176
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Abstract
Total DNA was estimated in the lungs of 80 fetuses and newborn infants varying in gestation from 14 weeks to term. In fetuses of appropriate weight for gestational age total lung DNA increased at a constant rate from about 35 mg at 17 weeks' gestation to 480 mg at term. The lungs of immature fetuses were heavier and contained more DNA relative to body weight than did those of mature infants. Small-for-dates infants had lower lung DNA levels for gestation than infants with weights appropriate for gestational age, but there was no difference when lung DNA was corrected for body weight. Lung hypoplasia defined in terms of lung/body weight ratio was associated with low lung DNA content for gestation, even when corrected for body weight. The total lung DNA at 34-40 weeks' gestation in infants with lung hypoplasia associated with fetal anuria or urinary outflow obstruction was equivalent to that seen in normal fetuses at 20-22 weeks' gestation. We conclude that the early second trimester is a critical period for human fetal lung growth.
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177
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Wigglesworth JS, Desai R, Guerrini P. Fetal lung hypoplasia: biochemical and structural variations and their possible significance. Arch Dis Child 1981; 56:606-15. [PMID: 7023390 PMCID: PMC1627249 DOI: 10.1136/adc.56.8.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative biochemical criteria for lung growth and maturation were compared with the histological appearances in hypoplastic lungs from 20 fetuses and newborn infants. Cases associated with oligohydramnios showed a characteristic series of changes with narrow airways, retardation of epithelial and interstitial growth, delay in development of blood-air barriers, and low concentrations of phospholipid phosphorus, lecithin phosphorus, total palmitate, and lecithin palmitate. The growth and maturation arrest appeared to affect the peripheral part of the acinus. Examples of other types of lung hypoplasia showed different features. Hypoplastic lungs from infants with normal or increased amniotic fluid were of mature structure with phospholipid concentrations similar to those of infants with normally developed lungs at term. The hypoplastic left lung in 2 cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia had an immature structure with low phospholipid concentrations, whereas the right lung has structurally and biochemically more mature. It is suggested that fetal lung growth may be impaired by any influence which reduces thoracic volume but that maturation arrest is due specifically to loss of the ability to retain lung liquid.
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178
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Abstract
Eight preterm infants who died after 'Intralipid' infusion had fat accumulation in the lungs. The rate of infusion in six of the infants was below the recommended maximum for preterm infants and in no case was the plasma lipaemic on regular visual inspection. Histological examination revealed varying degrees of lung involvement. The commonest finding was distension of empty pulmonary capillaries, but specific staining techniques for fat showed that the capillaries were engorged with large lipid globules. Removal of accumulated fat by histiocytes was seen in infants dying some time after cessation of intralipid infusion. Analysis of homogenised lung showed that those who died after intralipid infusion had a significantly greater (p < 0.001) concentration of lioleic acid, a marker for intralipid, than infants who died without receiving parenteral fat solution. Fat accumulation after intralipid infusion may be common but unrecognised and may seriously exacerbate ventilation/perfusion inequalities.
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179
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Hutchison DC, Desai R, Bellamy D, Baum H. The induction of lysosomal enzyme release from leucocytes of normal and emphysematous subjects and the effects of tobacco smoke upon phagocytosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 1980; 58:403-9. [PMID: 7389268 DOI: 10.1042/cs0580403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
1. The lysosomal enzymes of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes contain a potent elastase; release of this enzyme within the lung is thought to be responsible for the destruction of elastic tissue in pulmonary emphysema.
2. The release of lysosomal enzymes from blood leucocytes of normal and emphysematous subjects during phagocytosis of particulate material was studied In vitro. Acid phosphatase and acid ribonuclease were used as markers of lysosomal enzyme release, no sufficiently sensitive assay for elastase being available. Cigarette smoke was separated into ‘particulate’ and ‘soluble’ fractions. In a preliminary study, the particulate fraction stimulated enzyme release; in the experiments reported here, latex particles were used to produce this effect.
3. Approximately one-third of the total lysosomal enzyme content was released to the exterior of the cell during phagocytosis of latex particles. In this respect there was no difference between normal and emphysematous subjects.
4. The effects of the non-particulate soluble fraction of cigarette smoke on phagocytosis-induced enzyme release were studied. This fraction inhibited enzyme release from polymorphonuclear leucocytes of normal subjects but not from those of emphysematous patients. When the ‘cigarette-smoke solution’ was replaced by the respiratory inhibitor, antimycin A, a similar inhibition of enzyme release occurred. The inhibition of phagocytosis in cells of normal subjects is presumed to be due to a respiratory inhibitor such as carbon monoxide in the soluble fraction of the smoke. We postulate that the polymorphonuclear leucocytes of emphysematous patients are adapted to hypoxic conditions so that inhibition of enzyme release does not occur.
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180
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Sharma RK, Desai R, Waisman DM, Wang JH. Purification and subunit structure of bovine brain modulator binding protein. J Biol Chem 1979; 254:4276-82. [PMID: 220236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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181
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Gadhia PK, Shah VC, Desai R. The effect of total-body gamma-irradiation on pigeons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1979; 35:493-5. [PMID: 313924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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182
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Desai R, Wigglesworth JS. Control of lung growth in the fetal rabbit [proceedings]. J Physiol 1979; 289:66P-67P. [PMID: 458706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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183
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Abstract
Experiments were performed to clarify the mechanism by which cervical cord transection retards lung growth in the fetal rabbit. In 10 sets of fetuses operated on at 24 1/2 days gestation and studied 3--4 days later, cord section at C1--C3 (high section) caused a significantly greater reduction in lung weight and lung DNA than cord section at C5--C8 (low section) as compared with control littermates. Comparison with the lungs of additional control fetuses removed at the time of operation showed that high section had reduced lung growth by 70% and low section had reduced growth by 40% relative to sham-operated controls. The hypoplastic lungs of the high-section group had poorly expanded, thick-walled terminal sacs, while those of the low section group more nearly resembled the controls. Fetal weights and weights of liver, kidneys, thymus and diaphragm did not differ significantly between the groups, but the hearts of the low-section group were unduly large. In a separate 6 sets of fetuses tracheal ligation at the time of high-cord section was found to result in large fluid-filled lungs with a normal DNA content. The results indicate that preservation of an upper motor neurone supply to the phrenic nucleus is of critical importance for fetal lung growth, and confirm the growth-promoting effects of liquid distension of the fetal lungs. We conclude that normal fetal lung growth depends on development and maintenance of a sophisticated form of function involving integration of respiratory movements and lung lipid secretion. This functional control of fetal lung growth has important implications for perinatal medicine.
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184
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Desai R, Tetley TD, Curtis CG, Powell GM, Richards RJ. Studies on the fate of pulmonary surfactant in the lung. Biochem J 1978; 176:455-62. [PMID: 217362 PMCID: PMC1186254 DOI: 10.1042/bj1760455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Radioactively labelled pulmonary surfactant was prepared in an isolated perfused lung system provided with [14C]hexadecanoate. 2. After intratracheal administration of pulmonary surfactant radioactively labelled components were rapidly distributed into different lung fractions, including macrophages (free cells), but most of the radioactive label was accumulated by the lung tissue. 3. Alveolar macrophages, maintained in a variety of culture media in the presence and absence of mineral particles, incorporated a low percentage (11%) of radioactively labelled components when incubated with the surfactant, although evolution of labelled CO2 (6% of the original total activity) suggested that some breakdown of the components had taken place. 4. In similar cultures little intracellular accumulation or extracellular release of non-esterified fatty acids was demonstrated, indicating minimal catabolism of the high-molecular-weight lipid components of surfactant (particularly phosphatidylcholine). 5. However, experiments in vitro designed to simulate the lysosomal degradation of endocytosed surfactant indicated that the macrophage had enzymes capable of releasing non-esterified fatty acids, particularly hexadecanoate, from the lipoprotein complex. 6. It is argued that lung cells, other than alveolar macrophages, may also have a role in surfactant turnover.
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185
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Sharma RK, Desai R, Thompson TR, Wang JH. Purification of the heat-stable inhibitor protein of the Ca2+-activated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase by affinity chromatography. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 56:598-604. [PMID: 208731 DOI: 10.1139/o78-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered heat-stable inhibitor protein of the Ca2+-activated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (Sharma, R. K., Wirch, E. & Warg, J. H. (1978) J. Biol. Chem., in press) has been purified 238 214-fold from bovine brain extract using an affinity column of the modulator protein--Sepharose 4B conjugate. The purified sample appears to be homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. The protein band has a mobility corresponding to that of a polypeptide of molecular weight 68 000. Since the heat-stable inhibitor protein has a molecular weight of 70 000 under nondenaturing conditions, it suggests that it is a monomeric protein. The protein has no inhibitory activity toward the cAMP-dependent protein kinase or protein phosphatase. The purified sample has been tested for various enzyme activities which include ATPase, GTPase, cAMP phosphodiesterase, cGMP phosphodiesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, and protein kinase. None of these activities are exhibited by the purified sample.
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186
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Tetley TD, Desai R, Harwood JL, Powell GM, Curtis CG, Richards RJ. The utilization of [3H] leucine and [14C] hexadecanoic acid by the isolated perfused rabbit lung for biosynthesis of radiolabelled pulmonary surfactant [proceedings]. Biochem Soc Trans 1977; 5:1310-2. [PMID: 579174 DOI: 10.1042/bst0051310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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187
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Wang JH, Desai R. Modulator binding protein. Bovine brain protein exhibiting the Ca2+-dependent association with the protein modulator of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. J Biol Chem 1977; 252:4175-84. [PMID: 193860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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188
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Wang JH, Desai R. Modulator binding protein. Bovine brain protein exhibiting the Ca2+-dependent association with the protein modulator of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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189
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Wang JH, Desai R. A brain protein and its effect on the Ca2+-and protein modulator-activated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 72:926-32. [PMID: 186066 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(76)80220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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190
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Heranjal DD, Sheth AR, Moodbidri SB, Desai R, Rao SS. A note on serum luteinizing hormone during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in Indian buffaloes. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 1976; 46:553-5. [PMID: 1027588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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191
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Sheth AR, Heranjal DD, Moodbidri SB, Desai R, Rao SS. A note on response of pituitary LH to synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) in buffalo cows. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 1976; 46:363-4. [PMID: 800378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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192
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Ho C, Teo TS, Desai R, Wang JH. Catalytic and regulatory properties of two forms of bovine heart cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 429:461-73. [PMID: 177071 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(76)90294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The soluble supernatant fraction of bovine heart homogenates may be fractionated on a DEAE cellulose column into two cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (EC 3.1.4.-):PI and PII phosphodiesterases, in the order of emergence from the column. In the presence of free Ca2+, the PI enzyme may be activated several fold by the protein activator which was discovered by Cheung((1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 2859-2869). The PII enzyme is refractory to this activator, and is not inhibited by the Ca2+ chelating agent, ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N, N'-tetraacetate (EGTA). The activated activity of PI phosphodiesterase may be further stimulated by imidazole or NH+4, and inhibited by high concentrations of Mg2+. These reagents have no significant effect on either the PII enzyme or the basal activity of PI phosphodiesterase. Although both forms of phosphodiesterase can hydrolyze either cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP, they exhibit different relative affinities towards these two cyclic nucleotides. The PI enzyme appears to have much higher affinities toward cyclic GMP than cyclic AMP. Km values for cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP are respectively 1.7 and 0.33 mM for the non-activated PI phosphodiesterase; and 0.2 and 0.007 mM for the activated enzyme. Each cyclic nucleotide acts as a competitive inhibitor for the other with Ki values similar to the respective Km values. In contrast with PI phosphodiesterase, PII phosphodiesterase exhibits similar affinity toward cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. The apparent Km values of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP for the PII enzyme are approx. 0.05 and 0.03 mM, respectively. The kinetic plot with respect to cyclic GMP shows positive cooperativity. Each cyclic nucleotide acts as a non-competitive inhibitor for the other nucleotide. These kinetic properties of PI and PII phosphodiesterase of bovine heart are very similar to those of rat liver cyclic GMP and high Km cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases, respectively (Russel, Terasaki and Appleman, (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 1334).
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193
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Richards RJ, Desai R, Rose FA. A surface-active agent involved in PVC-induced haemolysis. Nature 1976; 260:53-4. [PMID: 1264193 DOI: 10.1038/260053a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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194
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Harwood JL, Desai R, Hext P, Tetley T, Richards R. Characterization of pulmonary surfactant from ox, rabbit, rat and sheep. Biochem J 1975; 151:707-14. [PMID: 1243652 PMCID: PMC1172420 DOI: 10.1042/bj1510707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Pulmonary surfactants from ox, rabbit, rat and sheep were isolated and analysed. 2. All preparations had a high anenoic phosphatidylcholine content and would produce stable surface tensions of 0.01 Nm-1 or less. 3. Protein content was 8-18% of the dry weights. A number of proteins were observed; their overall composition were high in hydrophobic amino acid residues. 4. Lipid content varied from 79% (ox) to 90% (rabbit) with phosphatidylcholine representing from 58% (sheep) to 83% (rabbit) of the total lipid. The surfactant preparations were rather similar in lipid composition except that sheep surfactant contained about 10% lysophosphatidylcholine. 5. Hexadecanoic acid was the principal fatty acid. It was particularly high in phosphatidylcholine. 6. Phosphatidylglycerol was a minor constituent of all surfactants but phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine was not detected.
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195
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196
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197
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Ho HC, Desai R, Wang JH. Effect of Ca-2+ on the stability of the protein activator of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. FEBS Lett 1975; 50:374-7. [PMID: 163769 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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198
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199
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Goldberg LS, Barnett EV, Desai R. Effect of transplacental transfer of antibody to intrinsic factor. Pediatrics 1967; 40:851-5. [PMID: 6075657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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