151
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Langlands A, Dowdle R, Elliott A, Gaddie J, Graham A, Johnson G, Lam S, McGowan A, McNamee P, Morrison J, Murphy T, Reynard K, Rudge P, Trueland J. RCPE UK Consensus Statement on Acute Medicine, November 2008. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2009; 70:S6-S7. [PMID: 19522112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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152
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Lockwood WW, Chari R, Coe BP, Girard L, Macaulay C, Lam S, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Lam WL. DNA amplification is a ubiquitous mechanism of oncogene activation in lung and other cancers. Oncogene 2008; 27:4615-24. [PMID: 18391978 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocation is the best-characterized genetic mechanism for oncogene activation. However, there are documented examples of activation by alternate mechanisms, for example gene dosage increase, though its prevalence is unclear. Here, we answered the fundamental question of the contribution of DNA amplification as a molecular mechanism driving oncogenesis. Comparing 104 cancer lines representing diverse tissue origins identified genes residing in amplification 'hotspots' and discovered an unexpected frequency of genes activated by this mechanism. The 3431 amplicons identified represent approximately 10 per hematological and approximately 36 per epithelial cancer genome. Many recurrently amplified oncogenes were previously known to be activated only by disease-specific translocations. The 135 hotspots identified contain 538 unique genes and are enriched for proliferation, apoptosis and linage-dependency genes, reflecting functions advantageous to tumor growth. Integrating gene dosage with expression data validated the downstream impact of the novel amplification events in both cell lines and clinical samples. For example, multiple downstream components of the EGFR-family-signaling pathway, including CDK5, AKT1 and SHC1, are overexpressed as a direct result of gene amplification in lung cancer. Our findings suggest that amplification is far more common a mechanism of oncogene activation than previously believed and that specific regions of the genome are hotspots of amplification.
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153
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Oulton R, Jones BD, Lam S, Chalcraft ARA, Szymanski D, O'Brien D, Krauss TF, Sanvitto D, Fox AM, Whittaker DM, Hopkinson M, Skolnick MS. Polarized quantum dot emission from photonic crystal nanocavities studied under moderesonant enhanced excitation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2007; 15:17221-17230. [PMID: 19551015 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.017221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We study the linear polarization of the emission from single quantum dots embedded in an "L3" defect nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal. By using narrow linewidth optical excitation in resonance with higher-order modes, we are able to achieve strong quantum dot emission intensity whilst reducing the background from quantum dots in the surrounding lattice. We find that all the dots observed emit very strongly linearly polarized light of the same orientation as the closest mode, despite the fact that these quantum dots may be spectrally detuned by several times the mode linewidth. We discuss the coupling mechanisms which may explain this behavior.
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154
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Peress D, Ward M, Ayan J, Wectawski J, Lukin M, Dubon M, Patel S, Lam S, Ruvolo B, Sama A. 425: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Acceptance Among Sexual Assault Victims in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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155
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Ryerson CJ, Malhotra S, Lam S, English JC, Ionescu DN. A pleural mass with pulmonary infiltrates. Thorax 2007; 62:666, 695. [PMID: 17687096 PMCID: PMC2117277 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2007.084806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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156
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Cho P, Tutar I, Narayanan S, Lam S, Gong L, Pathak S, Kim Y, Wallner K. SU-FF-T-73: An Intra-Operative Dosimetry System for Prostate Brachytherapy Using Dual-Modality Imaging. Med Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2760724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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157
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Burd A, Ahmed K, Lam S, Ayyappan T, Huang L. Stem cell strategies in burns care. Burns 2007; 33:282-91. [PMID: 17329028 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prospect of being able to replace damaged tissue by the process of regeneration would dramatically and irrevocably change the impact, management and outcome of burns. The current understanding of stem cell-based modulation and therapy together with their potential developments do bring this prospect ever closer to a clinical reality. This paper gives a background to stem cell strategies in burns care and identifies actual or prospective applications which, collectively, will forever change burns care throughout the world.
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158
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Antonacci A, Lam S, Lavarias V, Eavey R. 86. J Surg Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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159
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Heigl F, Jürgensen A, Zhou XT, Lam S, Murphy M, Ko JYP, Sham TK, Rosenberg RA, Gordon R, Brewe D, Regier T, Armelao L. Dynamic View on Nanostructures: A Technique for Time Resolved Optical Luminescence using Synchrotron Light Pulses at SRC, APS, and CLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2436279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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160
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Shields DC, Lam S, Gorgulho A, Emerson J, Krahl SE, Malkasian D, DeSalles AAF. Eyelid apraxia associated with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. Neurology 2006; 66:1451-2. [PMID: 16682687 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000210693.13093.c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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161
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Lam S, Woo C, Applegate B. SU-FF-J-63: Experience On Cone Beam CT IGRT in Busy Community RT Clinic. Med Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2240841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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162
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Coe BP, Lockwood WW, Girard L, Chari R, Macaulay C, Lam S, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Lam WL. Differential disruption of cell cycle pathways in small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1927-35. [PMID: 16705311 PMCID: PMC2361340 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world, with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprising the two major cell types. Although these cell types can be distinguished readily at the histological level, knowledge of their underlying molecular differences is very limited. In this study, we compared 14 SCLC cell lines against 27 NSCLC cell lines using an integrated array comparative genomic hybridisation and gene expression profiling approach to identify subtype-specific disruptions. Using stringent criteria, we have identified 159 of the genes that are responsible for the different biology of these cell types. Sorting of these genes by their biological functions revealed the differential disruption of key components involved in cell cycle pathways. Our novel comparative combined genome and transcriptome analysis not only identified differentially altered genes, but also revealed that certain shared pathways are preferentially disrupted at different steps in these cell types. Small cell lung cancer exhibited increased expression of MRP5, activation of Wnt pathway inhibitors, and upregulation of p38 MAPK activating genes, while NSCLC showed downregulation of CDKN2A, and upregulation of MAPK9 and EGFR. This information suggests that cell cycle upregulation in SCLC and NSCLC occurs through drastically different mechanisms, highlighting the need for differential molecular target selection in the treatment of these cancers.
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163
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Paterson R, MacLeod DC, Thetford D, Beattie A, Graham C, Lam S, Bell D. Prediction of in-hospital mortality and length of stay using an early warning scoring system: clinical audit. Clin Med (Lond) 2006; 6:281-4. [PMID: 16826863 PMCID: PMC4953671 DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.6-3-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This aim of this study was to assess the impact of the introduction of a standardised early warning scoring system (SEWS) on physiological observations and patient outcomes in unselected acute admissions at point of entry to care. A sequential clinical audit was performed on 848 patients admitted to a combined medical and surgical assessment unit during two separate 11-day periods. Physiological parameters (respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and conscious level), in-hospital mortality, length of stay, transfer to critical care and staff satisfaction were documented. Documentation of these physiological parameters improved (P<0.001-0.005) with the exception of oxygen saturation (P=0.069). The admission early warning score correlated both with in-hospital mortality (P<0.001) and length of stay (P=0.001). Following the introduction of the scoring system, inpatient mortality decreased (P=0.046). Staff responding to a questionnaire indicated that the scoring system increased awareness of illness severity (80%) and prompted earlier interventions (60%). A standardised early warning scoring system improves documentation of physiological parameters, correlates with in-hospital mortality, and helps predict length of stay.
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164
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Thurner P, Erickson B, Jungmann R, Lam S, Weaver J, Schitter G, Fantner G, Morse D, Hansma P. Real-time microdamage detection during micromechanical testing of trabecular bone. J Biomech 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(06)83924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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165
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Garnis C, Davies JJ, Buys TPH, Tsao MS, MacAulay C, Lam S, Lam WL. Chromosome 5p aberrations are early events in lung cancer: implication of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in disease progression. Oncogene 2005; 24:4806-12. [PMID: 15870700 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most widely diagnosed malignancy in the world. Understanding early-stage disease will give insight into its pathogenesis. Despite the fact that pre-invasive lesions are challenging to isolate, and often yield insufficient DNA for the analysis of multiple loci, genomic profiling of such lesions will lead to the discovery of causal genetic alterations, which may be otherwise masked by the gross instability associated with tumors. In this study, we report the identification of multiple early genetic events on chromosome 5p in lung cancer progression. Using a high-resolution 5p-specific genomic array, which contains a tiling path of DNA segments for comparative genomic hybridization, nine novel minimal regions of loss and gain were discovered in bronchial carcinoma in situ (CIS) specimens. Within these regions we identified two candidate genes novel to lung cancer. The 0.27 Mbp region at 5p15.2 contains a single gene, Triple Functional Domain, which we determined to be differentially expressed in tumors. The 0.34 Mbp region at 5p13.2 contains Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF), which is a ligand for the RET oncogene product and is normally expressed during lung development (but absent in adult lung tissue). Our data showed not only that GDNF is overexpressed at the transcript level in squamous non-small-cell lung carcinoma, but also that the GDNF protein is present in early-stage lesions. Reactivation of the fetal lung expressed GDNF in early lesions and its amplification in CIS suggests an early role in tumorigenesis. These results highlight the value of examining the genomes of pre-invasive stages of cancer at tiling resolution.
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166
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Guillaud M, le Riche J, Dawe C, Korbelic J, Coldman A, Wistuba I, Park I, Gazdar A, Lam S, Mac Aulay C. PD-054 Quantitative pathology as a biomarker for bronchial intraepithelial neoplasia: Correlation with genetic damage and cancer development. Lung Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(05)80387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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167
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Coe B, Lee E, Grand L, Gazdar A, Minna J, Lam S, MacAulay C, Tsao M, Lam W. P-025 Fine mapping of SCLC tumors and cell lines by high resolutionarray CGH identifies novel alterations. Lung Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(05)80519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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168
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Garnis C, Buys T, Lockwood W, Vucic E, MacAulay C, Lam S, Lam W. P-040 Detection of novel genetic alterations in non-small cell lungcarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(05)80534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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169
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Chan T, MacAulay C, Lam W, Lam S, Lonergan K, Ng R. O-014 Finding biomarkers specific for early stages of lung cancer usingSAGE data. Lung Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(05)80146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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170
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Wang Y, Cutz J, Guan J, English J, Xue H, Leriche J, Squire J, Sutcliffe M, Gout P, Lam S. P-682 Development of transplantable tumor lines from a variety ofhuman lung cancers via sub-renal capsule grafting. Lung Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(05)81175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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171
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Buys T, Wang Y, Yee J, English J, Flint J, Murray N, Garnis C, Guan J, MacAulay C, Ling V, Lam S, Lam W. P-011 Identification of genomic changes associated with resistance tostandard chemotherapy in a xenograft model of human NSCLC. Lung Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(05)80505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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172
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Hung J, Chiu R, Rebello A, Lam S, leRiche J. P-054 Selection of pre-invasive and early invasive lung cancer binding peptides using random phage display libraries. Lung Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(05)80548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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173
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Lockwood W, Coe B, Garnis C, Minna J, MacAulay C, Lam S, Gazdar A, Lam W. O-016 Whole genome comparison of SCLC and NSCLC cells identifies novel signature genetic alterations. Lung Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(05)80148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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174
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Henderson LJ, Coe BP, Lee EHL, Girard L, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Lam S, MacAulay C, Lam WL. Genomic and gene expression profiling of minute alterations of chromosome arm 1p in small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1553-60. [PMID: 15785753 PMCID: PMC2362006 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations occurring on human chromosome arm 1p are common in many types of cancer including lung, breast, neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and colorectal. The identification of tumour suppressors and oncogenes on this arm has been limited by the low resolution of current technologies for fine mapping. In order to identify genetic alterations on 1p in small-cell lung carcinoma, we developed a new resource for fine mapping segmental DNA copy number alterations. We have constructed an array of 642 ordered and fingerprint-verified bacterial artificial chromosome clones spanning the 120 megabase (Mb) 1p arm from 1p11.2 to p36.33. The 1p arm of 15 small-cell lung cancer cell lines was analysed at sub-Mb resolution using this arm-specific array. Among the genetic alterations identified, two regions of recurrent amplification emerged. They were detected in at least 45% of the samples: a 580 kb region at 1p34.2–p34.3 and a 270 kb region at 1p11.2. We further defined the potential importance of these genomic amplifications by analysing the RNA expression of the genes in these regions with Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Our data revealed overexpression of the genes HEYL, HPCAL4, BMP8, IPT, and RLF, coinciding with genomic amplification.
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175
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Lam S, Lesage F, Intes X. Time Domain Fluorescent Diffuse Optical Tomography: analytical expressions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2005; 13:2263-75. [PMID: 19495115 DOI: 10.1364/opex.13.002263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Light propagation in tissue is known to be favored in the Near Infrared spectral range. Capitalizing on this fact, new classes of molecular contrast agents are engineered to fluoresce in the Near Infrared. The potential of these new agents is vast as it allows tracking non-invasively and quantitatively specific molecular events in-vivo. However, to monitor the bio-distribution of such compounds in thick tissue proper physical models of light propagation are necessary. To recover 3D concentrations of the compound distribution, it is necessary to perform a model based inverse problem: Diffuse Optical Tomography. In this work, we focus on Fluorescent Diffuse Optical Tomography expressed within the normalized Born approach. More precisely, we investigate the performance of Fluorescent Diffuse Optical Tomography in the case of time resolved measurements. The different moments of the time point spread function were analytically derived to construct the forward model. The derivation was performed from the zero order moment to the second order moment. This new forward model approach was validated with simulations based on relevant configurations. Enhanced performance of Fluorescent Diffuse Optical Tomography was achieved using these new analytical solutions when compared to the current formulations.
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