Structurally diverse limonoids from the fruits of Swietenia mahagoni

Eleven new mexicanolide-type limonoids, swietmanins A-I (1-4, 7-11), 2-hydroxy-3-O-isobutyrylproceranolide (5), 2-hydroxy-3-O-benzoylproceranolide (6), and a new andirobin-type limonoid, swietmanin J (12), together with 19 known compounds were isolated from the fruits of Swietenia mahagoni. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic methods. These compounds were evaluated against a small panel of microorganisms.

Alkaloids from the leaves of Daphniphyllum subverticillatum

Four new alkaloids, 17-hydroxydaphnigraciline (1), subdaphnidine A (2), daphnezomine L methyl ester (3), and 11-hydroxycodaphniphylline (4), along with 24 known analogues, were isolated from the leaves of Daphniphyllum subverticillatum. The structures of 1-4 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods and from chemical evidence. Daphnilongeridine (5) showed cytotoxicity against several tumor cell lines at IC(50) values in the range 2.4-9.7 microM and against the HMEC human microvascular endothelial cell line with an IC(50) of 2.7 microM.

D-ring-opened phragmalin-type limonoid orthoesters from the twigs of Swietenia macrophylla

Sixteen new D-ring-opened phragmalin limonoid orthoesters, swietenitins A-M (1-6, 8, 10, 12-16), 2-acetoxyswietenialide D (7), 2,11-diacetoxyswietenialide D (9), and 11-deoxyswietenialide D (11), and four known compounds were isolated from the twigs of Swietenia macrophylla. The structures of 1-16 were established on the basis of spectroscopic methods, and 1 and 2 were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The (1)H NMR-based conformational analysis on the epimeric compounds 1 and 2 provided a general approach to determine the absolute configuration of the 2,3-epoxy-2-methylbutyryloxy unit at C-3 borne by a large group of the known phragmalin-type limonoid orthoesters.

Limonoids from Khaya ivorensis

Four limonoids, 1-O-deacetyl-6-deoxykhayanolide E (1), 1-O-deacetyl-2 alpha-hydroxykhayanolide E (2), 3-acetyl-khayalactone (3), 11 alpha-acetoxy-2 alpha-hydroxy-6-deoxy-destigloylswietenine acetate (4), along with 12 known limonoids, were isolated from the stems of Khaya ivorensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.

Terpenoids from Toona ciliata

Three new norlimonoids (1-3), two new tirucallane-type triterpenoids (4 and 5), and a new pimaradiene-type diterpenoid (6), along with two known limonoids and eight known tirucallane-type triterpenoids, were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Toona ciliata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Toonaciliatin M (6) showed moderate antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum with an MIC of 12.5 microg/mL.

Terpenoids from Chloranthus multistachys

Two new diterpenoids, ent-17-hydroxyl-16beta-methoxyl-kauran-3-one (1) and ent-17-acetoxyl-16beta-methoxyl-kauran-3-one (2), along with nine known compounds (3-12), ent-17-hydroxyl-kaur-15-en-3-one (3), ent-3beta-acetoxyl-kaur-15-en-16beta, 17-diol (4), ent-kauran-3beta, 16beta, 17-triol (5), ent-3beta-acetoxyl-kauran-16beta, 17-diol (6), ent-kauran-16beta, 17-diol (7), abbeokutone (8), ent-17alpha-acetyl-16beta-hydroxyl- kauran-3-one (9), shizukaol F (10), cycloshizukaol A (11) and curcolonol (12), were isolated from Chloranthus multistachys (Chloranthaceae). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic spectra.

Sterols and triterpenoids from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum

A new highly oxygenated sterol, 22E, 24R-ergosta-7,22-diene-3beta,5alpha,6beta,9alpha,14alpha-pentol (1), as well as four known sterols (2-5) and seven known triterpenoids, have been isolated from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic method.

Phenolic compounds with cell protective activity from the fruits of Livistona chinensis

Two new depsidones, livistones A (1) and B (2), and a new benzofurane, livistone C (3), together with the 11 known compounds including three stilbenes (4-6), four steroids, three flavan-3-ols, and an alkaloid were isolated from the fruits of Livistona chinensis. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1, 4-6 exhibited remarkable cell protective activities against H(2)O(2)-induced SH-SY5Y cell damage.

Sesquiterpenoids and phenylpropanoids from Chloranthus serratus

Seven new sesquiterpenoids, chlorantenes A-G (1-7), two new phenylpropanoids (8 and 9), and six known sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the whole plants of Chloranthus serratus. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. Chlorantene A (1) was a sesquiterpene with a unique C-4 and C-10 linkage, and chlorantene B (2) possessed a nitro group at C-1. The structure of a eudesmane-type sesquiterpene previously isolated from Chloranthus henryi was revised as its 4-epimer (3a).

Terpenoids from Dysoxylum densiflorum

Three degraded limonoids, dysodensiols A-C (1-3), and three sesquiterpenoids, dysodensiols D-F (4-6), along with 17 known compounds, were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Dysoxylum densiflorum. The structures of compounds 1-6 were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis.

Alkaloids from the twigs of Daphniphyllum calycinum

Twelve new alkaloids, caldaphnidines G-R (1-12), along with 24 known ones, were isolated from the twigs of Daphniphyllum calycinum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, especially two-dimensional NMR techniques.

Two novel triterpenoids from Dysoxylum hainanense

Two novel rearranged oleanane-type triterpenes, dysoxyhainanin A ( 1) possessing a unique 1,3- cyclo-2,3- seco A ring with a formamido-containing appendage and dysoxyhainanin B ( 2) featuring an unprecedented 1,2-dinor-3,10:9,10- bisseco skeleton, were isolated from Dysoxylum hainanense. Dysoxyhainanin A ( 1) exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria.

Antimicrobial diterpenes from Trigonostemon chinensis

Five new diterpenes, trigonochinenes A-E (1-5), and two known ones, 3,4- seco-sonderianol (6) and 3,4- seco-sonderianic acid (7), were isolated from the aerial part of Trigonostemon chinensis. Compounds 1-4 possess a rare 3,4-seco-cleistanthanic skeleton, and compound 5 is a highly aromatized tetranorditerpene. Structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The antimicrobial activities of compounds 1-7 were evaluated against a panel of bacteria and fungi.

Sesquiterpenoids from Hedyosmum orientale

Five new guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids, hedyosumins A-E (1-5), together with five known ones (6-10), were isolated from the aerial parts of Hedyosmum orientale. Two known sesquiterpenoids, 10alpha-hydroxy-1,5alpha H-guaia-3,7(11)-dien-8alpha,12-olide and 9alpha-hydroxyasterolide, were obtained as natural products for the first time. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. 9alpha-Hydroxyasterolide (7) showed moderate activities against A-549 and HL-60 tumor cell lines with the IC 50 values of 3.1 and 8.8 microM, respectively.