Construction of a genetic linkage map for silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

For silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), a combined microsatellite (or simple sequence repeat) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) sex average linkage map was constructed. A total of 483 markers (245 microsatellites and 238 AFLPs) were assigned to 33 linkage groups. The map spanned 1352.2 cM, covering 86.4% of the estimated genome size of silver carp. The maximum and average spaces between 420 loci were 21.5 cM and 3.2 cM, respectively. The length of linkage groups ranged from 3.6 cM to 98.5 cM with an average of 41.0 cM. The number of markers per group varied from 2 to 44 with an average of 14.6. The AFLP markers significantly improved the integrity of microsatellite-based linkage groups and increased the genome coverage and marker evenness. A genome-wide recombination suppression was observed in male. In an extreme case, six microsatellites co-segregated in male, but spanned a 45.1 cM region in female.

EGFR, HER2 and HER3 expression in primary colorectal carcinomas and corresponding metastases: Implications for targeted radionuclide therapy

Members of the epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR, family are interesting as targets for radionuclide therapy using targeting agents labeled with α- or β-emitting radionuclides, especially when EGFR-positive colorectal carcinomas, CRC, are resistant to EGFR inhibiting agents like cetuximab and various tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The expression of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 was therefore analyzed in CRC samples from primary tumors, corresponding lymph node metastases and, in a few cases, liver metastases. The expression of HER2 and EGFR was scored from immunohistochemical preparations using the HercepTest criteria 0, 1+, 2+ or 3+ for cellular membrane staining while HER3 expression was scored as no, weak or strong cytoplasm staining. Material from 60 patients was analyzed. The number of EGFR 2+ or 3+ positive primary tumors was 16 out of 56 (29%) and for lymph node metastases 8 out of 56 (14%) whereas only one out of nine (11%) liver metastases were positive. Thus, there was lower EGFR positivity in the metastases. Only one among 53 patients was strongly HER2 positive and this in both the primary tumor and the metastasis. Eight out of 49 primary tumors (16%) were strongly HER3 positive and the corresponding numbers for lymph node metastases were 9 out of 49 (18%) and for liver metastases 2 out of 9 (22%). The observed number of strongly EGFR positive cases was somewhat low but EGFR might be, for the cases with high EGFR expression in metastases, a target for radionuclide therapy. HER2 seems not to be of such interest due to rare expression, neither HER3 due to mainly expression in the cytoplasm. The requirements for successful EGFR targeted radionuclide therapy are discussed, as well as patient inclusion criteria related to radionuclide therapy.

Identification of lobar fissures in pathological lungs

Identification of lobar fissures in human lungs is a non-trivial task due to their variable shape and appearance, along with the low contrast and high noise in computed tomographic (CT) images. Pathologies in the lungs can further complicate this identification by deforming and/or disrupting the lobar fissures. Current algorithms rely on the general anatomy of the lungs to find fissures affected by pathologies. This can be unreliable as deformations and/or disruptions of these fissures will alter the general lung anatomy. To overcome this, we developed an algorithm with the following novelties: (1) a new application of neural network based texture analysis to generalize fissure regions; and (2) a new method of fissure surface identification. We tested our algorithm on CT image stacks from 8 anonymous patients with pathological lungs. Compared to manually segmented fissures, our algorithm produced an average mean difference of 0.71 mm and 0.68 mm for identifying the left and right oblique fissures, respectively. Using a 3-mm percentile measure, the algorithm yielded an average accuracy of 86.8% for the left oblique fissure with a mean worst-case error of 3.18 mm. For the right oblique fissure, the algorithm produced an accuracy of 88.8% with a mean worst-case error of 3.13 mm. The above results show feasibility of using our algorithm for identifying fissures in pathological lungs.

Lift-off PMN-PT Thick Film for High Frequency Ultrasonic Biomicroscopy

Piezoelectric 0.65Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-0.35PbTiO(3) (PMN-35PT) thick film with a thickness of approximately 12 µm has been deposited on the platinum buffered Si substrate via a sol-gel composite method. The separation of the film from the substrate was achieved using a wet chemical method. The lifted-off PMN-35PT thick film exhibited good dielectric and ferroelectric properties. At 1 kHz, the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss were 3,326 and 0.037, respectively, while the remnant polarization was 30.0 µC/cm(2). A high frequency single element acoustic transducer fabricated with this film showed a bandwidth at -6 dB of 63.6% at 110 MHz.

Increased sensitivity of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus aflatoxin biosynthesis polyketide synthase mutants to UVB light

One strategy to reduce aflatoxin contamination of maize and cottonseed is to introduce spores of non-aflatoxigenic strains as competitors. Using isogenic mutants we show that, upon 5 or 20 min exposure to 302 nm (UVB) light, the viability of conidia of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus mutants lacking the ability to accumulate any aflatoxin precursor metabolite is reduced five-fold compared to that of aflatoxin-producing strains or pigmented mutants that accumulate aflatoxin precursors. This result suggests that the long-term viability of introduced non-aflatoxigenic competitor strains may be lower than that of natural aflatoxin-producing isolates when exposed to sunlight.

A study on using texture analysis methods for identifying lobar fissure regions in isotropic CT images

The major hurdle for segmenting lung lobes in computed tomographic (CT) images is to identify fissure regions, which encase lobar fissures. Accurate identification of these regions is difficult due to the variable shape and appearance of the fissures, along with the low contrast and high noise associated with CT images. This paper studies the effectiveness of two texture analysis methods - the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and the gray level run length matrix (GLRLM) - in identifying fissure regions from isotropic CT image stacks. To classify GLCM and GLRLM texture features, we applied a feed-forward back-propagation neural network and achieved the best classification accuracy utilizing 16 quantized levels for computing the GLCM and GLRLM texture features and 64 neurons in the input/hidden layers of the neural network. Tested on isotropic CT image stacks of 24 patients with the pathologic lungs, we obtained accuracies of 86% and 87% for identifying fissure regions using the GLCM and GLRLM methods, respectively. These accuracies compare favorably with surgeons/radiologists' accuracy of 80% for identifying fissure regions in clinical settings. This shows promising potential for segmenting lung lobes using the GLCM and GLRLM methods.

Strong strain hardening in nanocrystalline nickel

Low strain hardening has hitherto been considered an intrinsic behavior for most nanocrystalline (NC) metals, due to their perceived inability to accumulate dislocations. In this Letter, we show strong strain hardening in NC nickel with a grain size of approximately 20 nm under large plastic strains. Contrary to common belief, we have observed significant dislocation accumulation in the grain interior. This is enabled primarily by Lomer-Cottrell locks, which pin the lock-forming dislocations and obstruct dislocation motion. These observations may help with developing strong and ductile NC metals and alloys.

Association of chromosome 2q36.1-36.3 and autosomal dominant transmission in ankylosing spondylitis: results of genetic studies across generations of Han Chinese families

Background:

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, potentially crippling, spondyloarthropathy with strong genetic components affecting approximately 0.3% of the population. Its exact genetic mechanism and mode of transmission, however, remains obscure.

Methods and results:

The authors conducted a genome wide scan on 75 individuals across multiple generations of three Han Chinese families affected with AS. Segregation analysis and pedigree investigation suggested an autosomal dominant inheritance. Pairwise logarithm of odds (LOD) scores were calculated using LINKAGE package for the obtained genotypes. High resolution mapping was then performed based on markers with significant LOD scores. To minimise the number of crossovers in each family, haplotype were constructed and assigned. Two of the pedigrees shared one candidate region for AS on 2q36.1–2q36.3 spanning 6-cM (maximum heterogeneity LOD score of 12.41 at marker D2S2228), while the other showed strong linkage to the HLA-B region.

Conclusions:

This is the first report which proposes one of the new genetic models of autosomal dominant transmission in AS. The breakthrough in the identification of linkage to chromosome 2q36.1–2q36.3 and the HLA-B region highlights the future potential of more comprehensive genetic studies of determinants of disease risk.

Advanced Glycation End-products Enhance Calcification in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), senescent macroprotein derivatives formed at an accelerated rate in diabetes, are closely associated with vascular calcification in humans. In this study, the hypothesis that AGEs enhance calcification in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was tested. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific protein assays, it was demonstrated that rat aortic VSMCs incubated with AGEs exhibited an increased expression of the AGE receptor (RAGE) and typical bone proteins, such as osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase. Incubation with AGEs also enhanced calcium accumulation in VSMCs in time-and dose-dependent manners. These AGEs-mediated changes in VSMCs were partially attenuated by a neutralizing antibody to RAGE. The results suggest that AGEs that accumulate in diabetes could elicit the osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs, thereby contributing to vascular calcification via the RAGE pathway. Interruption of the AGE-RAGE interaction might be a promising target for therapeutic intervention to prevent diabetic vascular calcification.