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Martino A, Falco D, Martino G, Schiavone P, Roma V, Schiavone B. [The Poland' syndrome. Case report]. Ann Ital Chir 2009; 80:205-209. [PMID: 20131538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A case of Poland's syndrome in a 2-year-old female is described. The patient had come to our Emergency department for abdominal pain. The thorax's asymmetric depression and the brachysyndactyly of the right hand are fundamental elements to make Poland's syndrome diagnosis in our patient. In this report, the different formes of Poland's syndrome, the classification and the indications for a surgical intervention are described. Besides the importance of a precocious diagnosis is underlined, due to avoid complications related to late rehabilitation and multidisciplinary approach to the patient.
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152
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Martino A, Rampone B, Maharajan G, Sacco ML, Martino G, La Rocca F, Sansone P. [Acute acalculous cholecystectoctomy associated with haemobilia in polytraumatized subject. Case report]. Ann Ital Chir 2009; 80:225-229. [PMID: 20131542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Authors report the clinical case of polytraumatized patient who has colic abdominal pain and Murphy sign after 68 days from damaging event. This symptomatology is consequent to Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis (ACC) associated with hemobilia. This work may be different because hemobilia in polytraumatized patient, like causal factor of acute cholecystitis, is an isolated case in literature. The Authors discuss on ACC risk factors, diagnosis and therapy.
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153
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Martino A, De Rienzo D, Evangelista M, La Rocca F, Maharajan G, Martino G, Sacco ML, Scaglione M. [A singular bullet run in a firearm wound in the neck. A case report]. Ann Ital Chir 2009; 80:145-149. [PMID: 19681298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The paper deals with the peculiarities of a firearm wound regarding the dynamic of the accident and particularly considering the path followed by the bullet. The patient's firearm wound is described on the basis of the instrumental examinations done. These last give us a precious help to confirm the thesis, already guessed on the clinical examination of an introduction and path followed through the digestive tract, and to show the dynamics and the still positions of the bullet inside the patient's body. The bullet was expelled spontaneously by defecation. After control of no internal damages this firearm wound has been treated simply as a normal tip wound.
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154
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Pasta V, Martino G, Vergine M, Scipioni P, Amabile MI, Cardarelli A, Palmieri A, Santucci E, Chiarini S, Monti M. [Diagnostic and surgical problems of ectopic breast cancer]. G Chir 2009; 30:36-40. [PMID: 19272231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of supernumerary breast or ectopic breast tissue has haigher incidence than the cancer on ortotopic breast. This finding puts some problems about the diagnosis and therapy of ectopic breast cancer. The Authors describe their personal experience in three patients surgically treated and discuss about problems and solutions of this pathology.
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155
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Gironi M, Martinelli-Boneschi F, Sacerdote P, Solaro C, Zaffaroni M, Cavarretta R, Moiola L, Bucello S, Radaelli M, Pilato V, Rodegher M, Cursi M, Franchi S, Martinelli V, Nemni R, Comi G, Martino G. A pilot trial of low-dose naltrexone in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2008; 14:1076-83. [PMID: 18728058 DOI: 10.1177/1352458508095828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A sixth month phase II multicenter-pilot trial with a low dose of the opiate antagonist Naltrexone (LDN) has been carried out in 40 patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). The primary end points were safety and tolerability. Secondary outcomes were efficacy on spasticity, pain, fatigue, depression, and quality of life. Clinical and biochemical evaluations were serially performed. Protein concentration of beta-endorphins (BE) and mRNA levels and allelic variants of the mu-opiod receptor gene (OPRM1) were analyzed. Five dropouts and two major adverse events occurred. The remaining adverse events did not interfere with daily living. Neurological disability progressed in only one patient. A significant reduction of spasticity was measured at the end of the trial. BE concentration increased during the trial, but no association was found between OPRM1 variants and improvement of spasticity. Our data clearly indicate that LDN is safe and well tolerated in patients with PPMS.
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156
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Martino G, Perkins MN. Tactile-Induced Ultrasonic Vocalization in the Rat: A Novel Assay to Assess Anti-Migraine Therapies in vivo. Cephalalgia 2008; 28:723-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A pharmacological model of migraine is described using ultrasound vocalization (USV) of rats following central inflammation-induced sensitization to tactile stimulation. Central inflammation induced by intracerebroventricular injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased USV induced by an air current focused on the head and this was abolished by morphine and ketorolac, suggesting a nocice-ptive component. USV in naive rats were unaffected. Diazepam reduced USV in both inflamed and naive rats. The triptans, zolmitriptan and sumatriptan, both reduced USV in inflamed but not in naive rats, as did dihydroergotamine, and the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists αCGRP(8-37) and BIBN4096BS. The neurokinin-1 antagonist L-733-060 had no effect in either inflamed or naive rats when given after induction of inflammation, but when given with the LPS it prevented the augmentation of USV. This profile of activity of agents proven to be effective in the clinic suggests this model can be used to predict novel therapeutic agents for migraine.
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157
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Vergine M, Martino G, Santucci E, Cardarelli A, Palmieri A, La Gumina G, Macrina N, Pasta V. [Cutaneous B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: clinical aspects, diagnostic and surgical approach]. G Chir 2008; 29:281-284. [PMID: 18544265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
By clinical observation and surgical treatment of a patient with cutaneous B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the Authors describe the nosological approach, the correct diagnosis and the surgical treatment in this disease.
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158
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Vergine M, Ballesio L, Amabile MI, Macrina N, Palmieri A, Martino G, Pasta V. [Seroma in residual fibrous capsule after breast implant explantation: a case report]. G Chir 2008; 29:169-171. [PMID: 18419983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Authors present a singular case of seroma which developed in residual fibrous capsule after explantation of breast prostheses without replacement. Mammographic and sonographic findings of the seroma make difficult the diagnosis: mammograms revealed a radiopaque, well-circumscribed mass anterior to the pectoralis major muscle in the region of the prior sub-glandular implant, that was initially misinterpreted as breast implant radiographic feature. It is particularly important review and carefully correlate mammographic and sonographic findings with patient's surgical history for a correct diagnosis.
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159
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Butti E, Bergami A, Recchia A, Brambilla E, Del Carro U, Amadio S, Cattalini A, Esposito M, Stornaiuolo A, Comi G, Pluchino S, Mavilio F, Martino G, Furlan R. IL4 gene delivery to the CNS recruits regulatory T cells and induces clinical recovery in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Gene Ther 2008; 15:504-15. [PMID: 18239607 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) delivery of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 4 (IL4), holds promise as treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). We have previously shown that short-term herpes simplex virus type 1-mediated IL4 gene therapy is able to inhibit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, in mice and non-human primates. Here, we show that a single administration of an IL4-expressing helper-dependent adenoviral vector (HD-Ad) into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation of immunocompetent mice allows persistent transduction of neuroepithelial cells and long-term (up to 5 months) CNS transgene expression without toxicity. Mice affected by chronic and relapsing EAE display clinical and neurophysiological recovery from the disease once injected with the IL4-expressing HD-Ad vector. The therapeutic effect is due to the ability of IL4 to increase, in inflamed CNS areas, chemokines (CCL1, CCL17 and CCL22) capable of recruiting regulatory T cells (CD4+CD69-CD25+Foxp3+) with suppressant functions. CSF delivery of HD-Ad vectors expressing anti-inflammatory molecules might represent a valuable therapeutic option for CNS inflammatory disorders.
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160
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Calafiori AR, Di Marco G, Martino G, Marotta M. Preparation and characterization of calcium phosphate biomaterials. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2007; 18:2331-8. [PMID: 17569008 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) samples have been prepared with a mixture of monocalciumphosphate monohydrate (MCPM) and calcium carbonate (CC) powders, in stechiometric moles ratio 1:2.5 to obtain a Ca/P ratio of about 1.67 typical of hydroxyapatite (HAp), with or without addition of HAp. All specimens are incubated at 30 degrees C in a steam saturated air environment for 3, 6 and 15 days respectively, afterwards dried and stored under nitrogen. The calcium phosphate samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vickers hardness test (HV), diametral compression (d.c.), strength compression, and porosity evaluation. MCPM/CC mixture has a 30% HAp final concentration and is characterized by higher porosity (amount 78%) and mechanical properties useful as filler in bone segments without high mechanical stress.
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161
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Teggi R, Piccioni LO, Martino G, Bellini C, Bussi M. Stiff-person syndrome with acute recurrent peripheral vertigo: possible evidence of gamma aminobutyric acid as a neurotransmitter in the vestibular periphery. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2007; 122:636-8. [PMID: 17666138 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215107000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report a case of a 58-year-old man suffering from stiff-person syndrome and recurrent peripheral vertigo. METHOD A case report and a review of the recent literature on stiff-person syndrome are presented. RESULTS The patient presented with recurrent episodes of vertigo with a pure peripheral pattern and with concomitant episodes of burning muscle pain, muscle twitching, weight gain and fatigue, worsening with tension or stress that also occurred in periods without vertigo. Cochlear examinations only showed presbyacusis-like hearing loss. The diagnosis of stiff-person syndrome was made with electromyographic examination and from findings in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of high titres of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) autoantibodies. In a two-year follow-up period, therapy for stiff-person syndrome abolished episodes of both stiffness and vertigo. CONCLUSION As far as we know, no other clinical case of acute vestibular damage with a possible correlation with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies has been described. Peripheral vertigo possibly related to a lack of gamma aminobutyric acid underlines a possible role of gamma aminobutyric acid as a neurotransmitter in the peripheral vestibular system.
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162
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Pasta V, Tintisona O, Vergine M, Martino G, Torcasio A, Palmieri A, Amabile MI, Arcieri S, Macrina N, Monti M. [Multiple repetitive mammary fibroadenomas. Case report]. G Chir 2007; 28:209-12. [PMID: 17547787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple and ripetitive mammary fibroadenomas represent a rare disease. The etiology is uncertain. The diagnostic radiology is able to allow a correct diagnosis. The authors report a case of a woman 22 years old undergone a surgical treatment many times to remove multiple and ripetitive mammary fibroadenomas. The proposed management provides for periodic radiological exams; the surgical treatment is proposed only for the lesions with a rapid growth.
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163
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Lusso P, De Filippis L, Foglieni C, Vescovi A, Locatelli G, Comi G, Martino G, Malnati M. 73: Human herpesvirus 6 and multiple sclerosis: detection by quantitative real-time PCR and role of complement-mediated damage secondary to CD46 inactivation. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)70092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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164
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165
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166
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Politi L, Pluchino S, Bacigaluppi M, Brambilla E, Cadioli M, Cattalini A, Falini A, Anzalone N, Comi G, Martino G, Scotti G. In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Intravenously Injected Neural Stem Cells in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroradiol J 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/197140090601900514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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167
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Furlan R, Bergami A, Brambilla E, Butti E, De Simoni MG, Campagnoli M, Marconi P, Comi G, Martino G. HSV-1-mediated IL-1 receptor antagonist gene therapy ameliorates MOG35–55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice. Gene Ther 2006; 14:93-8. [PMID: 16929354 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Primary proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1beta, play a crucial pathogenic role in multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and may represent, therefore, a suitable therapeutic target. We have previously established the delivery of anti-inflammatory cytokine genes within the central nervous system (CNS), based on intracisternal (i.c.) injection of non-replicative HSV-1-derived vectors. Here we show the therapeutic efficacy of i.c. administration of an HSV-1-derived vector carrying the interleukin-1receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene, the physiological antagonist of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1, in C57BL/6 mice affected by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced EAE. IL-1ra gene therapy is effective preventively, delaying EAE onset by almost 1 week (22.4+/-1.4 days post-immunization vs 15.9+/-2.1 days in control mice; P=0.0229 log-rank test), and decreasing disease severity. Amelioration of EAE course was associated with a reduced number of macrophages infiltrating the CNS and in a decreased level of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA in the CNS, suggesting an inhibitory activity of IL-1ra on effector cell recruitment, as antigen-specific peripheral T-cell activation and T-cell recruitment to the CNS is unaffected. Thus, local IL-1ra gene therapy may represent a therapeutic alternative for the inhibition of immune-mediated demyelination of the CNS.
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168
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Chimenti R, Martino G, Mazzulla S, Sesti S. Effect of nitric oxide release from NOR-3 on urea synthesis, viability and oxygen consumption of rat hepatocyte cultures. Physiol Res 2006; 56:427-432. [PMID: 16925459 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.931039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As nitric oxide is considered a mediator of liver oxidative metabolism during sepsis, we studied the effects of exogenous nitric oxide, produced by NO-donor, (+/-)-(E)-4-ethyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-3-hexenamide (NOR-3), on cell viability, urea biosynthesis and oxygen consumption in rat hepatocyte cultures. Nitric oxide release from NOR-3 was studied using 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate. Urea levels were measured by the spectrophotometric method. Cell viability was determined by the MTT test and trypan blue exclusion test, whereas oxygen consumption was measured by a polarographic technique. After 2 h treatment, NOR-3 induced an increase in the levels of nitric oxide. After 2 h of treatment and 24 h after the end of the treatment with NOR-3, both cell viability and urea synthesis were significantly reduced in comparison to the controls for NOR-3 concentrations equal to or greater than 50 microM. A reduction in oxygen consumption was observed in hepatocytes after 40 min treatment with 100 microM NOR-3, even if the cell viability was unchanged. Reduction of oxygen consumption is an early indicator of the metabolic alterations in hepatocytes exposed to nitric oxide. These findings suggest that nitric oxide accumulation acts on hepatocyte cultures inducing cell death and reduction of urea synthesis after 2 hours.
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169
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Bogliolo G, Martino G, Di Fulvio A, Tonda M, Pontone P. [Endoscopic endoprosthesis insertion in the treatment of digestive diseases]. G Chir 2006; 27:217-22. [PMID: 16857111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years the use of endoscopically placed endoprostheses for benign and malignant digestive diseases has considerably developed. The endoscopic placement of prostheses is usually well tolerated by patients; it does not require anaesthesia and it is a relatively low-risk procedure. New self-expandable metallic prostheses allow to treat even very tight stenoses; they do not usually require dilatation, therefore reducing the risks involved in dilatation procedure. This study presents a review of experience with prostheses placement in digestive diseases. Indications, limits and complications will be discussed according to data reported in the international literature.
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170
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Ierfone N, Di Fulvio A, Pontone S, Terzakis P, Martino G, Pontone P. [Modern indications on the medical treatment of symptomatic diverticular disease]. G Chir 2006; 27:93-6. [PMID: 16681868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Authors refer about their experience on treatment of symptomatic diverticular disease both with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs. They confirm the observation of other Authors on effectiveness of this new therapeutic approach versus traditional antibiotic therapy.
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171
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Ricciardelli L, Rapicano G, Pinto A, Napolitano G, Feleppa C, Martino G, Martino A. [Small bowel intussusception caused by metastasis from anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: case report and literature review]. Ann Ital Chir 2006; 77:63-7. [PMID: 16910363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Symptomatic involvement of the small bowel by metastasis from an extra-abdominal primary malignancy is rare, most commonly resulting from malignant melanoma and lung cancer; very rarely is small bowel involvement as first metastatic site. The Authors report a case of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with lung metastasis, brain metastasis and an isolated metastasis to the small bowel leading intestinal obstruction due to small bowel intussusception. The Authors review the international literature about frequency, etiopathogenesis, clinical and diagnostic features and therapy of small bowel metastasis by extra-abdominal malignancies, especially by primary anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Small bowel metastasis from extra-abdominal malignancies are very unusual, especially from anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, and the etiopathogenesis is still unknown. Clinical findings are typical for abdominal urgency, especially by small bowel obstruction from anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Computed Tomography has an important role in detecting the type of intestinal obstruction despite it is often unable to diagnose an isolated metastasis. Best therapy is surgical resection, that allows the assessment of metastasis and the definitive staging. The prognosis is poor, despite long-term survival has been occasionally reported for isolated small bowel metastasis
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172
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Zito ES, Romagnuolo G, Maglio M, La Rocca F, Castriconi M, D'Ambrosio V, Andreano M, Martino G, Chianese F, Lassandro F. [Mainly abdominal "complex" polytrauma. Considerations on surgical strategy and clinical case report]. Ann Ital Chir 2006; 77:33-8; discussion 38-40. [PMID: 16910357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Authors want to present un uncommon case of polytrauma managed with surgical treatment at the Trauma Center of the A. Cardarelli Hospital in Naples. Chest, abdomen, pelvis, and left lower limb have been severely injured. This case is so interesting because of the rareness of some lesions (i.e. diaphragm rupture) and the numerous lesions of internal organs (i.e. lungs, spleen, liver, pancreas, mesenterium) and of the bones (i.e. thigh-bone and pelvis). A very good outcome has been obtained for survival as well as for functionality and quality of life since we have strictly applied the rules for the management of the "complex" polytrauma.
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173
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Pluchino S, Bacigaluppi M, Bucello S, Butti E, Deleidi M, Zanotti L, Martino G, Furlan R. Gene and stem cell therapy for autoimmune demyelination. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2005:133-46. [PMID: 16315612 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27626-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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174
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Martino G, Torcasio A, Iavarone C, Cardarelli A, Monti M. Eosinophilic cystitis associated with urethral stricture disease from pelvic trauma. Case report and literature review. G Chir 2005; 26:425-9. [PMID: 16472421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of eosinophilic cystitis (EC) in a 65-year-old man with urethral stricture disease from blunt pelvic traumatic event. EC is a rare condition characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the bladder wall, that usually presents with irritative voiding symptoms, suprapubic pain and hematuria. Etiology is still not clear although a review of the literature suggests that pathogenetic mechanisms probably engage an altered immune response in the bladder, with the inflammatory reaction caused by factors such as exogenous allergens and previous bladder injury or surgery to the bladder or the prostate. The diagnosis of EC has to be confirmed by biopsy, since in some cases it may manifest as other inflammatory and malignant bladder disorders. A conservative medical management is indicated initially, since this disease may be self-limited, with a benign course especially in children and young patients. In adults EC is more often a chronic recurrent condition that requires close follow-up since it may lead to serious progressive bladder and/or upper urinary tract disease. More invasive therapies (including transurethral resection, partial or total cystectomy) may also be required when conservative therapy fails.
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175
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Martino G. Cellular therapy in multiple sclerosis: where we are and where we are going. Neurol Sci 2005; 26 Suppl 1:S21. [PMID: 15883683 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-005-0396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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