treatments in acne, atopic dermatitis (AD), and psoriasis. Methods PubMed/Medline and Embase databases were searched to identify eligible studies measuring the effects of CAM in acne, AD, and psoriasis. Effect size with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated using the random-effect model. Results The search yielded 417 articles; 40 studies met the inclusion criteria. The quantitative results of CAM treatment showed a standard mean difference (SMD) of 3.78 (95% CI [−0.01, 7.57]) and 0.58 (95% CI [−6.99, 8.15]) in the acne total lesion count, a SMD of −0.70 (95% CI [−1.19, −0.21]) in the eczema area and severity index score and a SMD of 0.94 (95% CI [−0.83, 2.71]) in the scoring of atopic dermatitis score for AD, and a SMD of 3.04 (95% CI [−0.35, 6.43]) and 5.16 (95% CI [−0.52, 10.85]) in the Psoriasis Area Severity Index score for psoriasis. Limitations Differences between the study designs, sample sizes, outcome measures, and treatment durations limit the generalizability of data. Conclusions Based on our quantitative findings we conclude that there is insufficient evidence to support the efficacy and the recommendation of CAM for acne, AD, and psoriasis.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AV, aloe vera
- CAM, complementary and alternative medicine
- CCO, coconut oil
- GT, green tea
- PASI, psoriasis area and severity index
- SCORAD, scoring of atopic dermatitis
- SMD, standardized mean difference
- SSO, sunflower seed oil
- TCS, topical corticosteroid
- TLC, total lesion count
- TTO, tea tree oil
- acne vulgaris
- aloe vera
- atopic dermatitis
- coconut oil
- colloidal oatmeal
- complementary alternative medicine
- curcumin
- eczema
- green tea
- honey
- meta-analysis
- natural ingredients
- psoriasis
- shea butter
- sunflower seed oil
- systematic review
- tea tree oil
- turmeric
- witch hazel
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Chopra H, Dey PS, Das D, Bhattacharya T, Shah M, Mubin S, Maishu SP, Akter R, Rahman MH, Karthika C, Murad W, Qusty N, Qusti S, Alshammari EM, Batiha GES, Altalbawy FMA, Albooq MIM, Alamri BM. Curcumin Nanoparticles as Promising Therapeutic Agents for Drug Targets. Molecules 2021; 26:4998. [PMID: 34443593 PMCID: PMC8402133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcuma longa is very well-known medicinal plant not only in the Asian hemisphere but also known across the globe for its therapeutic and medicinal benefits. The active moiety of Curcuma longa is curcumin and has gained importance in various treatments of various disorders such as antibacterial, antiprotozoal, cancer, obesity, diabetics and wound healing applications. Several techniques had been exploited as reported by researchers for increasing the therapeutic potential and its pharmacological activity. Here, the dictum is the new room for the development of physicochemical, as well as biological, studies for the efficacy in target specificity. Here, we discussed nanoformulation techniques, which lend support to upgrade the characters to the curcumin such as enhancing bioavailability, increasing solubility, modifying metabolisms, and target specificity, prolonged circulation, enhanced permeation. Our manuscript tried to seek the attention of the researcher by framing some solutions of some existing troubleshoots of this bioactive component for enhanced applications and making the formulations feasible at an industrial production scale. This manuscript focuses on recent inventions as well, which can further be implemented at the community level.
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Razavi BM, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. A review of therapeutic potentials of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its active constituent, curcumin, on inflammatory disorders, pain, and their related patents. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6489-6513. [PMID: 34312922 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its constituent, curcumin, have been used for their therapeutic properties for a long time. Most of the medicinal impacts of turmeric and curcumin might be attributed to their anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant effects. In the present review, the preventive and therapeutic potentials of turmeric and its active constituent, curcumin, on inflammatory disorders and pain as well as patents related to their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, have been summarized to highlight their value on human health. A literature review was accomplished in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Google Patent, Patentscope, and US Patent. Several documents and patents disclosed the significance of turmeric and curcumin to apply in several therapeutic, medicinal, and pharmaceutical fields. These phytocompounds could be applied as a supplementary therapy in phytotherapy, inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, dermatitis, and different types of pain including neuropathic pain. However, because of inadequate clinical trials, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the plant. Consistent with the human tendency to the usage of phytocompounds rather than synthetic drugs, particular consideration must be dedicated to bond the worth of turmeric and curcumin from basic sciences to clinical applications.
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Jabborova D, Choudhary R, Karunakaran R, Ercisli S, Ahlawat J, Sulaymanov K, Azimov A, Jabbarov Z. The Chemical Element Composition of Turmeric Grown in Soil-Climate Conditions of Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071426. [PMID: 34371629 PMCID: PMC8309294 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A mineral fertiliser has positive effects in improving turmeric nutrients, soil enzymes and soil properties. The aim of this research was to study the effect of mineral fertilisers on the content of mineral elements in turmeric rhizome, soil enzymes activity and soil properties in the Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan. For the first time in Uzbekistan, the turmeric rhizome was cultivated to study the mineral elements present in the rhizome. A microplot experiment was conducted with four treatments including T1 (Control), T2 (N75P50K50 kg/ha), T3 (N125P100K100 kg/ha) and T4 (N100P75K75 + B3Zn6Fe6 kg/ha) and turmeric rhizome, which were collected for observation along with the soil samples. The analyses indicated that the NPK + BZnFe (100:75:75:3:6:6 kg/ha) treatment significantly improved minerals such as K, Ca, P, Mg and Na contents rhizome as compared to the control without fertiliser. Likewise, the maximum quantity of micronutrient content viz., Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr and Si was also recorded in turmeric rhizome treated with NPK + BZnFe (125:100:100:3:6:6 kg/ha). It showed an increase in these micronutrients in the rhizome compared to the control, followed by a low rate of NPK (75:50:50 kg/ha). The highest content in terms of total N, P, K content, humus, active phosphorus, potassium, and enzymes activity was also observed in soil with the treatment of mineral fertiliser viz., NPK + BznFe (100:75:75:3:6:6 kg/ha), which enhanced soil nutrient and enzyme activity. The NPK + BznFe (100:75:75:3:6:6 kg/ha) treatment significantly increased the active N content by 40%, total P content by 38% and total K content by 22% in comparison to the control without mineral fertiliser. Overall, it was found that NPK + BznFe (100:75:75:3:6:6 kg/ha) was significantly valuable for enhancing the total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in the soil compared to control, which is useful for improving soil health in terms of soil enzyme and soil nutrients. Additionally, the micronutrients in turmeric rhizome were significantly enhanced when using this combination of fertiliser applications [NPK + BznFe (100:75:75:3:6:6 kg/ha)]. Therefore, this present study revealed that the NPK+BznFe (100:75:75:3:6:6 kg/ha) could produce the most significant yield of high-quality turmeric plants and improve soil properties in Uzbek soil–climate conditions.
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Zheng NY, Chen YC, Chen YP, Shiu JS, Wang SY. Development of a heatable duck egg white translucent jelly: an evaluation of its physicochemical properties and thermal stability. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101373. [PMID: 34343905 PMCID: PMC8348587 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Though nutritional, the remaining separated duck egg white in duck egg processing plants presents challenges for its transportation and use, as it spoils easily and has a strong odor. Uses for the excess egg white are of paramount concern for agricultural resource reuse. The purpose of this study was to increase its value and use efficiency. Duck egg white was mixed with sodium hydroxide to produce translucent alkali-induced egg white jelly similar to that in preserved egg whites. To develop a heatable translucent egg white jelly, their physiochemical properties and thermal stabilities were investigated. A gel prepared with 150 mM sodium hydroxide at 25°C had optimal bloom strength and the densest microstructure. Storing the jelly at 5°C helped maintain its disulfide bonds and delayed liquefaction. Although heating decreased its bloom strength and total disulfide bond content as temperature increased (P < 0.05), scanning electron microscopy of the heated jelly revealed that the protein network structure was denser than that of unheated jelly. Heating caused parts of the structure to shrink and even dehydrate, leading to a wrinkled surface. However, no signs of liquefaction or collapse were observed, and the free alkali released during heating was lower than that from the white of existing preserved eggs. These results confirmed the thermal stability of the jelly and its potential to be served hot or used in food processing. Furthermore, in addition to disguising the odor and special flavor attributable to the alkaline treatment, adding ginger juice or turmeric to the preparation yielded higher bloom strength, resulted in lower free alkalinity, and delayed liquefaction, thus improving the jelly's thermal stability. Like preserved eggs on the market that can be served in hot congee, the proposed egg white jelly is rich in proteins and suitable for hot or instant serving. These findings may help address the problem of excessive remaining duck egg white created during food processing by diversifying duck egg processing and boosting its value.
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Dai W, Yan W, Leng X, Chen J, Hu X, Ao Y. Effectiveness of Curcuma longa extract versus placebo for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5921-5935. [PMID: 34216044 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of all types of Curcuma longa extract versus placebo for knee osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. The research was conducted by using the databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library through April 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the effect of Curcuma longa extract with placebo for patients with knee OA were considered eligible. The pooled results were expressed as mean differences or relative risks with 95% confidence intervals. A total of 10 RCTs with 783 patients were eligible for this meta-analysis. The pooled analysis showed that Curcuma longa extract was associated with significantly better pain relief and functional improvement compared with placebo for knee OA. Moreover, the smallest effect sizes of VAS for pain and WOMAC total score exceeded the minimum clinically important differences (MCIDs). Current evidence indicates that, compared with placebo, Curcuma longa extract has more benefit in pain relief and functional improvement for symptomatic knee OA. However, considering the potential heterogeneity in the included studies, more future high-quality RCTs with large sample sizes are necessary to confirm the benefits of Curcuma longa extract on knee OA.
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Widjaja J, Diyatri I, Riawan W, Puteri A, Meizarini A. New insight into the role of a combination of zinc oxide and turmeric rhizome liquid extract in osteogenic marker expression. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2021; 21:262-268. [PMID: 34380813 PMCID: PMC8425368 DOI: 10.4103/jips.jips_120_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This research was aimed to determine the potential for treating osteogenesis with a combination of zinc oxide and turmeric (ZOT) rhizome liquid extract. Setting and Design In vivo, post test-control group design. Material and Methods The mandibular incisors of Wistar rats were extracted and left untreated or received an application of zinc oxideeugenol (ZOE) 10% or ZOT rhizome liquid extract at various concentrations (10%, 20%, and 40%). The mandible was then subjected to immunohistochemical analysis to detect RUNX2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Statistical Analysis Used One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD using SPSS software. Results All groups demonstrated increasing RUNX2 and ALP activity. ZOT 40% showed the highest activity in all groups on day 3 and day 7, although there were no significant differences with ZOE 10%. Conclusion A combination of ZOT rhizome liquid extract can induce the osteogenic process in postextraction sockets. The results highlight the need for further investigation of the potential osteogenesis of curcumin in humans.
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Sahiti PS, Kamatham R. Comparative evaluation of a modified endodontic approach using Curcuma longa L. and conventional pulpectomy in primary molars: A randomized clinical trial. Ayu 2021; 42:130-137. [PMID: 37303856 PMCID: PMC10251285 DOI: 10.4103/ayu.ayu_12_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-septic properties. Aim The aim is to compare a modified endodontic approach using turmeric and conventional Metapex® pulpectomy in primary molars. Materials and methods Thirty children, in the age range of 4-9 years, with at least one primary mandibular molar indicated for pulpectomy, were included. Teeth were randomly assigned to turmeric and Metapex® groups. For those that were assigned to turmeric, after coronal and radicular pulp extirpation, a freshly prepared paste of turmeric powder and methyl cellulose (2:1) with saline was packed in the coronal pulp chamber. In the Metapex® group, a conventional pulpectomy was performed. Clinical and radiographic success was recorded at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up visits. The data was statistically analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results There were no clinical and radiographic failures at 3- and 6-month visits in both groups. The 12-month evaluation revealed clinical success rates of 92% (12 out of 13) and 100% (14 out of 14) for turmeric and Metapex®, respectively, whereas, the radiographic success rates were 85% (12 out of 13) for turmeric and 93% (13 out of 14) for Metapex®. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups at different follow-ups (P > 0.05). Conclusions A modified endodontic approach using turmeric and conventional Metapex® pulpectomy did not differ significantly in total success after 12 months.
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Active Carboxymethylcellulose-Based Edible Films: Influence of Free and Encapsulated Curcumin on Films' Properties. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071512. [PMID: 34209227 PMCID: PMC8304399 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-based films can act as a protective barrier in food surfaces and a carrier of bioactive compounds, such as curcumin. However, incorporating curcumin in hydrophilic matrixes can be a challenge, and new strategies need to be explored. In this work, CMC-based films containing free curcumin and curcumin-loaded nanohydrogels (composed of lactoferrin and glycomacropeptide) were produced and characterized. The incorporation of curcumin-loaded nanohydrogels showed a significant decrease in films’ thickness (from 0.0791 to 0.029 mm). Furthermore, the water vapor permeability of CMC-based films was significantly decreased (62%) by incorporating curcumin-loaded nanohydrogels in the films. The water affinity’s properties (moisture, solubility, and contact angle) of films were also affected by incorporating encapsulated curcumin. The addition of nanohydrogels to CMC-based films reduced the tensile strength values from 16.46 to 9.87 MPa. Chemical interactions were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The release profile of curcumin from CMC-based films was evaluated at 25 °C using a hydrophilic food simulant and suggests that the release mechanism of the curcumin happens by Fick’s diffusion and Case II transport. Results showed that protein-based nanohydrogels can be a good strategy for incorporating curcumin in edible films, highlighting their potential for use in food applications.
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Guijarro-Real C, Plazas M, Rodríguez-Burruezo A, Prohens J, Fita A. Potential In Vitro Inhibition of Selected Plant Extracts against SARS-CoV-2 Chymotripsin-Like Protease (3CL Pro) Activity. Foods 2021; 10:1503. [PMID: 34209659 PMCID: PMC8304378 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral treatments inhibiting Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication may represent a strategy complementary to vaccination to fight the ongoing Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Molecules or extracts inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 chymotripsin-like protease (3CLPro) could contribute to reducing or suppressing SARS-CoV-2 replication. Using a targeted approach, we identified 17 plant products that are included in current and traditional cuisines as promising inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CLPro activity. Methanolic extracts were evaluated in vitro for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3CLPro activity using a quenched fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. Extracts from turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizomes, mustard (Brassica nigra) seeds, and wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides subsp. erucoides) at 500 µg mL-1 displayed significant inhibition of the 3CLPro activity, resulting in residual protease activities of 0.0%, 9.4%, and 14.9%, respectively. Using different extract concentrations, an IC50 value of 15.74 µg mL-1 was calculated for turmeric extract. Commercial curcumin inhibited the 3CLPro activity, but did not fully account for the inhibitory effect of turmeric rhizomes extracts, suggesting that other components of the turmeric extract must also play a main role in inhibiting the 3CLPro activity. Sinigrin, a major glucosinolate present in mustard seeds and wall rocket, did not have relevant 3CLPro inhibitory activity; however, its hydrolysis product allyl isothiocyanate had an IC50 value of 41.43 µg mL-1. The current study identifies plant extracts and molecules that can be of interest in the search for treatments against COVID-19, acting as a basis for future chemical, in vivo, and clinical trials.
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Li Y, Jiao J, Qi Y, Yu W, Yang S, Zhang J, Zhao J. Curcumin: A review of experimental studies and mechanisms related to periodontitis treatment. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:837-847. [PMID: 34173676 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is the main active ingredient of turmeric, which has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, immune regulation, and so on. Periodontitis is a prevalent oral inflammatory disease caused by a variety of factors. In recent years, many studies have shown that curcumin has a potential role on the treatment of periodontitis. Curcumin has been used in research related to the treatment of periodontitis in the form of solution, chip, gel, and capsule. Combined with other periodontitis treatment methods, such as scaling and root planing (SRP) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), can enhance curcumin's efficacy in treating periodontitis. In addition to natural curcumin, chemically modified curcumin, such as 4-phenylaminocarbonyl bis-demethoxy curcumin (CMC 2.24) and 4-methoxycarbonyl curcumin (CMC 2.5), have also been used in animal models of periodontitis. Here, this paper reviews the research progress of curcumin on the treatment of periodontitis and its related mechanisms.
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Chetty D, Abrahams S, van Coller R, Carr J, Kenyon C, Bardien S. Movement of prion-like α-synuclein along the gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease: A potential target of curcumin treatment. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4695-4711. [PMID: 34043864 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A pathological hallmark of the neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD), is aggregation of toxic forms of the presynaptic protein, α-synuclein in structures known as Lewy bodies. α-Synuclein pathology is found in both the brain and gastrointestinal tracts of affected individuals, possibly due to the movement of this protein along the vagus nerve that connects the brain to the gut. In this review, we discuss current insights into the spread of α-synuclein pathology along the gut-brain axis, which could be targeted for therapeutic interventions. The prion-like propagation of α-synuclein, and the clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal dysfunction in individuals living with PD, are discussed. There is currently insufficient evidence that surgical alteration of the vagus nerve, or removal of gut-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the appendix and tonsils, are protective against PD. Furthermore, we propose curcumin as a potential candidate to prevent the spread of α-synuclein pathology in the body by curcumin binding to α-synuclein's non-amyloid β-component (NAC) domain. Curcumin is an active component of the food spice turmeric and is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potentially neuroprotective properties. We hypothesize that once α-synuclein is bound to curcumin, both molecules are subsequently excreted from the body. Therefore, dietary supplementation with curcumin over one's lifetime has potential as a novel approach to complement existing PD treatment and/or prevention strategies. Future studies are required to validate this hypothesis, but if successful, this could represent a significant step towards improved nutrient-based therapeutic interventions and preventative strategies for this debilitating and currently incurable disorder.
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Singh S, Kumar BD, Verma SK, Kumari P, Singh N. Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Turmeric and Chlorhexidine Gel as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Gingivitis. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2021; 13:S679-S683. [PMID: 34447180 PMCID: PMC8375935 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_713_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental plaque is a complex ecosystem which consists of densely packed microbial colonies, microbial by-products, salivary glycoproteins and desquamated epithelial cells. Clinical studies have proved the relationship between plaque and periodontal disease. AIM This study compares the anti-plaque efficacy and anti-inflammatory potential of turmeric gel with 0.2% chlorhexidine gel along with scaling and root planing (SRP). MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and fifty individuals were selected and divided into three groups for the study. Group A was instructed to use 0.2% chlorhexidine gel, whereas Group B used turmeric gel along with SRP. Participants were assessed for plaque and gingivitis on the 14th and 21st days. Subjective and objective criteria were assessed. The clinical data were recorded and used for statistical analysis to obtain results. RESULTS The percentage reduction of plaque index (PI) between the chlorhexidine and turmeric gel on 21st day were 74.85 and 65.91 respectively. similarly, the percentage reduction of gingival index (GI) between the chlorhexidine and turmeric gel on 21st day were 58.49 and 62.46 respectively. CONCLUSION Turmeric gel shows a slightly lower anti-plaque property in comparison to chlorhexidine gel. Their effect on a reduction of gingival inflammation was equal. It was also noted that turmeric gel showed better acceptability and biocompatibility by the participants.
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Thanawala S, Shah R, Somepalli V, Alluri KV, Desomayanandam P, Bhuvanendran A. A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Assessing Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Low-Dose Turmeric Extract Formulation in Healthy Adults with Chronic Knee Pain. Clin Pharmacol 2021; 13:91-100. [PMID: 34045905 PMCID: PMC8149286 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s307464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knee pain causes functional limitations, eventually compromising the quality of life. We evaluated the efficacy of our water-dispersible turmeric formulation (60% natural curcuminoids, TurmXTRA 60N®—WDTE60N), which exhibited better PK profile at low dose (250 mg) than standard turmeric extract, in alleviating symptoms of chronic knee pain. Methods In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, subjects received either 250 mg WDTE60N capsule (150 mg curcuminoids; n = 53) or appearance-matched placebo capsule (n = 53) once daily for 90 days. Primary endpoint was change in pain score on the visual analogue scale (VAS) after 80-m fast-paced walk test. Results A total of 96 subjects completed the study. WDTE60N reduced VAS score from baseline (5.4 ± 0.9) to day 90 (3.8 ± 0.8) with greater mean reduction than placebo (−1.5 ± 0.7 vs −0.6 ± 0.8, p < 0.0001; 2.5 times). It also significantly improved the time taken for 80-m fast-paced walk test and 9-step stair-climb test; and improved all biomarkers compared to placebo (p > 0.05). Three adverse events occurred but were unrelated to study products. Conclusion WDTE60N 250 mg administered once daily for 3 months, alleviated knee pain, improved joint function in healthy subjects with chronic knee pain, was well tolerated and safe.
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Ganji A, Farahani I, Saeedifar AM, Mosayebi G, Ghazavi A, Majeed M, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Protective effects of curcumin against lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:6915-6930. [PMID: 34036908 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210525124707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component, evokes intensive inflammatory responses in the human body. Naturally, inflammation is a part of the host immune response to an infection; nonetheless, an exaggerated response can lead to a series of pathophysiological consequences, collectively known as LPS toxicity or septic shock. OBJECTIVE This review will explore the cellular and experimental investigations that mainly focus on Curcumin's therapeutic effects on the LPS-mediated inflammatory responses. METHOD A literature review of all relevant studies was performed. CONCLUSION Curcumin has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory properties by interfering with LPS-induced inflammatory pathways, including binding to cell surface receptors of LPS, NF-kB activation pathway, and inflammasome activation. Further clinical studies on the effect of Curcumin in reducing the pathophysiological consequences of LPS toxicity would substantiate the use of this molecule for future therapeutic approaches.
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142
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Pulcini R, Avolio F, Sinjari B, Robuffo I, Flati V, Pignatelli L, Martinotti S, Toniato E. Evaluation and efficiency of curcumin against periodontal bacteria: an in vitro study. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2021; 35:725-728. [PMID: 33910330 DOI: 10.23812/20-556-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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143
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Curcuma Longa, the "Golden Spice" to Counteract Neuroinflammaging and Cognitive Decline-What Have We Learned and What Needs to Be Done. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051519. [PMID: 33946356 PMCID: PMC8145550 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the global increase in lifespan, the proportion of people showing cognitive impairment is expected to grow exponentially. As target-specific drugs capable of tackling dementia are lagging behind, the focus of preclinical and clinical research has recently shifted towards natural products. Curcumin, one of the best investigated botanical constituents in the biomedical literature, has been receiving increased interest due to its unique molecular structure, which targets inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. These pathways have been shown to be critical for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and more in general for cognitive decline. Despite the substantial preclinical literature on the potential biomedical effects of curcumin, its relatively low bioavailability, poor water solubility and rapid metabolism/excretion have hampered clinical trials, resulting in mixed and inconclusive findings. In this review, we highlight current knowledge on the potential effects of this natural compound on cognition. Furthermore, we focus on new strategies to overcome current limitations in its use and improve its efficacy, with attention also on gender-driven differences.
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144
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Gregory J, Vengalasetti YV, Bredesen DE, Rao RV. Neuroprotective Herbs for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040543. [PMID: 33917843 PMCID: PMC8068256 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background—Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial, progressive, neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by memory loss, personality changes, and a decline in cognitive function. While the exact cause of AD is still unclear, recent studies point to lifestyle, diet, environmental, and genetic factors as contributors to disease progression. The pharmaceutical approaches developed to date do not alter disease progression. More than two hundred promising drug candidates have failed clinical trials in the past decade, suggesting that the disease and its causes may be highly complex. Medicinal plants and herbal remedies are now gaining more interest as complementary and alternative interventions and are a valuable source for developing drug candidates for AD. Indeed, several scientific studies have described the use of various medicinal plants and their principal phytochemicals for the treatment of AD. This article reviews a subset of herbs for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cognitive-enhancing effects. Methods—This article systematically reviews recent studies that have investigated the role of neuroprotective herbs and their bioactive compounds for dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease and pre-Alzheimer’s disease. PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases of articles were collected, and abstracts were reviewed for relevance to the subject matter. Conclusions—Medicinal plants have great potential as part of an overall program in the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline associated with AD. It is hoped that these medicinal plants can be used in drug discovery programs for identifying safe and efficacious small molecules for AD.
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Karthikeyan A, Young KN, Moniruzzaman M, Beyene AM, Do K, Kalaiselvi S, Min T. Curcumin and Its Modified Formulations on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): The Story So Far and Future Outlook. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:484. [PMID: 33918207 PMCID: PMC8065662 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing and remitting inflammatory disorder of the small intestine and colon. IBD includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), and it is a major factor for the development of colon cancer, referred to as colitis-associated cancer (CAC). The current treatment of IBD mainly includes the use of synthetic drugs and monoclonal antibodies. However, these drugs have side effects over long-term use, and the high relapse rate restricts their application. In the recent past, many studies had witnessed a surge in applying plant-derived products to manage various diseases, including IBD. Curcumin is a bioactive component derived from a rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies show that curcumin may interact with many cellular targets (NF-κB, JAKs/STATs, MAPKs, TNF-γ, IL-6, PPARγ, and TRPV1) and effectively reduce the progression of IBD with promising results. Thus, curcumin is a potential therapeutic agent for patients with IBD once it significantly decreases clinical relapse in patients with quiescent IBD. This review aims to summarize recent advances and provide a comprehensive picture of curcumin's effectiveness in IBD and offer our view on future research on curcumin in IBD treatment.
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146
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Abe AA, Oliviero Rossi C, Caputo P, De Santo MP, Godbert N, Aiello I. Spicy Bitumen: Curcumin Effects on the Rheological and Adhesion Properties of Asphalt. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1622. [PMID: 33810459 PMCID: PMC8036851 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, the need for the synthesis of biodegradable materials has facilitated the drift of the asphalt industry towards eco-sustainable and cost-effective production of road pavements. The principal additives in the asphalt industry to improve the performance of road pavements and increase its lifespan are majorly rheological modifiers, adhesion promoters and anti-oxidant agents. Rheological modifiers increase physico-chemical properties such as transition temperature of asphalt binder (bitumen), adhesion promoters increase the affinity between binder and stone aggregates while anti-oxidant agents reduce the effects of oxidation caused by exposure to air, water and other natural elements during the production of asphalt pavements. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of a food grade bio-additive on these three aforementioned properties. We also sought to hypothesize the mechanisms by which the additive confers these desired features on bitumen. We present this study to evaluate the effects of turmeric, a food-based additive, on bitumen. The study was conducted through dynamic shear rheology (DSR), atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and boiling test analysis.
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147
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Etemadi S, Barhaghi MHS, Leylabadlo HE, Memar MY, Mohammadi AB, Ghotaslou R. The synergistic effect of turmeric aqueous extract and chitosan against multidrug-resistant bacteria. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 41:100861. [PMID: 33898041 PMCID: PMC8054179 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of turmeric and chitosan against the planktonic and biofilm forms of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. A group of MDR bacteria, including clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae, were collected by phenotypic and genotypic assays. The broth microdilution method was used to investigate the MIC of turmeric aqueous extract and chitosan. To investigate the synergistic effect of the combination of these natural compounds, we used the checkerboard assay. According to the results of this study, turmeric and chitosan showed inhibitory effects on MDR bacteria, especially on the planktonic form of methicillin-resistant S. aureus as a Gram-positive compared to tested Gram-negative bacteria (carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae). The antibiofilm effect of turmeric and chitosan was found more often in carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas isolates. There was no significant difference between the tested Gram-negative bacteria because most of the tested strains were inhibited in 512 and 1024 μg/mL concentrations of chitosan and turmeric aqueous extract. In this study, turmeric aqueous extract and chitosan exhibited significant antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. However, the effect of these compounds should be investigated using in vivo models for use in pharmaceutical and disinfectant formulations.
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148
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Ivanović M, Makoter K, Islamčević Razboršek M. Comparative Study of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils and Crude Extracts of Four Characteristic Zingiberaceae Herbs. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10030501. [PMID: 33800364 PMCID: PMC7999660 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ginger family (Zingiberaceae) includes plants that are known worldwide to have a distinctive smell and taste, which are often used as spices in the kitchen, but also in various industries (pharmaceutical, medical, and cosmetic) due to their proven biological activity. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the chemical composition and antioxidant activity (AA) of essential oils (EOs) of four characteristic ginger species: Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton (cardamom), Curcuma Longa L. (turmeric), Zingiber Officinale Roscoe (ginger), and Alpinia Officinarum Hance (galangal). Furthermore, the total phenolic content (TPC) and AA of crude extracts obtained after using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and different extraction solvents (80% ethanol, 80% methanol and water) were evaluated. A total of 87 different chemical components were determined by GC-MS/MS in the EOs obtained after hydrodistillation, 14 of which were identified in varying amounts in all EOs. The major compounds found in cardamom, turmeric, ginger, and galangal were α-terpinyl acetate (40.70%), β-turmerone (25.77%), α-zingiberene (22.69%) and 1,8-cineol (42.71%), respectively. In general, 80% ethanol was found to be the most effective extracting solvent for the bioactivities of the investigated species from the Zingiberaceae family. Among the crude extracts, ethanolic extract of galangal showed the highest TPC value (63.01 ± 1.06 mg GA g-1 DW), while the lowest TPC content was found in cardamom water extract (1.04 ± 0.29 mg GA g-1 DW). The AA evaluated by two different assays (ferric-reducing antioxidant power-FRAP and the scavenging activity of the cationic ABTS radical) proved that galangal rhizome is the plant with the highest antioxidant potential. In addition, no statistical difference was found between the AA of turmeric and ginger extracts, while cardamom rhizome was again inferior. In contrast to the crude extracts, the EOs resulted in significantly lower ABTS and FRAP values, with turmeric EO showing the highest AA.
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Functional and Quality Characteristics of Ginger, Pineapple, and Turmeric Juice Mix as Influenced by Blend Variations. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030525. [PMID: 33802454 PMCID: PMC7999861 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this current work, the functional and quality characteristics of ginger, pineapple, and turmeric juice mix as influenced by blend variations were investigated. Specifically, the blends had constant ginger amounts, decreased pineapple, and increased turmeric proportionally. Additionally, the functional properties involved physicochemical (pH, soluble solids (SS), total titratable acidity (TA) and viscosity), proximate (moisture, protein, fat and ash), minerals (Ca, and Mg) and vitamin C and β-carotene analyses, whereas quality properties involved microbiological and sensory analyses. The results showed that as quantities of pineapple and turmeric respectively decreased and increased, there was significant increases in Ca, Mg, vitamin C, and β-carotene contents (p < 0.05). Across the blends, the degree of significant differences (p < 0.05) in the protein, fat, and ash seemed more compared to those of moisture contents. Despite the increases in pH and viscosity, and decreases in SS and TA, the increases in turmeric potentially reinforced by ginger most likely decreased the bacterial/fungi counts, as well as inhibition zones. Increasing and decreasing the respective amounts of turmeric and pineapple might not necessarily make the blends more acceptable, given the decreases in appearance, taste, aroma, and mouthfeel scores.
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Yang YX, Wu V, Malak H, Ahamed AP, Lo A, Abraham Y, Miller C. Effect of Turmeric Concentrations on the Rate of Growth of Oral Bacteria-An In-Vitro Study. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9030026. [PMID: 33804488 PMCID: PMC8001890 DOI: 10.3390/dj9030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying concentrations of a turmeric solution on the growth rates of oral bacteria sampled from dental students. Methods: Bacterial cultures were grown overnight in aerobic conditions from plaque samples obtained from five test subjects. With the exception of the control, samples were exposed to different treatments; including chlorhexidine gluconate 2 mg/mL, prepared turmeric solution (TS) mouthwash: TS 0.25 mL (7.375 mg/mL), TS 0.5 mL (14.75 mg/mL), and TS 1 mL (29.50 mg/mL). Growth rate of the bacterial cultures were assessed by monitoring changes in optical density readings at 600 nm at hourly intervals for a six-hour period. The data were plotted and the exponential trend was used to calculate individual rates of growth. Data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with the significance confirmed using the Tukey-HSD test. Results: Growth observed in the bacteria exposed to the turmeric solution, was significantly greater (p < 0.05) when compared with the bacteria exposed to the medium alone. There was a significant difference found between the bacterial growth rate of the 1 mL turmeric solution against the growth rate of the bacteria in the 0.25 and 0.5 mL turmeric solutions. Conclusion: Comparison of growth rates of oral bacteria suggested that turmeric solutions of concentrations between 7.357 and 29.5 mg/mL (0.25–1 mL) were unlikely to exhibit bacteriostatic or bactericidal properties, and, conversely, increased bacterial growth. Considering this result, it is unlikely that turmeric mouthwash made from store-bought turmeric would have any antibacterial effects against oral bacteria, and may even promote bacterial growth.
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