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Ząbek T, Semik E, Szmatoła T, Oklejewicz B, Fornal A, Bugno-Poniewierska M. Age-related methylation profiles of equine blood leukocytes in the RNASEL locus. J Appl Genet 2015; 57:383-8. [PMID: 26553552 PMCID: PMC4963465 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-015-0323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Methylation profiles across three CpG islands of the RNASEL gene were determined in blood leukocyte samples of Anglo-Arabian and Hucul horses. Bisulfite sequencing revealed hypomethylated state of the RNASEL promoter coinciding with methylated CpG island placed inside the gene. Several CpG sites were identified for which the methylation state was influenced by DNA polymorphism. Two of them showed monoallelic methylation. One of the CpG sites revealed functional polymorphism. A number of partially methylated CpG sites have been observed in the promoter area of RNASEL, which were used for the comparison of breed- and age-related effects. Clone bisulfite sequencing of blood leukocyte samples collected at different ages from particular individuals of AA and HC breeds and, also, BSPCR sequencing of 50 samples of juvenile and old AA and HC horses revealed increased methylation in particular CpG sites during aging. The age-related heterogeneity of white blood cells was hypothesized as being one of the potential causes of observed variability of methylation profiles in the RNASEL promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ząbek
- National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland.
| | - E Semik
- National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
| | - T Szmatoła
- National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
| | - B Oklejewicz
- Centre of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Sokołowska 26, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - A Fornal
- National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
| | - M Bugno-Poniewierska
- National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
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302
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Serrano-Rodríguez JM, Gómez-Díez M, Esgueva M, Castejón-Riber C, Mena-Bravo A, Priego-Capote F, Serrano Caballero JM, Muñoz A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ramipril and ramiprilat after intravenous and oral doses of ramipril in healthy horses. Vet J 2015; 208:38-43. [PMID: 26639833 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) ramiprilat after intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration of ramipril have not been evaluated in horses. This study was designed to establish PK profiles for ramipril and ramiprilat as well as to determine the effects of ramiprilat on serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and to select the most appropriate ramipril dose that suppresses ACE activity. Six healthy horses in a cross-over design received IV ramipril 0.050 mg/kg, PO at a dose of 0 (placebo), and 0.050, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40 and 0.80 mg/kg ramipril. Blood pressures were measured and blood samples obtained at different times. Serum ramipril and ramiprilat concentrations and serum ACE activity were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and spectrophotometry, respectively. Systemic bioavailability of ramiprilat after PO ramipril was 6-9%. Percentages of maximum ACE inhibitions from baseline were 98.88 (IV ramipril), 5.31 (placebo) and 27.68, 39.27, 46.67, 76.13 and 84.27 (the five doses of PO ramipril). Blood pressure did not change during the experiments. Although oral availability of ramiprilat was low, ramipril has sufficient enteral absorption and bioconversion to ramiprilat to induce serum ACE inhibitions of almost 85% after a dose of 0.80 mg/kg ramipril. Additional research on ramipril administration in equine patients is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Serrano-Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - M Gómez-Díez
- Equine Sport Medicine Centre, CEMEDE, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Esgueva
- Equine Sport Medicine Centre, CEMEDE, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Castejón-Riber
- Equine Sport Medicine Centre, CEMEDE, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Mena-Bravo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J M Serrano Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Muñoz
- Equine Sport Medicine Centre, CEMEDE, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
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303
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Maninchedda U, Nottrott K, Gangl M. Enucleation in equids with and without the use of an orbital suture meshwork implant: a retrospective study of 37 cases. Vet Rec 2015; 177:367. [PMID: 26442527 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study on 37 horses was conducted to assess long-term complications, scarring, cosmetic appearance and owner satisfaction of horses that underwent transpalpebral enucleation with (n=26) or without (n=11) non-absorbable sutured meshwork prosthesis between 2006 and 2013. Postoperative complications related to the surgery were wound infection, discharge and dehiscence, and no significant difference between groups was found. In one horse, the meshwork had to be removed in order to treat a chronic fistula. Horses with infection or inflammation before surgery were more likely to encounter postoperative complications, whether or not a meshwork was used. Most owners were satisfied by the surgical technique for scarring, but contrary to the present hypothesis, most horses with a meshwork implant had a poor sunken-in appearance, and 26 per cent of owners would like to attempt other techniques to improve the cosmetic result. Also, a further 44 per cent of owners would prefer a better cosmetic result if the technique does not increase complication risk or cost. Meshwork implant prosthesis after transpalpebral enucleation was safe. However, in order to achieve a better cosmetic result, further improvements of the technique will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Maninchedda
- University of Lyon, Lyon F-69003, France Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and ALP-Haras, Länggasstrasse 124, Berne CH-3001, Switzerland Equine Department, VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus of Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile F-69280, France
| | - K Nottrott
- University of Lyon, Lyon F-69003, France Equine Department, VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus of Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile F-69280, France
| | - M Gangl
- Equine Department, VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus of Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile F-69280, France
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304
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Schulz AK, Kersten S, Dänicke S, Coenen M, Vervuert I. Effects of deoxynivalenol in naturally contaminated wheat on feed intake and health status of horses. Mycotoxin Res 2015; 31:209-16. [PMID: 26420605 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-015-0234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the short-term effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), administered at two different concentrations via a feed preparation using naturally contaminated wheat, on feed intake, liver and kidney metabolism and immunomodulatory properties in horses. Twelve geldings were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments for 21 days. DON was provided via naturally contaminated wheat (14.6 ± 6.5 mg DON/kg dry matter). The daily feed intake was adjusted to 4 kg of wheat and 1.7 kg of silage per 100 kg of body weight (BW). Horses were fed one of the following diets: control wheat with 0% contaminated wheat (CON), wheat mixture containing 53 ± 2% of DON-contaminated wheat [low DON intake (LDI)] or wheat mixture containing 78 ± 4% of DON-contaminated wheat [high DON intake (HDI)]. CON, LDI and HDI corresponded to a targeted daily DON intake via the complete ration of <5, 50 and 75 μg/kg BW, respectively. None of the horses demonstrated any clinical signs commonly associated with the intake of DON such as colic or depression. HDI was associated with lower daily wheat intake on day 21. Serum DON concentrations increased with higher DON intake. The non-toxic DON metabolite, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) was only detected on day 21 of the DON feeding period. No changes in haematological and serum parameters or serum globulins or in the ex vivo proliferation response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were observed. These results suggest that horses are less sensitive to DON exposure than other domestic species, for example, swine. Therefore, the European Commission guidance value for critical DON concentrations in swine feed (complete diet) of 0.9 mg/kg could be safely applied for rations intended for feeding adult horses as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katharina Schulz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 9, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Coenen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 9, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 9, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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305
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Curtis L, Trewin I, England GCW, Burford JH, Freeman SL. Veterinary practitioners' selection of diagnostic tests for the primary evaluation of colic in the horse. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000145. [PMID: 26457192 PMCID: PMC4594312 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2015-000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to survey veterinary practitioners’ selection of diagnostic tests for horses with clinical signs of abdominal pain. A questionnaire was distributed to veterinary surgeons involved in the primary evaluation of horses with abdominal pain, including the respondent's demographics, selection of diagnostic tests and factors affecting decision-making. Data analysis included descriptive analysis, categorisation of free text and simple univariable correlations to explore the relationships between independent variables and the relative self-estimated frequency that diagnostic tests were performed. A total of 228 responses were analysed. Participants worked in mixed practice (55.7 per cent), first opinion equine (22.8 per cent), first and second opinion equine (17.9 per cent) and referral practice (3.1 per cent). The majority (48.2 per cent, 105/218) were very confident managing a colic case (confidence level 4/5). The most frequently used diagnostic tests were ‘response to analgesia’ (87.2±24.0 per cent cases), rectal examination (75.9±21.2 per cent) and nasogastric intubation (43.8±27.6 per cent). Approach varied between practitioners, and for all diagnostic tests with frequency of use ranging from 0 to 100 per cent of cases. ‘Risk to personal safety’ was the most common reason for not using rectal examination. Practitioner's opinion of their confidence level in managing a colic case was associated with how frequently they used different diagnostic tests. There was marked variation in practitioners’ approaches, highlighting the need for further evidence to support decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Curtis
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Loughborough, Leicestershire , UK
| | - I Trewin
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Loughborough, Leicestershire , UK
| | - G C W England
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Loughborough, Leicestershire , UK
| | - J H Burford
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Loughborough, Leicestershire , UK
| | - S L Freeman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Loughborough, Leicestershire , UK
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306
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Mendoza L, Piquemal D, Lejeune JP, Vander Heyden L, Noguier F, Bruno R, Sandersen C, Serteyn D. Age-dependent expression of osteochondrosis-related genes in equine leukocytes. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000058. [PMID: 26392886 PMCID: PMC4567144 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteochondrosis (OC) is a developmental disease in horses which has a significant impact on the horse's welfare and performance. The early disturbance in the process of endochondral ossification progresses to inflammatory and repair processes in older horses. Previously, differentially expressed genes in leukocytes of OC-affected horses have been identified. The aim of the present study is to detect age-related changes in these differentially expressed genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of OC-related genes was analysed by real-time PCR and subsequent statistical analysis (ΔΔCT) in the leukocytes of 135 Belgian Warmblood horses divided into three different age groups: <12 months (n=47), 18-24 months (n=50) >30 months (n=38). RESULTS Relative expression of genes of horses less than 12 months of age showed significant induction of the genes MGAT4A, PRKCG, MHCI, ApoB, ApoB3G, B4GALT6 and a significantly lower expression of the genes OAS3. Horses of 18-24 months of age, showed a significantly higher expression of the genes TBC1D9, MGAT4A, IFIH1, MHCIIa and MMP1. Horses of more than 30 months of age showed a significantly higher expression of the genes MGAT4A, HP, SECTM1 compared with their age-matched control groups. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that OC-related genes are differentially expressed in horses of different ages compared with their age-matched controls. Some of the genes may be implicated in cell signalling and differentiation as well as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and inflammation. However, the causal relationship between the differentially expressed genes and the development and progression of the OC lesions needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mendoza
- University of Liège , Liège , Belgium ; Equine Research and Development Center , Mont-le-Soie , Belgium
| | - D Piquemal
- Computational Biology Institute (IBC) , France ; University of Montpellier2 , Montpellier , France ; Acobiom , Montpellier , France
| | - J P Lejeune
- Equine Research and Development Center , Mont-le-Soie , Belgium
| | - L Vander Heyden
- Equine Research and Development Center , Mont-le-Soie , Belgium
| | | | - R Bruno
- Acobiom , Montpellier , France
| | | | - D Serteyn
- University of Liège , Liège , Belgium ; Equine Research and Development Center , Mont-le-Soie , Belgium
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307
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Sallé G, Cabaret J. A survey on parasite management by equine veterinarians highlights the need for a regulation change. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000104. [PMID: 26421153 PMCID: PMC4581345 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In-depth knowledge of the use of anthelminthics in the field, especially by veterinarians, is required to design more sustainable parasite control strategies. Materials and methods An online survey was sent by e-mail to 940 equine veterinary practitioners to describe their equine practice, their awareness about parasites and the management strategies they apply. Results Gastrointestinal parasites were generally considered (68%) as an issue of moderate importance. Drug efficacy failure was a minor or moderate issue for 47% and 48% of responders, respectively. Parasite management mostly relied on the use of systematic calendar treatments across a wide variety of horse owners (ie, riding schools, studs or hobby horse owners). Almost half of the practitioners (42%) never performed Faecal Egg Count (FEC) before drenching. Horse owners or their employees in charge of equines were reported to be the only person managing drenching in 59% of the collected answers. This was associated with the report of many off-label uses of anthelmintics and the frequent buying of drugs using the internet. Conclusions Given the critical situation regarding anthelmintic resistance, it seems necessary for veterinarians to reclaim parasite management and prevention as a specific topic. Implementation of stricter regulations for use of anthelmintics, like the one applied in Denmark, may make parasitic management in equids more sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sallé
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique , Nouzilly , France ; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique , Tours , France
| | - Jacques Cabaret
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique , Nouzilly , France ; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique , Tours , France
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308
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McQueen CM, Dindot SV, Foster MJ, Cohen ND. Genetic Susceptibility to Rhodococcus equi. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1648-59. [PMID: 26340305 PMCID: PMC4895676 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals. Much effort has been made to identify preventative measures and new treatments for R. equi with limited success. With a growing focus in the medical community on understanding the genetic basis of disease susceptibility, investigators have begun to evaluate the interaction of the genetics of the foal with R. equi. This review describes past efforts to understand the genetic basis underlying R. equi susceptibility and tolerance. It also highlights the genetic technology available to study horses and describes the use of this technology in investigating R. equi. This review provides readers with a foundational understanding of candidate gene approaches, single nucleotide polymorphism‐based, and copy number variant‐based genome‐wide association studies, and next generation sequencing (both DNA and RNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- C M McQueen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - S V Dindot
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - M J Foster
- Medical Sciences Library, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - N D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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309
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Braga FR, Soares FEF, Giuberti TZ, Lopes ADCG, Lacerda T, Ayupe TDH, Queiroz PV, Gouveia ADS, Pinheiro L, Araújo AL, Queiroz JH, Araújo JV. Nematocidal activity of extracellular enzymes produced by the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans on cyathostomin infective larvae. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:214-8. [PMID: 26319197 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Duddingtonia flagrans produces chitinases, however, optimization of the production of these enzymes still needs to be explored, and its nematocidal activity should still be the subject of studies. The objective of the present study was to optimize chitinase production, and evaluate the nematocidal activity of extracellular enzymes produced by the nematophagous fungus D. flagrans on cyathostomin infective larvae. An isolate from D. flagrans (AC001) was used in this study. For the production of enzymes (protease and chitinase), two different culture media were inoculated with AC001 conidia. Both enzymes were purified. The statistical Plackett-Burman factorial design was used to investigate some variables and their effect on the production of chitinases by D. flagrans. After that, the design central composite (CCD) was used in order to determine the optimum levels and investigate the interactions of these variables previously observed. Only two variables (moisture and incubation time), in the evaluated levels, had a significant effect (p<0.05) on chitinase production. The conditions of maximum chitinase activity were calculated, with the following values: incubation time 2 days, and moisture 511%. The protease and chitinase derived from D. flagrans, individually or together (after 24h), led to a significant reduction (p<0.01) in the number of intact cyathostomin L3, when compared to the control, with following reduction percentage values: 19.4% (protease), 15.5% (chitinase), and 20.5% (protease+chitinase). Significant differences were observed (p<0.05) between the group treated with proteases in relation to the group treated with proteases+chitinases. In this study, the assay with the cyathostomins showed that chitinase had a nematocidal effect, suggesting that this enzyme acts on the "fungus versus nematodes" infection process. It is known that nematode eggs are rich in chitin, and in this case, we could think of a greater employability for this chitinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ribeiro Braga
- Department of Parasitology, University of VilaVelha-ES, VilaVelha, ES CEP: 29102206, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Zanotti Giuberti
- Department of Parasitology, University of VilaVelha-ES, VilaVelha, ES CEP: 29102206, Brazil
| | | | - Tracy Lacerda
- Department of Parasitology, University of VilaVelha-ES, VilaVelha, ES CEP: 29102206, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Viana Queiroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Angélica de Souza Gouveia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa Pinheiro
- Department of Parasitology, University of VilaVelha-ES, VilaVelha, ES CEP: 29102206, Brazil
| | - Andreia Luíza Araújo
- Department of Parasitology, University of VilaVelha-ES, VilaVelha, ES CEP: 29102206, Brazil
| | - José Humberto Queiroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Jackson Victor Araújo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG CEP: 3657000, Brazil
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310
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Giorgi M, De Vito V, Poapolathep A, Rychshanova R, Sgorbini M, Owen H. Pharmacokinetics and disposition of flupirtine in the horse. Vet J 2015; 208:76-80. [PMID: 26681139 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Flupirtine (FLU) is a non-opioid analgesic drug, with no antipyretic or anti-inflammatory effects, used in the treatment of a wide range of pain states in human beings. It does not induce the side effects associated with the classical drugs used as pain relievers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of FLU after IV and PO administration in healthy horses. Six mixed breed adult mares were randomly assigned to two treatment groups using an open, single-dose, two-treatment, two-phase, paired, cross-over design (2 × 2 Latin-square). Group 1 (n = 3) received a single dose of 1 mg/kg of FLU injected IV into the jugular vein. Group 2 (n = 3) received FLU (5 mg/kg) via nasogastric tube. The animals then swapped groups after a 1-week wash-out period and the doses were repeated. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 36 and 48 h and plasma was then analysed by a validated HPLC method. Some mild and transient adverse effects (that spontaneously resolved within 5 min) were observed in 2/6 animals after IV administration. No adverse effects were noticed in the PO administration group. After IV and PO administrations, FLU was detectable in plasma for up to 36 h. The mean elimination half-life was longer after PO (10.27 h) than after IV (3.02 h) administration. The oral bioavailability was 71.4 ± 33.1%. After compartmental simulation/modelling, an oral dose of 2.6 mg/kg was calculated to give Cmax and AUC values in horses similar to those reported in humans after a clinical dose administration with a theoretical FLU effective plasma concentration of 187 ng/mL. These findings may form the basis for further studies concerning this active ingredient in equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, Italy.
| | - V De Vito
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - A Poapolathep
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kasetsart, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - R Rychshanova
- Veterinary School, Kostanay State A. Baitursynov University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - M Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - H Owen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
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311
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Pusterla N, Holzenkaempfer N, Mapes S, Kass P. Prevalence of equine coronavirus in nasal secretions from horses with fever and upper respiratory tract infection. Vet Rec 2015; 177:289. [PMID: 26260064 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - N Holzenkaempfer
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - S Mapes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - P Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Felippelli G, Cruz BC, Gomes LVC, Lopes WDZ, Teixeira WFP, Maciel WG, Buzzulini C, Bichuette MA, Campos GP, Soares VE, Bergamasco PLF, de Oliveira GP, da Costa AJ. Susceptibility of helminth species from horses against different chemical compounds in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:232-8. [PMID: 26277565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
By means of parasitological necropsies, the present study aimed to evaluate, in six experiments, the degree of susceptibility or resistance of different helminth species which naturally infect horses to ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg, abamectin 0.2 mg/kg, moxidectin 0.4 mg/kg, trichlorfon 35 mg/kg, ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg+praziquantel 2.5 mg/kg, abamectin 0.2 mg/kg+praziquantel 2.5 mg/kg and ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg+6.6 mg/kg pyrantel. At experimental day zero, the horses were allocated to treatment groups based on average counts of strongylid eggs per gram of feces (EPG) obtained on days -3, -2 and -1. Oxyuris sp. infections were confirmed as positive or negative. All the animals in the six experiments were naturally infected by this helminth species. Each group (control or treated) consisted of six animals. All the assessed Habronema muscae populations analyzed were susceptible to ivermectin, abamectin and moxidectin. Of the six Trichostrongylus axei populations, four were susceptible to ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin, trichlorfon and ivermectin+praziquantel, and two were resistant to abamectin+praziquantel and ivermectin+pyrantel. Both Strongyloides westeri populations analyzed were susceptible to ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin and abamectin+praziquantel. For O. equi, resistance was found in four different populations treated with ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin, trichlorfon and ivermectin+praziquantel. Only combinations of abamectin+praziquantel and ivermectin+pyrantel were effective against this parasite species. All the large strongyles diagnosed in the present study (Strongyus edentatus, Strongyus vulgaris and Triodontophorus serratus) were susceptible to all the chemicals tested, with the exception of trichlorfon. Of the Cyathostominae populations, one was diagnosed as resistant to ivermectin and another to trichlorfon. The remaining populations from this nematode group were considered to be sensitive to ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin, ivermectin+praziquantel, abamectin+praziquantel and ivermectin+pyrantel. New studies should be performed in different regions to evaluate the efficacy of trichlorfon in others field populations of helminthes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Felippelli
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno Cayeiro Cruz
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vinicius Costa Gomes
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil..
| | - Weslen Fabrício Pires Teixeira
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Giquelin Maciel
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Buzzulini
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Abud Bichuette
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pimentel Campos
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vando Edésio Soares
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Luzia Formigoni Bergamasco
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson Pereira de Oliveira
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alvimar José da Costa
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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313
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Paştiu AI, Györke A, Kalmár Z, Bolfă P, Rosenthal BM, Oltean M, Villena I, Spînu M, Cozma V. Toxoplasma gondii in horse meat intended for human consumption in Romania. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:393-5. [PMID: 26238654 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, an economically important zoonotic protozoan, was investigated in horses slaughtered for export and human consumption in the North of Romania. Pairs of samples, sera and heart tissues, were collected from 82 slaughtered horses. Examination of horse sera by ELISA at a dilution of 1:10, and by modified agglutination test (MAT) at a dilution of 1:6, revealed that 32 (39%) and 31(37.8%) horses, respectively, had antibodies against T. gondii. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, T. gondii DNA was not found in any heart sample collected from horses. By bioassay in mice, we obtained viable isolates of T. gondii from two of ten horses determined to be strongly positive by serological assay/ELISA. The prevalence estimated in horses highlighted the potential risk for human contamination by consumption of raw or undercooked meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Ioana Paştiu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Infectious Diseases Department, 3-5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Department, 3-5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Györke
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Department, 3-5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Zsuzsa Kalmár
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Department, 3-5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Pompei Bolfă
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis; University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pathology Department, 3-5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Benjamin Martin Rosenthal
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Miruna Oltean
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Department, 3-5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Laboratory of Parasitology, EA 3800, SFR CAP SANTE, University Reims Champagne Ardenne, National Reference Center on Toxoplasmosis, Reims, France
| | - Marina Spînu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Infectious Diseases Department, 3-5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vasile Cozma
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Department, 3-5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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314
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Kudirkiene E, Welker M, Knudsen NR, Bojesen AM. Rapid and accurate identification of Streptococcus equi subspecies by MALDI-TOF MS. Syst Appl Microbiol 2015; 38:315-22. [PMID: 25944783 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi includes very important animal and human pathogens. S. equi subsp. equi (SEE) is a highly pathogenic equine specific subspecies, while S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) and S. equi subsp. ruminatorum are opportunistic pathogens of various animal species and humans. Due to great phenotypic and sequence similarity between three subspecies their discrimination remains difficult. In this study, we aimed to design and validate a novel, Superspectra based, MALDI-TOF MS approach for reliable, rapid and cost-effective identification of SEE and SEZ, the most frequent S. equi subspecies in horses. Superspectra created in this study enabled correct identification of 86 strains belonging to different subspecies of S. equi, isolated from various hosts, infection sites and years. In general, higher average identification accuracy was achieved for SEE (99.0±3.0%) than for SEZ (93.3±7.5%). This result may be attributed to the highly clonal population structure of SEE, as opposed to the diversity of SEZ seen in horses. Importantly strains with atypical colony appearance both within SEE and SEZ did not affect correct identification of the strains by MALDI-TOF MS. Atypical colony variants are often associated with a higher persistence or virulence of S. equi, thus their correct identification using the current method strengthens its potential use in routine clinical diagnostics. In conclusion, reliable identification of S. equi subspecies was achieved by combining a MALDI-TOF MS method with spectra analyses using the SARAMIS database. Additionally, first results on subtyping of SEZ indicated that a more refined discrimination, for example for epidemiological surveys, may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Martin Welker
- BioMérieux SA, Unit Microbiology, R&D Microbiology, La Balme Les Grottes 38390, France
| | - Nanna R Knudsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anders M Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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315
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Qi M, Zhou H, Wang H, Wang R, Xiao L, Arrowood MJ, Li J, Zhang L. Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in grazing horses from Xinjiang, China. Vet Parasitol 2015; 209:169-72. [PMID: 25794943 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of 262 fecal specimens collected from grazing horses at five locations in Xinjiang, China were examined by PCR for Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. The Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis infection rates were 2.7% and 1.5%, respectively. Seven Cryptosporidium-positive specimens were found in foals (16.3%), and four G. duodenalis-positive specimens were found in mares (2.5%). Sequence analyses of 18S rRNA and gp60 genes revealed that seven animals were positive for the subtype VIaA15G4 of Cryptosporidium horse genotype. G. duodenalis assemblages A and B were identified by molecular characterization of the 16S rRNA and tpi genes. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium horse genotype and G. duodenalis in grazing horses from China.
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316
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Cruz F, Fores P, Ireland J, Moreno MA, Newton R. Freedom from equine infectious anaemia virus infection in Spanish Purebred horses. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000074. [PMID: 26392894 PMCID: PMC4567151 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction No cases of equine infectious anaemia (EIA) have been reported in Spain since 1983. Factors that could increase the risk of reintroducing equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) into Spain include the recent occurrence of the disease in Europe and the absence of compulsory serological testing before importation into Spain. Aims and objectives Given the importance of the Spanish Purebred (SP) horse breeding industry in Spain, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to provide evidence of freedom from EIAV in SP stud farms in Central Spain. Materials and methods Serum samples from 555 SP horses, collected between September 2011 and November 2013, were tested using a commercially available EIAV ELISA with a published sensitivity of 100 per cent. Results All 555 samples were negative for antibody to EIAV, providing evidence of a true EIAV seroprevalence between 0 per cent and 0.53 per cent (95% CIs of the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA technique used Q10 were 100 per cent and 99.3 per cent, respectively) among the SP breeding population in Central Spain. Conclusions These findings should serve to increase confidence when exporting SP horses to other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Cruz
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria , Universidad Complutense , Madrid , Spain
| | - Paloma Fores
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria , Universidad Complutense , Madrid , Spain
| | - Joanne Ireland
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust , Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk , UK
| | - Miguel A Moreno
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense , Madrid , Spain ; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria , Universidad Complutense , Madrid , Spain
| | - Richard Newton
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust , Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk , UK
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317
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Laatamna AE, Wagnerová P, Sak B, Květoňová D, Xiao L, Rost M, McEvoy J, Saadi AR, Aissi M, Kváč M. Microsporidia and Cryptosporidium in horses and donkeys in Algeria: detection of a novel Cryptosporidium hominis subtype family (Ik) in a horse. Vet Parasitol 2015; 208:135-42. [PMID: 25638716 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A total of 219 and 124 individual fecal samples of horses and donkeys, respectively, were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp., Encephalitozoon spp., and Enterocytozoon bieneusi DNA by genus-specific nested PCR. Isolates were genotyped by sequence analysis of SSU rRNA, GP60, TRAP-C1, COWP, and HSP70 loci in Cryptosporidium, and the ITS region in microsporidia. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected on 3/18 horse farms and 1/15 farms where donkeys were kept. Overall, five (2.3%) horse and two (1.6%) donkey specimens were PCR positive for Cryptosporidium. Genotyping at SSU and GP60 loci revealed that three isolates from horses and donkeys were C. parvum subtype family IIaA16G1R1, one isolate from a horse was, C. muris RN66, and one isolate from a donkey was C. muris TS03. An isolate from a horse shared 99.4% and 99.3% similarity with Cryptosporidium hominis and C. cuniculus, respectively, at the SSU locus. This isolate shared 100% identity with C. hominis at the TRAP-C1, COWP, and HSP70 loci, and it was from the novel gp60 subtype family IkA15G1. Microsporidia were found on 6/18 horse and 2/15 donkey farms. E. bieneusi was identified in 6.8% (15/219) and 1.6% (2/124), and Encephalitozoon cuniculi was identified in 1.8% (4/219) and 1.6% (2/124), of horses and donkeys, respectively. Three genotypes of E. cuniculi (I, II and III) were detected in horses, and E. cuniculi genotype II was detected in donkeys. Four genotypes of E. bieneusi (horse1, horse 2, CZ3, D) were described in horses. An additional five horses and two donkeys were positive for E. bieneusi, but the isolated were not genotyped. Neither Cryptosporidium nor microsporidia prevalence were affected by sex, age, type of breeding, or whether the host was a horse or a donkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Elkarim Laatamna
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria; Higher National School of Veterinary, BP 161 Hacène Badi, EL Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Pavla Wagnerová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Economics, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Ahmed Rachid Saadi
- Higher National School of Veterinary, BP 161 Hacène Badi, EL Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Meriem Aissi
- Higher National School of Veterinary, BP 161 Hacène Badi, EL Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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318
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Robinson C, Heather Z, Slater J, Potts N, Steward KF, Maskell DJ, Fontaine MC, Lee JJ, Smith K, Waller AS. Vaccination with a live multi-gene deletion strain protects horses against virulent challenge with Streptococcus equi. Vaccine 2015; 33:1160-7. [PMID: 25597942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) is one of the most frequently diagnosed infectious diseases of horses and there remains a significant need to develop new preventative vaccines. We generated a live vaccine strain of S. equi containing deletions in six genes: sagA, hasA, aroB, pyrC, seM and recA, which was administered to nine Welsh mountain ponies via the intramuscular route. Four vaccinated ponies developed adverse reactions following the first vaccination from which the live vaccine strain was isolated. Two of these ponies were withdrawn from the study and seven ponies received a second vaccination, one of which then developed an adverse reaction. Nine control ponies injected with culture media alone developed no adverse reactions. Following challenge with a virulent strain of S. equi, none of the seven vaccinated ponies had developed clinical signs of strangles eleven days post-challenge, compared to six of nine control ponies over the same period (P=0.0114). A lymph node abscess was identified in one of the seven vaccinated ponies at post-mortem examination, whilst all nine control ponies had at least one lymph node abscess (P=0.0009). Three of the six vaccinated ponies that were protected from strangles had not developed an adverse reaction following vaccination, suggesting that a better understanding of the pro-inflammatory responses to S. equi could lead to the development of a live attenuated vaccine against strangles that is safe for administration via intramuscular injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Robinson
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Heather
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Josh Slater
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Potts
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Karen F Steward
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C Fontaine
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeong-Jin Lee
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Smith
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Waller
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom.
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319
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Iwaszko-Simonik A, Niedzwiedz A, Graczyk S, Slowikowska M, Pliszczak-Krol A. Expression of surface platelet receptors (CD62P and CD41/61) in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 164:87-92. [PMID: 25665521 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is an allergic disease of horses similar to human asthma, which is characterized by airway inflammation and activation of neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets. Platelet activation and an increase in circulating platelet-leukocyte aggregates may lead to airway remodeling. The aim of this study was to investigate platelet status in RAO-affected horses based on the platelet morphology and platelet surface expression of CD41/61 and CD62P. Ten RAO-affected horses and ten healthy horses were included in this study. Blood samples were obtained to determine the platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR). Expression of CD62P and CD41/61 was detected by flow cytometry on activated platelets. The median PLT was significantly reduced in horses with RAO compared to the controls. The MPV and the P-LCR values were significantly higher in RAO horses than controls. Expression of CD41/61 on platelets was increased in RAO horses, while CD62P expression was reduced. This study demonstrated the morphological changes in platelets and expression of platelet surface receptors. Despite the decrease of CD62P expression, the observed increased surface expression of CD41/61 on platelets in horses with RAO may contribute to the formation of platelet aggregates in their respiratory system.
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320
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Kawasumi K, Yamamoto M, Koide M, Okada Y, Mori N, Yamamoto I, Arai T. Aging effect on plasma metabolites and hormones concentrations in riding horses. Open Vet J 2015; 5:154-7. [PMID: 26623382 PMCID: PMC4663796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age effects on plasma metabolites, hormone concentrations, and enzyme activities related to energy metabolism were investigated in 20 riding horses. Animals were divided into two groups: Young (3-8 years) and aged (11-18 years). They were clinically healthy, and not obese. Plasma adiponectin (ADN) concentrations in aged horses were significantly lower than those in young horses (mean±SE, 6.5±1.3 µg mL(-1) vs, 10.9±1.7 µg mL(-1), Mann-Whitney U test, respectively; P=0.0233). Plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels and Insulin and malondialdehyde concentrations in aged group tended to increase compared to those in young group although there were not significant differences statistically. In aged group, malate dehydrogenase/lactate dehydrogenase (M/L) ratio, which is considered an energy metabolic indicator, did not change significantly compared to that in young group. Present data suggest that aging may negatively affect nutrition metabolism, but not induce remarkable changes in M/L ratio in riding horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Kawasumi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - M. Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - M. Koide
- Japan Horseback Riding Club, 685-1 Kitanagai Miyoshicho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 354-0044, Japan
| | - Y. Okada
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - N. Mori
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - I. Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - T. Arai
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan,Corresponding Author: Toshiro Arai. School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan. Tel.: +81422314151. E-mail:
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321
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Ibrayev B, Lider L, Bauer C. Gasterophilus spp. infections in horses from northern and central Kazakhstan. Vet Parasitol 2014; 207:94-8. [PMID: 25522954 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was performed to obtain current data on the gastrointestinal myiasis of horses in the provinces of Kostanay, Akmola and Karagandy, northern and central Kazakhstan. The stomach, small intestine and rectum of 148 slaughter horses were examined for Gasterophilus spp. larvae during a 26-month study period. All horses were infected with 2nd and 3rd stage larvae (mean intensity: 803±350), and 22% of them harboured >1000 Gasterophilus spp. larvae each. Four species were identified: G. intestinalis (prevalence: 100%; mean intensity: 361±240 larvae), G. haemorrhoidalis (100%; 353±191), G. nasalis (100%; 73±36) and G. pecorum (91.2%; 18±10). Horses aged<2 years were higher infected with Gasterophilus larvae than 2-4 years old animals. Both the prevalence and extremely high intensity of Gasterophilus infections of horses in these Kazakh regions suggest respective control measurements to improve the health and performance of the animals and to increase the economic income of horse owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltabek Ibrayev
- S Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 62 Prospect Pobedy, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyudmila Lider
- S Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 62 Prospect Pobedy, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Christian Bauer
- S Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 62 Prospect Pobedy, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan; Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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322
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Harms C, Mapes S, Akana N, Coatti Rocha D, Pusterla N. Detection of modified-live equine intranasal vaccine pathogens in adult horses using quantitative PCR. Vet Rec 2014; 175:510. [PMID: 25274853 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Harms
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - S Mapes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - N Akana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - D Coatti Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - N Pusterla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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323
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Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases affect horses worldwide. Mosquito-borne diseases generally cause encephalomyelitis in the horse and can be difficult to diagnose antemortem. In addition to general disease, and diagnostic and treatment aspects, this review article summarizes the latest information on these diseases, covering approximately the past 5 years, with a focus on new equine disease encroachments, diagnostic and vaccination aspects, and possible therapeutics on the horizon.
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324
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Papachristos A, Edwards E, Dowrick A, Gosling C. A description of the severity of equestrian-related injuries (ERIs) using clinical parameters and patient-reported outcomes. Injury 2014; 45:1484-7. [PMID: 24933441 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite a number of injury prevention campaigns and interventions, horse riding continues to be a dangerous activity, resulting in more accidents per hour than motorcycling, skiing and football. Injuries are often serious, with one in four patients requiring admission to hospital. This study aims to describe the severity of equestrian-related injuries (ERIs) using both clinical parameters and patient-reported outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective study of all patients aged ≥18 years admitted to The Alfred Hospital between January 2003 and January 2008 with an ERI was performed. Specific clinical data were extracted from the medical record. In addition, a questionnaire was conducted identifying the details of the accident, the required recovery time and levels of ongoing pain and physical disability. RESULTS During the study period 172 patients met the inclusion criteria. There were three deaths (2%). Eighty-two patients (48%) suffered head injuries. Forty-one patients (24%) were admitted to the ICU and 31 patients (18%) required mechanical ventilation. On discharge, 41 patients (24%) required transfer to a sub-acute rehabilitation facility. One-hundred-and-twenty-four patients (72%) completed the questionnaire. Thirty-nine respondents (31%) were not wearing a helmet. Among patients injured for more than 6 months, 38 (35%) still experienced moderate or severe pain or disability. Ninety-five patients had returned to work at the time of review, among which 47(50%) required longer than 6 months to recover, and 40 (42%) returned at a reduced capacity. CONCLUSIONS The clinical and patient-reported outcomes of ERIs requiring hospital admission are poor. Persistent pain and disability are common, even up to 5 years post-injury. A large proportion of patients required longer than 6 months to return to work and many return at a reduced capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Papachristos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, VIC, Australia.
| | - Elton Edwards
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Alfred Hospital, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Dowrick
- Department of Trauma Research, National Trauma Research Institute, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron Gosling
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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325
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Bowen RA, Bosco-Lauth A, Syvrud K, Thomas A, Meinert TR, Ludlow DR, Cook C, Salt J, Ons E. Protection of horses from West Nile virus Lineage 2 challenge following immunization with a whole, inactivated WNV lineage 1 vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:5455-9. [PMID: 25131745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 has spread from the African to the European continent. This study was conducted to demonstrate efficacy of an inactivated, lineage 1-based, WNV vaccine (Equip WNV) against intrathecal challenge of horses with a recent isolate of lineage 2 WNV. Twenty horses, sero-negative for WNV, were enrolled and were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups: an unvaccinated control group (T01, n=10) and a group administered with Equip WNV (T02, n=10). Horses were vaccinated at Day 0 and 21 and were challenged at day 42 with WNV lineage 2, Nea Santa/Greece/2010. Personnel performing clinical observations were blinded to treatment allocation. Sixty percent of the controls had to be euthanized after challenge compared to none of the vaccinates. A significantly lower percentage of the vaccinated animals showed clinical disease (two different clinical observations present on the same day) on six different days of study and the percentage of days with clinical disease was significantly lower in the vaccinated group. A total of 80% of the non-vaccinated horses showed viremia while only one vaccinated animal was positive by virus isolation on a single occasion. Vaccinated animals started to develop antibodies against WNV lineage 2 from day 14 (2 weeks after the first vaccination) and at day 42 (the time of onset of immunity) they had all developed a strong antibody response. Histopathology scores for all unvaccinated animals ranged from mild to very severe in each of the tissues examined (cervical spinal cord, medulla and pons), whereas in vaccinated horses 8 of 10 animals had no lesions and 2 had minimal lesions in one tissue. In conclusion, Equip WNV significantly reduced the number of viremic horses, the duration and severity of clinical signs of disease and mortality following challenge with lineage 2 WNV.
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326
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Paßlack N, Mainzer B, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Schafft H, Palavinskas R, Breithaupt A, Neumann K, Zentek J. Concentrations of strontium, barium, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, antimony, selenium and lead in the equine liver and kidneys. Springerplus 2014; 3:343. [PMID: 25061551 PMCID: PMC4108716 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of specific elements in the equine liver and kidneys are of practical relevance since horses are not only food-producing animals, but also partially serve as an indicator for the environmental pollution, as the basic feed includes plants like grass, grain and fruits. In this study, the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se) and lead (Pb) were measured in the liver, renal cortex and renal medulla of 21 horses (8 male; 13 female; aged between 5 months-28 years), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Comparable Cu and Zn concentrations were detected in the liver and renal cortex, while approximately 50% lower concentrations were measured in the renal medulla. The lowest Sr, Cd and Se, but the highest Mn, Sb and Pb concentrations were measured in the liver. The Ba concentrations were comparable in the renal cortex and medulla, but lower in the liver of the horses. Gender-related differences were observed for Cd, Mn and Cr, with higher Cd concentrations in the liver, but lower Mn concentrations in the renal cortex and lower Cr concentrations in the renal medulla of female horses. Age-related differences were detected for most measured elements, however, the animal number per age-group was only low. In conclusion, the present study provides important reference data for the storage of Sr, Ba, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Sb, Se and Pb in the liver and kidneys of horses, which are of practical relevance for an evaluation of the exposure of horses to these elements, either via feed or the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Paßlack
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, Berlin, 14195 Germany
| | - Barbara Mainzer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, Berlin, 14195 Germany ; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589 Germany
| | | | - Helmut Schafft
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589 Germany
| | - Richard Palavinskas
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589 Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, Berlin, 14163 Germany
| | - Konrad Neumann
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12203 Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, Berlin, 14195 Germany
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327
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Casseb ADR, Nunes MRT, Rodrigues SG, Travassos da Rosa ES, Casseb LMN, Casseb SMM, da Silva SP, Rodrigues EDL, Vasconcelos PFDC. Diagnosis of arboviruses using indirect sandwich IgG ELISA in horses from the Brazilian Amazon. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:29. [PMID: 25013410 PMCID: PMC4091646 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Amazon as a whole is the largest reservoir of arboviruses worldwide, while the Brazilian Amazon hosts the largest variety of arboviruses isolated to date. In this study, the results of an indirect sandwich IgG ELISA, standardized for 19 arbovirustypes circulating among horses in Brazilian Amazon, were compared to results of the hemagglutination inhibition test. A screening test assessed the conditional probability distribution and a Pearson linear correlation test determined the correlation strength among the absorbance values recorded for viruses from the same family. FINDINGS Sensitivity varied between 40.85 and 100%; the specificity was low and ranged from 39.71 to 67.0%; and the accuracy varied between 41 and 65.2%. The test developed in this study yielded a large number of serological cross-reactions. CONCLUSIONS The test can be employed to detect IgG antibodies within one arbovirus family; however, the hemagglutination test or other more specific techniques, such as the serum neutralization test in mice or the plaque-reduction neutralization test, are essential complementary methods for positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre do Rosário Casseb
- Institute of Health and Livestock Production, Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501, Belém, Pará State 66077-901, Brazil
| | | | - Sueli Guerreiro Rodrigues
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Erika Dayane Leal Rodrigues
- Institute of Health and Livestock Production, Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501, Belém, Pará State 66077-901, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil ; Department of Pathology, Pará State University, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
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328
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Gómez-Díez M, Muñoz A, Caballero JM, Riber C, Castejón F, Serrano-Rodríguez JM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enalapril and its active metabolite, enalaprilat, at four different doses in healthy horses. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:105-10. [PMID: 24972864 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of IV enalapril at 0.50 mg/kg, PO placebo and PO enalapril at three different doses (0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg/kg) were analyzed in 7 healthy horses. Serum concentrations of enalapril and enalaprilat were determined for pharmacokinetic analysis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, serum ureic nitrogen (SUN), creatinine and electrolytes were measured, and blood pressure was monitored for pharmacodynamic analysis. The elimination half-lives of enalapril and enalaprilat were 0.67 and 2.76 h respectively after IV enalapril. Enalapril concentrations after PO administrations were below the limit of quantification (10 ng/ml) in all horses and enalaprilat concentrations were below the limit of quantification in 4 of the 7 horses. Maximum mean ACE inhibitions from baseline were 88.38, 3.24, 21.69, 26.11 and 30.19% for IV enalapril at 0.50 mg/kg, placebo and PO enalapril at 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg/kg, respectively. Blood pressures, SUN, creatinine and electrolytes remained unchanged during the experiments.
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329
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Shepherd ML, Ponder MA, Burk AO, Milton SC, Swecker WS. Fibre digestibility, abundance of faecal bacteria and plasma acetate concentrations in overweight adult mares. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e10. [PMID: 25191602 PMCID: PMC4153333 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare digestibility of grass hay, faecal and plasma volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, and faecal bacterial abundance in overweight and moderate-condition mares. Five overweight adult mixed-breed mares and five adult mixed-breed mares in moderate condition were housed individually and limit-fed orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) hay at 20 g/kg body weight (as fed) daily for 14 d. Forage DM and fibre digestibility were determined using AOAC methods; digestible energy was measured using bomb calorimetry; plasma and faecal VFA concentrations were determined by use of GC and MS; faecal Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and total bacteria abundance was determined by quantitative real-time PCR using previously designed phylum-specific 16S ribosomal RNA gene primers. No differences in hay digestibility, faecal VFA concentrations or faecal bacterial abundance were detected between overweight and moderate-condition mares. Mean plasma acetate concentrations were higher (P = 0·03) in overweight (1·55 (range 1·43-1·65) mmol/l) v. moderate-condition (1·39 (range 1·22-1·47) mmol/l) mares. We conclude that the higher plasma acetate in overweight mares should be further investigated as a potential link between gut microbes and obesity in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Shepherd
- Department of Large Animal Clinical
Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary
Medicine, Virginia Tech, Duck Pond Drive (0442), Blacksburg, VA
24061, USA
| | - Monica A. Ponder
- Department of Food Science and
Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
24061, USA
| | - Amy O. Burk
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences,
University of Maryland, College Park, MD
20742, USA
| | - Stewart C. Milton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical
Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary
Medicine, Virginia Tech, Duck Pond Drive (0442), Blacksburg, VA
24061, USA
| | - William S. Swecker
- Department of Large Animal Clinical
Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary
Medicine, Virginia Tech, Duck Pond Drive (0442), Blacksburg, VA
24061, USA
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330
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Miszczak F, Tesson V, Kin N, Dina J, Balasuriya UBR, Pronost S, Vabret A. First detection of equine coronavirus (ECoV) in Europe. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:206-9. [PMID: 24768449 PMCID: PMC7117151 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is involved mainly in enteric infections. Following the recent description of ECoV in 2000, this study reports for the first time the presence of ECoV in France and, on a wider scale, in Europe. ECoV was molecularly detected from diarrheic and respiratory specimens. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that European strains are most closely related to the reference North American strain (ECoV-NC99) than the Asian strain (ECoV-Tokachi09).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Miszczak
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, EA4655, U2RM, F-14032 Caen, France; Department of Virology, University Hospital, F-14033 Caen, France; Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABEO, F-14053 Caen, France.
| | - Vincent Tesson
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, EA4655, U2RM, F-14032 Caen, France; Department of Virology, University Hospital, F-14033 Caen, France
| | - Nathalie Kin
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, EA4655, U2RM, F-14032 Caen, France; Department of Virology, University Hospital, F-14033 Caen, France
| | - Julia Dina
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, EA4655, U2RM, F-14032 Caen, France; Department of Virology, University Hospital, F-14033 Caen, France
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, EA4655, U2RM, F-14032 Caen, France; Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABEO, F-14053 Caen, France
| | - Astrid Vabret
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, EA4655, U2RM, F-14032 Caen, France; Department of Virology, University Hospital, F-14033 Caen, France
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331
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Rapoport A, Aharonson-Raz K, Berlin D, Tal S, Gottlieb Y, Klement E, Steinman A. Molecular characterization of the Babesia caballi rap-1 gene and epidemiological survey in horses in Israel. Infect Genet Evol 2014; 23:115-20. [PMID: 24524984 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Equine piroplasmosis imposes great concerns for the equine industry regarding international horse movement, and therefore requires reliable diagnostic tools. Recent studies from South Africa and Jordan, including a preliminary study in Israel, reported extremely low seroprevalence to Babesia caballi (B. caballi) (0-1%) using the acceptable rhoptry-associated protein-1 (RAP-1) cELISA. In accordance with the study from South Africa demonstrating a significant heterogeneity in the rap-1 gene sequence of South African B. caballi isolates, the objectives of this study were to phylogenetically characterize the rap-1 gene of the Israeli isolates and determine the prevalence of B. caballi in horses in Israel. Out of 273 horses tested using the RAP-1 cELISA, only one was sero-positive, while 9.3% were positive on PCR performed on the rap-1 gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the rap-1 gene grouped the Israeli isolates in a cluster together with the South African strains (99% nt identity), but in a separate cluster from the American/Caribbean strains (81-82% nt identity). These findings support the existence of heterogeneity in the RAP-1 amino-acid sequences of the Israeli and South African isolates as compared to that used in the cELISA commercial kit and raise doubts as to the ability of this assay to serve as a sole regulatory test for international horse movement. Risk factor analysis found management and age to significantly associate with prevalence of B. caballi, as higher prevalence was noted in horses held out on pasture and a negative association was recorded with age. In addition, B. caballi was not detected in horses in the steppe-arid and extreme-arid climatic regions as compared to the wetter regions. Findings of this study emphasize the need to combine several detection methods to ameliorate the control and spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Rapoport
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Karin Aharonson-Raz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dalia Berlin
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Saar Tal
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yuval Gottlieb
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amir Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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332
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Brewer K, Dirikolu L, Hughes CG, Tobin T. Scopolamine in racing horses: trace identifications associated with dietary or environmental exposure. Vet J 2014; 199:324-31. [PMID: 24440440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Scopolamine (L-hyoscine) identifications, often in small-number clusters, have been reported worldwide in performance horses over the last 30 years. Scopolamine is an Association of Racing Commissioners International (ARCI) class 3, penalty class B, substance with potential to affect performance. As such, scopolamine identification(s) in race or performance horses can result in significant penalties for the connections of the horse(s). Reviewed here is the worldwide distribution of scopolamine containing plants (primarily Datura spp.), with estimates of their potential toxicity to horses through dietary and/or environmental exposure. Also reviewed are the basic pharmacology of scopolamine and its precursor, urinary concentrations following feedstuff exposure, and the probable pharmacological/forensic significance of such findings. Based on an overview of the world literature on scopolamine, the expected characteristics of inadvertent environmental exposure are also presented with a view to making clear the potential of scopolamine identifications, with or without atropine, as a direct and expected outcome of both the worldwide distribution of scopolamine-containing plants and the sensitivity of modern equine drug testing. It is of particular interest that only 2/30 reported post-event equine identifications of scopolamine have been associated with atropine, suggesting that failure to identify atropine is not a biomarker of pharmaceutical administration of scopolamine. Available quantitative information associated with scopolamine identifications is consistent with the 75 ng/mL regulatory threshold for scopolamine currently used in Louisiana racing in the USA and the 30 ng/mL reporting threshold in effect in European racing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Levent Dirikolu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Charlie G Hughes
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Thomas Tobin
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Henríquez C, Perez B, Morales N, Sarmiento J, Carrasco C, Morán G, Folch H. Participation of T regulatory cells in equine recurrent airway obstruction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 158:128-34. [PMID: 24503328 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is an equine immune-mediated disease with a high incidence worldwide. The aim of this work was to contribute to the understanding of RAO pathogenesis by studying T cells bearing regulatory markers in peripheral blood (PB) and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) recovered from the same group of susceptible horses before and after exposure to moldy hay, which has been shown to induce RAO signology in our horse herd. With this purpose, mononuclear cells were obtained from the BALF and PB from horses before and after antigenic challenge and were stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against CD4, CD25 and Foxp3 and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry. The results indicated that the percentage of CD4+, Foxp3+ cells clearly increased in PB and BALF obtained from horses with RAO. In addition, the percentage of CD4+, CD25(high) cells was greatly augmented in BALF of RAO positive horses compared with a baseline. No changes were observed in the PB compartment. The percentage of CD4+, CD25(high), Foxp3+ cells in BALF increased in horses with active disease compared to horses in remission; this cell population also does not show changes in the PB compartment when RAO positive and RAO negative horses were compared. On the other hand, when the percentage of CD4, Foxp3 positive cells were compared with the percentage of CD4+, CD25(high) cells, the numbers were very similar. This observation was true for PB and BALF cells from non exposed horses as well as horses exposed to antigen. In all the experimental situations studied, the population expressing all of the markers CD4+, CD25(high), Foxp3+ represent only a minor percentage of CD4+, CD25(high) or CD4+, Foxp3 subpopulations; therefore, an significant number of CD4+, CD25(high), Foxp3- and CD4+, CD25(null), Foxp3+ cells must exist. Finally, we conclude that horses with RAO show an airway accumulation of T cells bearing regulatory markers that probably are modulating the course of this disease, and that these T cells may be involved in the resolution of immune-mediated bronchial inflammation.
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334
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Power J, Hernandez P, Wardale J, Henson FMD. Alterations in sclerostin protein in lesions of equine osteochondrosis. Vet Rec Open 2014; 1:e000005. [PMID: 26392871 PMCID: PMC4562441 DOI: 10.1136/vropen-2013-000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondrosis (OC) is a common and clinically important joint disease that occurs in many species, including humans, pigs, chickens and horses. It has been described as a focal failure of endochondral ossification (EO), but no cellular/molecular mechanisms are fully described that explain the cause of this condition. Recently a Wnt signalling inhibitor, sclerostin, has been described in osteoarthritic cartilage, where it has been proposed to protect damaged cartilage from degradation. Cartilage degradation is a key event in EO, thus, abnormalities of sclerostin in growth cartilage could, potentially, lead to a failure of EO and, thus, OC. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of sclerostin protein in normal and OC growth cartilage. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to localise sclerostin protein in normal and OC growth cartilage. Growth cartilage was harvested from the distal femur of horses aged between 6 and 18 months. Cartilage was classified as normal or having lesions consistent with a diagnosis of early OC. IHC was used to identify sclerostin protein in cartilage sections. Sclerostin protein distribution was semiquantified using a grading system and shown to be upregulated throughout all three zones of cartilage in lesions of OC (IHC score 8.1 compared to IHC score of 0.88). These results indicate that sclerostin may be contributing to the development of OC lesions by inhibiting extracellular matrix remodelling or may reflect the response of damaged cartilage. Clearly, further work is required to fully characterise this observation but, with antisclerostin antibodies used to treat human osteoporosis, the possibility of development of a systemic treatment of OC remains a potential goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Power
- Orthopaedic Research Unit , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Box 180, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
| | - Paula Hernandez
- Orthopaedic Research Unit , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Box 180, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
| | - John Wardale
- Orthopaedic Research Unit , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Box 180, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
| | - Frances M D Henson
- Orthopaedic Research Unit , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Box 180, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
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335
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Hue ES, Fortier GD, Fortier CI, Leon AM, Richard EA, Legrand LJ, Pronost SL. Detection and quantitation of equid gammaherpesviruses (EHV-2, EHV-5) in nasal swabs using an accredited standardised quantitative PCR method. J Virol Methods 2013; 198:18-25. [PMID: 24370678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Equid gammaherpesviruses-2 and -5 are involved in respiratory problems, with potential clinical manifestations such as nasal discharge, pharyngitis and swollen lymph nodes. These viruses are sometimes associated with a poor-performance syndrome, which may result in a significant and negative economic impact for the horse industry. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate quantitative PCR methods for the detection and quantitation of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in equine respiratory fluids. Two distinct tests were characterised: (a) for the qPCR alone and (b) for the whole method (extraction and qPCR) according to the standard model AFNOR XP U47-600-2 (viz., specificity, quantifiable sensibility, linearity, accuracy, range of application, trueness, precision, repeatability and precision of reproducibility). EHV-2 and EHV-5 detection were performed on nasal swabs collected from 172 horses, all of which exhibited clinical signs of respiratory disease. The data revealed a high rate of EHV-2/EHV-5 co-detection that was correlated significantly with age. Viral load of EHV-2 was significantly higher in young horses whereas viral load of EHV-5 was not significantly different with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika S Hue
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France; Normandie Universite, 14000 Caen, France; Unite Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, 14032 Caen, France; Hippolia Foundation, La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Guillaume D Fortier
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France; Normandie Universite, 14000 Caen, France; Unite Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, 14032 Caen, France; Hippolia Foundation, La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Christine I Fortier
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France; Hippolia Foundation, La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Albertine M Leon
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France; Normandie Universite, 14000 Caen, France; Unite Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, 14032 Caen, France; Hippolia Foundation, La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Eric A Richard
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France; Hippolia Foundation, La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Loïc J Legrand
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France; Normandie Universite, 14000 Caen, France; Unite Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, 14032 Caen, France; Hippolia Foundation, La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Stéphane L Pronost
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France; Normandie Universite, 14000 Caen, France; Unite Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, 14032 Caen, France; Hippolia Foundation, La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery, 14000 Caen, France.
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336
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Abstract
Assessment of pain in animal models of osteoarthritis is integral to interpretation of a model's utility in representing the clinical condition, and enabling accurate translational medicine. Here we describe behavioral pain assessments available for small and large experimental osteoarthritic pain animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey S Kroin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ranjan Kc
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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337
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Roepstorff L, Wiestner T, Weishaupt MA, Egenvall E. Comparison of microgyro-based measurements of equine metatarsal/metacarpal bone to a high speed video locomotion analysis system during treadmill locomotion. Vet J 2013; 198 Suppl 1:e157-60. [PMID: 24360759 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare an inertial motion system (IMS) to an optical based locomotion analysis system measuring limb sagittal segment angles in horses at the walk and trot. The metatarsal/metacarpal bones of two horses (20 trials) were fitted with optical system markers and an IMS. Between the systems, measuring range of motion (ROM) of the sagittal metatarsal/metacarpal bone angles, the IMS measured higher ROM than the optical system (bias 1.6°; precision at 1.96 standard deviation 1.9°). The same angle data were used to assess inter-limb symmetry by calculating phase shift between the limbs within a stride. This showed essentially no bias and the precision was 0.025%. The IMS has potential for quantification of ROM and phase shift of equine distal limb movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Roepstorff
- Unit of Equine Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7046, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - T Wiestner
- Equine Department, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M A Weishaupt
- Equine Department, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 705, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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338
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Lester HE, Bartley DJ, Morgan ER, Hodgkinson JE, Stratford CH, Matthews JB. A cost comparison of faecal egg count-directed anthelmintic delivery versus interval programme treatments in horses. Vet Rec 2013; 173:371. [PMID: 24068698 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H E Lester
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK
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339
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Abstract
The prevalence of linear keratopathy with progressing age in a closed population of a single horse breed is reported. All Lipizzaners in three federal states in Austria underwent complete ophthalmic examination four times over a period of 18 months, with six-month intervals. Findings consistent with linear keratopathy were recorded, and associated with factors such as sex, location, boarding system and level of performance throughout the study period. Logistic regression was applied to determine the influence of age on ophthalmic findings. On the first, second, third and fourth examinations, 0.8 per cent, 3.1 per cent, 4.4 per cent and 4.8 per cent (of 266, 261, 249 and 230 horses, respectively) of the study population, were diagnosed with linear keratopathy. This finding was consistently identified in the same horses, and once identified, no further progression was noted. Horses with this finding had no history of previous ocular problems or concurrent ocular abnormalities. Statistical analysis did not reveal any influence of sex, location, boarding, or level of performance; however the prevalence of linear keratopathy was found to increase with progressive age (P<0.5). The results of this study indicate that linear keratopathy was not congenital and was non-progressive in the Lipizzaner over a period of 18 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Rushton
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, Austria.
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340
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Angenvoort J, Brault AC, Bowen RA, Groschup MH. West Nile viral infection of equids. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:168-80. [PMID: 24035480 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus transmitted between certain species of birds and mosquito vectors. Tangential infections of equids and subsequent equine epizootics have occurred historically. Although the attack rate has been estimated to be below 10%, mortality rates can approach 50% in horses that present clinical disease. Symptoms are most commonly presenting in the form of encephalitis with ataxia as well as limb weakness, recumbency and muscle fasciculation. The most effective strategy for prevention of equine disease is proper vaccination with one of the numerous commercially available vaccines available in North America or the European Union. Recently, WNV has been increasingly associated with equine epizootics resulting from novel non-lineage-1a viruses in expanding geographic areas. However, specific experimental data on the virulence of these novel virus strains is lacking and questions remain as to the etiology of the expanded epizootics: whether it be a function of inherent virulence or ecological and/or climactic factors that could precipitate the altered epidemiological patterns observed.
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341
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Pusterla N, Packham A, Wilson WD, White A, Bellamy P, Renier AC, Conrad PA. Short communication: evaluation of the kinetics of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona in serum from seropositive healthy horses without neurological deficits treated with ponazuril paste. Vet Rec 2013; 173:249. [PMID: 23893215 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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342
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Venter M, van Vuren PJ, Mentoor J, Paweska J, Williams J. Inactivated West Nile Virus (WNV) vaccine, Duvaxyn WNV, protects against a highly neuroinvasive lineage 2 WNV strain in mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:3856-62. [PMID: 23820079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lineage 2 West Nile Virus (WNV) is endemic to southern Africa and Madagascar, and has recently been associated with encephalitis outbreaks in humans and horses in South Africa, central Europe, Italy and Greece. Commercial vaccines have mostly been evaluated against WNV lineage 1 strains and their efficacy against lineage 2 strains rarely reported. METHODS To evaluate protection of Duvaxyn WNV vaccine against lineage 2 strains associated with encephalitis in South Africa, mice were vaccinated twice intramuscularly three weeks apart, and challenged four weeks later with highly neuroinvasive lineage 1 strain NY385/99 or lineage 2 strain SPU93/01. Neutralising antibody titres were measured at the time of challenge and three weeks later. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were conducted on brains of mice that succumbed during the trial, on controls and on vaccinated mice that survived. RESULTS Serum neutralising antibodies in vaccinated mice were detected but low three weeks after primovaccination. Three weeks post-challenge, vaccinated mice had significantly higher serum neutralising antibody titres against both lineages than unvaccinated controls. After challenge, all vaccinated mice remained healthy but all unvaccinated mice demonstrated severe neurological signs with 75% mortality rate. WNV was not detected in brains of vaccinated mice whereas virus replicated in most unvaccinated mice challenged with either lineage. Gross and microscopic lesions were found only in unvaccinated mice challenged with both lineages. CONCLUSION Duvaxyn WNV vaccine provided complete protection against challenge with lineage 2 WNV and stimulated significant cross protective neutralising antibodies in mice against lineage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietjie Venter
- Zoonosis Research Unit, Department Medical Virology, Room 2.72, Pathology Building, Prinshof Campus, 5 Bophela Road, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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343
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Laatamna AE, Wagnerová P, Sak B, Květoňová D, Aissi M, Rost M, Kváč M. Equine cryptosporidial infection associated with Cryptosporidium hedgehog genotype in Algeria. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:350-3. [PMID: 23731858 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Faecal samples from two horse farms in Algeria keeping Arabian, Thoroughbred, and Barb horses were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium in 2010-2011. A total of 138 faecal samples (16 from a farm keeping 50 animals and 122 from a farm with 267 horses) were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. infection using molecular tools. DNA was extracted from all samples. Nested PCR was performed to amplify fragments of the SSU rDNA and gp60 genes to determine the presence of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes. Sequence analyses of SSU and gp60 genes revealed four animals positive for the presence of subtype XIIIa A22R9 of the Cryptosporidium hedgehog genotype. The infections were not associated with diarrhoea. This study reports, for the first time, the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in Algeria and the first occurrence of the hedgehog genotype in horses. These findings support the potential role of infected horses in sylvatic-domestic transmission of Cryptosporidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Elkarim Laatamna
- Higher National School of Veterinary, BP 161 Hacène Badi, EL Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
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344
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Abstract
Among diseases of horses caused by fungi (=mycoses), dermatophytosis, cryptococcosis and aspergillosis are of particular concern, due their worldwide diffusion and, for some of them, zoonotic potential. Conversely, other mycoses such as subcutaneous (i.e., pythiosis and mycetoma) or deep mycoses (i.e., blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis) are rare, and/or limited to restricted geographical areas. Generally, subcutaneous and deep mycoses are chronic and progressive diseases; clinical signs include extensive, painful lesions (not pathognomonic), which resemble to other microbial infections. In all cases, early diagnosis is crucial in order to achieve a favorable prognosis. Knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical signs, and diagnosis of fungal diseases is essential for the establishment of effective therapeutic strategies. This article reviews the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapeutic protocols of equine fungal infections as a support to early diagnosis and application of targeted therapeutic and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Str. prov.le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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345
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Yazici Z, Albayrak H, Ozan E, Gumusova S. The first investigation of west nile virus in horses using real time rt-PCR in middle black sea region in Turkey. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2012; 6:151-5. [PMID: 23378973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne disease that can cause fatal infection in mammals including humans, dogs, horses, birds and reptiles. Although West Nile Virus is an asymptomatic infection, especially it can cause neurologic disorders in humans and horses. The aim of this study was to the investigate virological presence of WNV in horses in the Black Sea Region of Turkey using real time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). METHODS Totally, 120 horse sera were collected equally from 4 provinces in Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey and investigated for WNV presence by Taqman based rRT-PCR. RESULTS WNV nucleic acid was not detected in any horse serum sample. CONCLUSION Although obtained result indicated no evidence of WNV-RNA in horses, Black Sea Region of Turkey is one of the suitable places for the WNV infection. For this reason, our research will continue for the determination of the viruses in vectors and susceptible animals such as horses, dogs, etc.
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346
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Song JW, Na KS, Tae SH, Kim YK. Borna disease virus antibody and RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of race horses and jockeys in Korea. Psychiatry Investig 2011; 8:58-60. [PMID: 21519538 PMCID: PMC3079187 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2011.8.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During the last two decades, Borna disease virus (BDV) has received much attention as a possible zoonotic agent, particularly as a cause of psychiatric disease. Although several studies have shown that BDV is present in Asia, BDV has not been detected in Korea. This study was designed to further investigate the presence of BDV infection in Korea. METHODS Blood samples were taken from 39 race horses and 48 jockeys. Antibody to BDV was detected by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test and RNA of BDV by real time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR). RESULTS No evidence of BDV was detected in either the horses or the jockeys group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that BDV infection may not be endemic in Korea. Further studies with novel diagnostic tools are required to clarify the prevalence of BDV infection in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Tae
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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347
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Abstract
After an outline of the ways in which horse meat is produced and consumed, the authors review specific and general risks associated with this product, and methods for the control and prevention of these risks are given. With regard to biological hazards transmitted by horse meat, the relevant zoonoses are considered, followed by a discussion of the two principal agents responsible for foodborne disease in human beings: Salmonella and Trichinella. Among chemical hazards, the toxic effects of cadmium are prominent. Although these hazards can be identified, the actual risks to human health are difficult to estimate, because of the paucity of scientific data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Magras
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Unité associée d'hygiène alimentaire, Institut national de la recherche agronomique/ENVN, Nantes, France
| | - M Fédérighi
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Unité associée d'hygiène alimentaire, Institut national de la recherche agronomique/ENVN, Nantes, France
| | - C Soulé
- Centre national d'études vétérinaires et alimentaires (CNEVA), Laboratoire central de recherches vétérinaires, 22 rue Pierre-Curie, B.P. 67,94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
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