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Butler L, West SF. When a PPO goes bankrupt, who pays the patient's bill? HOSPITAL ADMITTING MONTHLY 1983; 2:161-2. [PMID: 10264281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Abstract
The Worcester colony of BB/W diabetic rats has been inbred by brother X sister matings for 12 generations. The litter size at both birth and weaning was dependent on whether the female was normal or diabetic. At the beginning of the inbreeding, the normal females produced 2.1 more young per litter than did the diabetic females, but the eleventh generation of inbreeding this difference had been reduced to 0.68 young. Diabetic males had little influence on litter size. At weaning, the normal mothers had raised litters that had 3.64 more young than the diabetics in the early generations, but this had dropped to 1.48 in later generations. After 11 generations of inbreeding, there was a 1.95 decrease in litter size from normal matings, but only a 0.86 decrease from diabetic matings. The average loss from birth to weaning was one pup for normal females and two pups for diabetic females. The time of onset (median 85 days) has not changed with inbreeding, nor is the onset pattern and severity different in any of the nine inbred lines. The penetrance in the D X D matings did change from 45% in the first five generations to 60% in the next six, but there has been no significant change in generations 6 through 11. Inbreeding changed the results obtained from outcrossing to nondiabetic lines. All crosses produced no diabetics in the F1, but noninbreds produced less than 2% in the F2 and 4% in the BC, whereas inbreds produced 18 to 32% in the BCs. These latter figures are consistent with the ratio of 7:3 expected with 60% penetrance.
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Mehansho H, Hagerman A, Clements S, Butler L, Rogler J, Carlson DM. Modulation of proline-rich protein biosynthesis in rat parotid glands by sorghums with high tannin levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:3948-52. [PMID: 6575388 PMCID: PMC394176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.13.3948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding of sorghum with a high level of tannin (high-tannin sorghum) to rats caused changes in gene expression in parotid glands similar to isoproterenol treatment. Within 3 days the parotid glands were enlarged about 3-fold and a series of proline-rich proteins were increased about 12-fold. Unlike isoproterenol treatment, no changes were observed in the submandibular glands, and a Mr 220,000 glycoprotein in parotid glands was not induced. Amino acid analyses, electrophoretic patterns, and cell-free translations of mRNAs all confirmed that the proline-rich proteins induced by feeding high-tannin sorghum were identical to those induced by isoproterenol treatment. Binding curves for proline-rich proteins to tannins showed affinities 10-fold greater than bovine serum albumin and tannins.
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179
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Breen MJ, Butler L. Applicability of Bender-Gestalt emotional indicators for emotionally disturbed and nonreferred students. Psychol Rep 1983; 52:569-70. [PMID: 6878553 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1983.52.2.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
30 emotionally disturbed and 29 nonreferred elementary school-aged students were administered the Bender-Gestalt. Protocols were analyzed for developmental age and 12 emotional indicators. Present groups did not differ significantly in total number of indicators even when chronological age and Bender age were covaried, confirming Koppitz's analysis. Small but significant correlations were noted between total number of indicators and age.
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180
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Butler L, Guberski DL, Like AA. Genetic analysis of the BB/W diabetic rat. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GENETIQUE ET DE CYTOLOGIE 1983; 25:7-15. [PMID: 6839196 DOI: 10.1139/g83-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A large colony of BB/W diabetic rats has been developed as a research model for insulin dependent, type 1 diabetes mellitus. The foundation stock had 8% diabetics which appeared in a sporadic manner. The Worcester (W) colony was inbred by brother X sister matings for 11 generations and the proportion of diabetics increased to over 50%. The age of detection varies from 46 to 250 days. For selection purposes, classification was made at 120 days, which means that 15 to 20% potential diabetics were classified as normal. Evidence from different analyses indicates that the inheritance of diabetes is by a recessive gene or gene cluster with 50% penetrance at 120 days. The selection of breeding stock from diabetic parents raised the proportion of diabetics produced by two normal parents from 12 to 43%. Diallel tests show that diabetic and normal offspring of two diabetic parents have the same diabetic genotype. Outcrosses to other strains of rat indicate that the trait is transferred as a recessive with only 3% diabetics recovered in the F2 where noninbred BB stock was used as the diabetic source, and 36% where partially inbred BB/W was used as the diabetic parent. Since the proportion of diabetics produced by all types of crosses has changed, and may continue to change with changes in the genetic background, we have used the operational term penetrance to describe the frequency of diabetes in individuals homozygous for the diabetes gene cluster. At present the penetrance at 120 days is 59% in the BB/W colony.
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181
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182
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Like AA, Butler L, Williams RM, Appel MC, Weringer EJ, Rossini AA. Spontaneous autoimmune diabetes mellitus in the BB rat. Diabetes 1982; 31:7-13. [PMID: 6761194 DOI: 10.2337/diab.31.1.s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The BioBreeding Rat is a recently discovered model of spontaneous diabetes mellitus. Studies to date have revealed the following characteristics of the syndrome: genetic predisposition, equal frequency and severity among males and females, absence of obesity, life sustaining requirement for insulin therapy, lymphocytic insulitis with destruction of pancreatic beta-cells, lymphocytic thyroiditis and the presence of autoantibodies to smooth muscle, thyroid colloid and other cellular antigens. Animals raised in a germ-free environment evidence diabetes with equal frequency and severity. Support for a cell-mediated autoimmune pathogenesis of the diabetic syndrome is derived from the following experiments: administration of antiserum to rat lymphocytes prevents diabetes in susceptible animals and normalizes plasma glucose levels in 36% of diabetic rats; neonatal thymectomy almost completely prevents the occurrence of diabetes. Although the BB rat may not be an appropriate model for studying the vascular complications of diabetes, peripheral nerve functional and ultrastructural defects have been reported and renal glomerular immuneglobulin deposits have been observed in long-term diabetic animals.
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183
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Butler L. Points from Letters: Appeasement 1977 style. West J Med 1978. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6112.583-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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184
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Gilligan JE, McCleave D, Nicholson B, Lafsky P, Jacquier D, Fuller W, Allen TH, Phillips G, Butler L, Stableford V. Retrieval of the critically ill in South Australia: a coordinated approach. Med J Aust 1977; 2:849-55. [PMID: 613205 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1977.tb107714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A system is described for the stabilization and evacuation of the critically ill in South Australia, with a discussion of experience in 278 patients. The integration of activities of peripheral medical practitioners, major teaching hospitals, and the ambulance transport authority (St John Ambulance Council) is paramount. Modes of communication are by "urgent line" telephone and radio. Advanced life-support equipment is portable, may be placed in any ambulance vehicle, and is used and maintained principally by the staff of intensive care units. The design characteristics of a suitable road vehicle and fixed-wing aircraft are considered, with emphasis on dimensions for the particular needs of advanced life-support. The cost of transporting such a patient is approximately two-thirds of an average bed day cost in a public hospital, plus the basic ambulance charge. The number of patients who need such measures is 0.2% of the total number of patients carried by ambulance per annum.
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Butler L. Recombination values and their errors. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GENETIQUE ET DE CYTOLOGIE 1977; 19:521-9. [PMID: 338129 DOI: 10.1139/g77-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two four-point testcrosses comprising 87,000 tomato plants were grown and the data collected from 28 subgroups. Each subgroup consisted of 2,000 or 5,000 plants and should give a valid estimate of the three recombination values. The 28 values for each interval give more outlyers (23% are outside the 95% limits set by the standard deviation calculated by the binomial formula square root of p q/n) than would be expected by chance. If each subgroup was regarded as the control and the other groups tested against this, then 42% of the time the two subgroups would be significantly different. It is suggested that there are many cases in the literature where this comparison has been made and the significant difference wrongly ascribed to treatment. While the causes of these changes in recombination value are unknown and therefore uncontrollable, they must be anticipated in all such studies. Control and treatment must be replicated enough that chance extreme values will not be attributed to treatment.
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Butler L. Pathology on-call. Lancet 1977; 1:1109. [PMID: 68210 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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187
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Butler L. A suggested approach to ATP regeneration for enzyme technology applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 1977; 19:591-3. [PMID: 322741 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260190415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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188
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Butler L. Administration and co-ordination of services and facilities for the aged in Murray Bridge. THE AUSTRALASIAN NURSES JOURNAL 1976; 4:2, 13. [PMID: 1046999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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189
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Butler L. Dr. Alf Wilkes--our retiring editor. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GENETIQUE ET DE CYTOLOGIE 1974; 16:1-2. [PMID: 4600964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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190
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191
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Butler L. The inheritance of glucosuria in the KK and A y mouse. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GENETIQUE ET DE CYTOLOGIE 1972; 14:265-9. [PMID: 5052530 DOI: 10.1139/g72-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Both the KK and the Ay mouse exhibit many symptoms of diabetes. Glucosuria is the most satisfactory test for this condition in mice. Glucosuria is inherited as a dominant in both strains, but many factors reduce its penetrance. The penetrance in the KK strain can be increased from 23 to 62% by crossing to C57BL/10J and then selecting the most effective background modifiers. The number of modifiers must be small because response was rapid and fixation fast. The cross KK × Ay gives yellow and black offspring in equal numbers. The yellows have the dominant genes for glucosuria from both strains, and the males all become glucosuric by the time they are 8 months old, in comparison to 7% of the males in the parental yellow strain. Of the yellow females, 88% are glucosuric by 1 year in comparion to 0% of the yellow strain or 2% of the KK's. The black males which lack the gene from the Ay strain but do have the gene from the KK have no glucosurics at 8 months and only 2% at 1 year. The F1 of the cross KK × Ay provides valuable research material since all yellow males will become glucosuric by 8 months of age and none of their black litter mates will.
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193
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Nath J, Butler L. Acid phosphatase during development of the black carpet beetle Attagenus megatoma (Fab.). CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 49:311-5. [PMID: 5549733 DOI: 10.1139/o71-045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The specific activity for free and bound fractions of acid phosphatase revealed age-dependent alterations during the development of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma (Fab.). Both fractions exhibited highest activity at the pupal stage. The specific activity appears to be related to the biology of the organism.
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Butler L, Gerritsen GC. A comparison of the modes of inheritance of diabetes in the Chinese hamster and the KK mouse. Diabetologia 1970; 6:163-7. [PMID: 5432352 DOI: 10.1007/bf01212224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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195
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Butler L. The productivity of four inbred strains of Drosophila melanogaster. CAN J ZOOL 1969. [DOI: 10.1139/z69-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four inbred strains of flies have been maintained by brother × sister mating since November, 1963. Counts of production per vial were made at 14 days, and the flies from the most productive vial were used as the parents of the next generation. For analysis the data were separated into three groups: vials with no production (blanks), vials with less than 20 flies (low production), and those with over 20 flies. The number of blanks did not change significantly in strain A but did show significant decreases in strains B and D. Until generation 60 the number of blanks per generation was not distributed in a Poisson series, but after this generation it was. The number of vials with low production was high in all strains for the first 20 generations and then decreased in widely different generations for each strain.Changes took place in all four strains but by different mechanisms. In strain A there was no increase in range, but the mode moved from 40 to 150 flies per vial and the proportion of low productive vials fell from 15% to 2% per generation. In strain D the low production vials fell from 22% to 6% and there was an extension of the range. Each of the strains shows definite trends of increase and decrease which last from 3 to 30 generations, and vary in slope from 0.3 to 13.8 flies per vial per generation. While we cannot determine how much or how many of these slopes are environmental, it can be argued that since many of the slopes of the four strains are not correlated, part of the cause is genetic. The changes in the direction of the trends show that phenotypic selection in small populations was not effective in accumulating and exploiting mutations for greater productivity.
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Rupley JA, Butler L, Gerring M, Hartdegen FJ, Pecoraro R. Studies on the enzymic activity of lysozyme, 3. The binding of saccharides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 57:1088-95. [PMID: 5231348 PMCID: PMC224659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.57.4.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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198
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Abstract
The gene for broadleaf has been the only gene known to be on chromosome 4 of the tomato. Four other genes are shown to be linked with broadleaf. These are wiry (w1), which distorts the leaves and flowers; clausa (clau), which causes excessive proliferation of the pinnae; divergens (di) which affects plant growth and stem color; and stamenless (sl1), which causes the stamens to be absent or greatly reduced. The genes w1, clau, and di give mongenic ratios which are deficient in number of mutants. The order of the genes on the basis of F2 data is w1clau 39 e 21 di 2 sl1. The genes tf, ao, rv, and ah are not in this group.
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Moens P, Butler L. THE GENETIC LOCATION OF THE CENTROMERE OF CHROMOSOME # 2 IN THE TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963. [DOI: 10.1139/g63-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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200
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Butler L. PERIODICITIES IN THE ANNUAL MUSKRAT POPULATION FIGURES FOR THE PROVINCE OF SASKATCHEWAN. CAN J ZOOL 1962. [DOI: 10.1139/z62-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The yearly production of muskrat pelts in Saskatchewan for the period 1915–60 exhibits a 6-year periodicity instead of the expected 10-year cycle. To check the synchrony of these periodicities, the province is divided into thirds: the southern prairie section, the middle aspen grove section, and the northern Canadian Shield section. In the prairie section there are two main peaks, one in 1923 and the other in 1955. The remainder of the peaks, which are at 6-year intervals, vary greatly in magnitude. The aspen grove section has peaks which are also 6 years apart but are of similar magnitude. The northern section has peaks of equal magnitude which are 30 years apart. The environmental control exercised on the conservation blocks in the Cumberland House area tends to disrupt the cycle.Some of the population changes are correlated with precipitation data. In the prairie section, the highest catches occur after 2 wet years. In the other sections, the muskrat population is not correlated with the precipitation. In the aspen grove section there is a slight correlation between snowfall and the muskrat catch the next spring.
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