[Some problems of TS measurement after administration of fluoropyrimidines in colorectal cancer. Kinki Cooperative Study Group of Chemotherapy for Colorectal Carcinoma]

A joint multicenter comparative study of carmofur (HCFU) alone or HCFU+dipyridamole (DP) concurrent administration was conducted by the Kinki Colorectal Cancer Chemotherapy Society. In this study, the drugs were administered five days prior to surgery, and thymidylate synthetase (TS) inhibition rate at the primary lesion of colorectal cancer was determined. In addition, the effect of time after resection of the primary lesion before specimen cooling on the TS inhibition rate was investigated. The subjects were 87 registered patients who received colorectal cancer surgery during 4 months from October 1991 to January 1992. The time before postsurgical cooling was divided into four group; within 10 min (n = 67), 11-20 min (n = 8), 21-30 min (n = 7), and 31 min or longer (n = 5). The TS inhibition rates (mean +/- SD) were 0.45 +/- 0.22, 0.38 +/- 0.19, 0.30 +/- 0.21, and 0.04 +/- 0.05 respectively. The longer the time after resection of the primary lesion before specimen cooling, the more TS inhibition rate decreased. When the time before specimen cooling exceeds 30 min, the major part of TS combined with FdUMP exists in a free state. Therefore, it was considered not suitable as the material for the measurement.

Role of nucleosides and nucleotide mixture in intestinal mucosal growth under total parenteral nutrition

The preventive effect of a mixture of nucleosides and a nucleotide (OG-VI) on total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-associated gut mucosal atrophy was investigated. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups. The TPN group (n = 11) received a standard TPN diet (250 kcal and 1.78 g nitrogen.kg-1.day-1) for 6 days; the TPN + OG-VI group (n = 10) received OG-VI (2.5 ml.kg-1.day-1) in addition to the standard TPN solution for 6 days. To obtain information on a normal fed condition of the intestine, another 10 rats were maintained on oral rat chow for 6 days. Compared with the TPN group, mucosal wet weights in the jejunum (22.8 +/- 1.8 vs. 20.5 +/- 2.0 mg/cm) and the ileum (19.4 +/- 2.2 vs. 16.8 +/- 2.3 mg/cm) were significantly greater in the TPN + OG-VI group. Likewise, diamine oxidase activities in the jejunum (13.7 +/- 4.27 vs. 8.02 +/- 3.40 nmol.min-1.cm-1) and the ileum (33.9 +/- 6.89 vs. 25.9 +/- 7.93 nmol.min-1.cm-1) were significantly higher in the TPN + OG-VI group. Moreover, the bromodeoxyuridine labeling index in the TPN + OG-VI group (36.9 +/- 4.30%) was significantly higher than in the TPN group (31.0 +/- 3.03%). The addition of OG-VI to the standard TPN diet improved mucosal growth and maturity by increasing the proliferating activity of crypt cells. External provision of purines and pyrimidines may be necessary to sustain mucosal function during TPN.

The expression of c-kit protein in human adult and fetal tissues

The c-kit proto-oncogene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor and is allelic with the dominant white-spotting (W) locus of the mouse. In this study we investigated the expression of human c-kit protein in various adult and fetal human tissues immunohistochemically using anti-human c-kit monoclonal antibody. To discriminate c-kit+ cells from mast cells expressing c-kit, mast cells were identified by staining with Toluidine blue. In oogonia, spermatogonia and skin melanocytes of the fetus and in oocytes of adult ovary, c-kit expression was detected. In adult uterus, c-kit+ cells were widely distributed in the basal layer of the endometrium, myometrium and cervix, the number and distribution being almost identical to those of mast cells. In fetal uterus, c-kit+ non-mast cells clustered beneath the epithelium and a few mast cells were observed in the myometrium and subserosal layer. In both adult and fetus, c-kit+ non-mast cells were detected within smooth muscle layers of the intestine, colon and oesophagus, while mast cells were observed in the mucosal and submucosal layers of these organs. In contrast to mice, no expression of c-kit protein was detected in the human placenta and decidua. Thus, the distribution of c-kit+ cells in various tissues is similar but not identical between adult and fetus and between human and mouse.

Effects of danazol on endometrial DNA synthesis in rats

The suppressive effects of Danazol, an isoxazol derivative of the synthetic steroid 17 alpha-ethinyltestosterone, on endometrial DNA synthesis were investigated in rats by immunohistochemistry with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and DNA-synthesizing enzyme assays. Rats treated with Danazol for 14 days at 17-19 weeks of age showed a decrease of plasma gonadotropins associated with ovarian hypofunction, persistent diestrus, and a smaller number of corpora lutea in ovary, resulting in no BrdU-immunoreactive (S-phase) cells in endometrial epithelium and lower activity of thymidine kinase in the uterus compared with control.

Coexistence of somatic and germ-line mutations of APC gene in desmoid tumors from patients with familial adenomatous polyposis

Desmoid tumors, which are locally invasive with recurrence but without metastasis, are frequently observed in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis after abdominal surgery or during pregnancy. This study analyzed mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene in 8 desmoid tumors from 7 familial adenomatous polyposis patients using polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism and the direct sequencing method. Seven somatic mutations, 1 somatic allele loss, and 6 germ-line mutations were detected. The majority of adenomatous polyposis coli gene mutations were deletions of 1 to 19 base pairs in exon 15, and all mutations led to the formation of stop codons. A somatic mutation with repetition of 82 base pairs from codon 1399 to 1426 was also observed in a desmoid, which was most likely caused by an error during replication or repair replication. No mutation was detected in exons 1 to 2 of H-ras, K-ras, and N-ras genes and in exons 5 to 8 of p53 gene, in these tumors. The simultaneous existence of somatic and germ-line alterations of adenomatous polyposis coli gene observed in all 8 tumors strongly suggests that inactivation of both alleles of adenomatous polyposis coli gene is involved in the development of desmoid tumors.

Protective effects of FUT-175 on acute massive hepatic necrosis induced in mice following endotoxin injection and immunization with liver proteins

Experimental autoimmune hepatitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with syngeneic liver protein and adjuvant. Hepatitis was characterized by marked cellular infiltrates, but hepatic necrosis was mild to moderate. A small dose of endotoxin (25 micrograms/mouse) produced lethal hepatitis with elevation of serum transaminase levels in these mice. The endotoxin-induced reactions were completely inhibited by i.p. administration of FUT-175 (5 mg/kg), a synthetic protease inhibitor, 1 h before the endotoxin injection. In vitro experiments showed that two-thirds of the inflammatory infiltrates were monocyte/macrophages. Cytotoxicity against syngeneic hepatocytes was significantly increased by the addition of endotoxin (25 micrograms/ml), but the same dose of endotoxin alone had no effect on the viability of hepatocytes. The endotoxin-induced increase in cytotoxicity was prominent in the glass-dish adherent (monocyte/macrophage enriched) fraction and was also demonstrated after depletion of T-cells. However, elevated cytotoxicity did not occur when FUT-175 (> 1 x 10(-7) M) was present throughout the assay period. These results seem to indicate that the hepatotoxic effects of endotoxin are mediated, at least in part, by monocytes or macrophages infiltrating the liver following immunization of liver proteins. Our results also suggest that FUT-175 has protective effects against endotoxin-induced hepatotoxic reactions.

Alpha-particle dose to the liver and spleen tissues of Japanese Thorotrast patients

We set out to establish an appropriate and convenient method for calculating alpha-particle absorbed doses to the liver and spleen of Thorotrast patients and to estimate a representative dose rate to the liver for the whole population of surviving and deceased Thorotrast patients in Japan. First, we determined steady-state activity ratios of 232Th progeny from 13 autopsy cases and found them to be identical to those reported in German subjects. Second, we estimated the alpha dose rates in 206 subjects at autopsy from radioactivity measurements and terminal weights of the organs. Combining these results with measurements of exhaled 220Rn in survivors, we considered the representative dose rates at injection to be 0.22 Gy y-1. Additionally, our data suggest that deposition in the spleen has previously been overestimated. This is an error with some bearing on the evaluation of leukemia risks from alpha-particle irradiation.

Anti-angiogenic activity of arachidonic acid metabolism inhibitors in angiogenesis model systems involving human microvascular endothelial cells and neovascularization in mice

We have established an in vitro angiogenesis model using human omental microvascular endothelial (HOME) cells, in which epidermal growth factor (EGF) or transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) stimulated cell migration and tube formation. In this study, we examined whether alpha-guaiaconic acid (GR-12) and its synthetic 20 derivatives showed inhibition of cell migration and tubular formation of HOME cells. We found that GR-12 inhibits arachidonic acid metabolism, while GR-12 and one derivative, GS-01, inhibit tubular formation of endothelial cells in our model system. Confluent monolayers of HOME cells were damaged with a razor blade and incubated with or without TGF-alpha; HOME cell migration was stimulated about 1.5-fold over control values in the presence of TGF-alpha. Treatment of HOME cells with GR-12 or GS-01 inhibited both spontaneous and TGF-alpha-stimulated migration. GR-12 or GS-01 inhibited TGF-alpha-induced HOME-cell tube formation in type-1 collagen gels. We examined whether these compounds could modulate tubular formation of HOME cells induced by human cancer cells. Enhanced tube formation of HOME cells by co-cultured esophageal cancer cells was almost completely inhibited by co-administration of GR-12 or GS-01. Both compounds also inhibited formation of tubular networks of HOME cells on Matrigels. We also examined anti-angiogenic activity of these compounds in an in vivo model system of tumor angiogenesis in mice. In this system, GS-01 inhibited development of capillary networks at a rate comparable to that of a well-known anti-angiogenic compound, fumagillin, but GR-12 did not. The inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism is thus expected to modulate tumor angiogenesis.

Purification and characterization of a 38-kDa protein, sp38, with zona pellucida-binding property from porcine epididymal sperm

A 38-kDa protein, sp38, was purified from the detergent extract of porcine epididymal sperm. Sp38 showed zona pellucida-binding properties similar to those of proacrosin. These two proteins specifically bound to the 90-kDa glycoprotein form of the zona pellucida components in a calcium-dependent manner. The binding of sp38 to the zona pellucida glycoprotein was inhibited by proacrosin. These findings suggest that the two proteins competitively interact with the zona pellucida during the early stage of fertilization.

Human leukocyte antigen-DR is a differentiation antigen for human granulosa cells

We raised a murine monoclonal antibody, OG-3, which reacts with human granulosa cells. Immunohistologically, OG-3 antigen was weakly expressed on the granulosa cells of some growing and atretic follicles, but not on those of preovulatory follicles. After ovulation, the antigen expression rapidly increased on granulosa cells during corpus luteum formation. The antigen expression on granulosa/large luteal cells decreased in the mid-luteal phase, but increased again in the late luteal phase. In early pregnancy, OG-3 antigen expression on large luteal cells increased after 7 wk of gestation. The OG-3 antigen distribution in various organs resembled that of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules. An HLA-class II-positive human B cell line (AKIBA) and a murine L-cell transfectant expressing HLA-DR antigen were positive for OG-3 antigen, whereas an HLA-class II-negative human T-cell line and L-cell transfectants expressing HLA-DP and DQ antigens were negative. The molecular mass of OG-3 antigen purified from AKIBA cells was 32-35 kDa. The staining profiles in ovaries with anti-HLA-DR or anti-HLA-class II antibodies were similar to that with OG-3. These results indicate that OG-3 antigen is identical to HLA-DR, and that HLA-DR is a differentiation antigen for human granulosa cells.

Enhancing effect of cadmium on rat ventral prostate carcinogenesis induced by 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl

The effects of cadmium given at different stages during 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB)-induced rat prostate carcinogenesis were investigated using male F344 rats. Animals were given 10 subcutaneous injections of 50 mg/kg body weight of DMAB or the corn oil vehicle at two-week intervals. In addition, cadmium was administered at doses of 0, 10, or 30 mumol/kg body weight as single intramuscular injection on the 1st day of the experiment or one day after the last injection of DMAB at week 20. Two further groups were subjected to administration of cadmium at 10 mumol/kg at week 20 and then 5 mumol/kg at week 40, or 10 mumol/kg at week 20 and then 5 mumol/kg at weeks 30, 40 and 50. At the termination, 60 weeks after the beginning of the experiment, the incidences and multiplicity of ventral prostate carcinomas in the groups given cadmium plus DMAB demonstrated a consistent tendency for increase over control values (groups receiving DMAB or cadmium alone). The numbers of carcinomas per rat and per unit area of prostate section were significantly elevated in the two groups given low doses of cadmium after cessation of DMAB administration. Cadmium alone also induced a few prostate carcinomas. The influence on development of prostate tumors did not appear to be a result of the induced severe testicular atrophy because serum testosterone levels were not affected. The results indicate that cadmium and DMAB can act synergistically to cause rat prostate carcinogenesis.

[A case of infective endocarditis with subaortic-valve aneurysm]

We report a 64-year-old female patient with a subaortic-valve aneurysm due to infective endocarditis, in whom the aneurysm and its perforation was detected by Doppler color flow imaging. She had severe aortic and mitral valve regurgitation, and underwent aortic valve replacement with plication of the aneurysm. Transthoracic echocardiography doesn't have enough usefulness to clarify periaortic-annular changes, but combination with Doppler color flow imaging is supposed to be informative for subaortic-valve changes same as transesophageal echocardiography especially in the cases with abnormal flow.

Management of a broken atrial catheter migrated into the heart: a rare complication of ventriculoatrial shunt--case report

A 21-year-old male, who had undergone a ventriculoatrial shunt for hydrocephalus 5 years previously, became stuporous. A roentgenogram revealed that the distal segment of the broken atrial catheter had migrated and become lodged in the heart. Because the fragment had not adhered to the myocardium, it was easily retrieved by the transvenous approach with a retriever catheter. If the migrated catheter does not adhere to the myocardium, transvenous catheter retrieval is absolutely necessary. If, however, the migrated catheter adheres to the myocardium, an open thoracotomy would be required for retrieval, or the alternative of warfarin administration without retrieval may be the treatment of choice, as long as other problems do not occur.

Localization of endothelin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ovary and fallopian tube by in situ hybridization

Rat mRNAs encoding two subtypes of the endothelin (ET) receptor (ET(A) and ETB) were studied in the rat ovary and fallopian tube by means of Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. The mRNA transcripts for the endothelin-1-specific type receptor (ET(A)) in pooled RNA from the ovary and fallopian tube were 4.2 and 5.2 kilonucleotides, and that for the nonselective type receptor (ETB) was 4.7 kilonucleotides; these were similar to transcripts for endothelin receptors from other tissues. ET(A) mRNA expression was abundant in the muscle cell layer of the fallopian tube, but low in the ovary. On the other hand, ETB mRNA was abundant in the granulosa cells in the developing follicles, but low in atretic follicles and absent in the fallopian tube. These results demonstrated that the mRNAs for the two subtypes of the rat endothelin receptor have different expression profiles in the ovary and fallopian tube. ETs may mainly affect the granulosa cells in the dominant follicles as well as the muscle cells of the fallopian tube through ETB and ET(A), respectively.

Mammary tumour induction by pituitary grafting in male mice: an animal model for male breast cancer

Isologous anterior pituitary grafting, 4 each, to 3-4-month-old SHN and SLN male mice resulted in an appearance of mammary tumours from 8 months of age and the incidence at 12 months reached 53.8% in each strain. All tumours were diagnosed as type B adenocarcinomas. In association with the results, normal mammary gland growth and mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV)-gp52 antigen levels in the submaxillary glands were stimulated by the treatment in these strains. The effect of pituitary grafting was much less in GR/A male mice in which no mammary tumours appeared.

[Effect of cefditoren pivoxil on carnitine metabolism in pediatric patients]

Carnitine metabolism was studied in 16 pediatric patients with various infections under the treatment with cefditoren pivoxil (CDTR-PI) in granular form. Pivalic acid released from pivaloyloxymethyl ester of the drug was metabolized to pivaloylcarnitine. As results, an increase in urinary carnitine excretion (predominantly as pivaloylcarnitine) and, a decrease in free carnitine concentration and a high acyl/free carnitine ratio in serum (plasma) were observed during the treatment. When the dosing was terminated, pivaloylcarnitine in plasma and then in urine disappeared, and the concentration of free carnitine, acyl/free carnitine ratio returned to the normal range. No carnitine-related side effects were observed throughout the study.

[The decision making process in tuberculosis control programme]

The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate relevance of the medical technology assessment (MTA) approach in the decision making process in the tuberculosis control programme. Recently MTA has progressed remarkably under the pressure of limited medical resources and necessity for rational utilization of those resources. This approach has also been assisted by the development in related technologies, such as statistics and the managerial sciences. The author demonstrates the feasibility of the MTA approach in tuberculosis control programmes, with special emphasis on the applicability of the mathematical model in risk-effectiveness analysis, citing several examples from his recent works. A critical analysis of the screening chest radiophotography (Mass Miniature Radiophotography, MMR) is a good sample of risk-effectiveness analysis, where benefit from early detection of tuberculosis is quantified and compared with the possible risk due to radiation exposure. A mathematical model is used to simulate the fate of tuberculosis patients with or without treatment. The benefit is computed in terms of lives saved, life-years extended, and treatment costs saved with or without the MMR programme. In Japan, it is concluded that MMR cannot be rationalized as a life-saving intervention in young age-groups, nor being economically cost-effective for wider age ranges. Based on the estimated trend of risk of infection of Japan now and in the near future, the infection status of a cohort born around 1990 can be calculated. Applying risk of clinical breakdown of tuberculosis to the above infection status and the assumed level of protective efficacy of BCG vaccination, assessment of the BCG vaccination programme can be made, under various hypothetical modes of vaccination, whether vaccinated to the newborn or to school entrants, whether revaccinated or not, and when, etc. The analysis revealed that the revaccination has very limited effectiveness, which in turn emphasizes the importance of the primary vaccination with optimum technical level. Under the very low prevalence conditions of tuberculous infection as in Japan of present (annual risk of infection estimated at ca. 0.05%), the determination of a cut-off point for selecting those eligible for chemoprophylaxis with isoniazid is a good example of a clinical decision problem which has a narrow spectrum of positive risk benefit ratio. Using the ROC analysis of the tuberculin testing, risk of excessive tuberculosis deaths and that of fatal hepatitis cases are compared under varying cut-offs, which leads to a conclusion that for the presumably very low-risk population chemoprophylaxis should be given to those with 20mm diameter or more of erythema.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

The feline immunodeficiency virus ORF-A gene facilitates efficient viral replication in established T-cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes

Frameshift mutants corresponding to all of the identified open reading frames of feline immunodeficiency virus, including the ORF-A gene, which has an unknown function, were constructed in vitro. Upon transfection into cells, no significant difference between the phenotypes of ORF-A mutant clones and those of wild-type clones was demonstrated. Although only ORF-A mutant virus among all mutant viruses from transfected cells showed infectivity in established T-cell lines, the replication and propagation of the ORF-A mutant virus were efficiently reduced compared with those of the wild-type virus. Moreover, the loss of the function of the ORF-A gene resulted in a severe defect in productive infection in primary peripheral blood lymphocytes both in the amount of reverse transcriptase activity produced and in core protein expression. These findings demonstrate that the ORF-A gene of feline immunodeficiency virus is required for efficient viral replication and suggest that the ORF-A gene is likely to be important for natural infection.

[A case of mucinous cystic adenocarcinoma of the lung with signet-ring cells]

A 70-year-old male case of mucinous cystic adenocarcinoma of the lung with signet-ring cells was reported. Patient was operated with diagnosis suspicious lung cancer by the specimen from TBLB. But, intraoperative rapid pathological-diagnosis was confused us for no cellular component, finally we performed right upper lobectomy and R1 LN dissection. Postoperative histological examination showed that the tumor was entirely filled with mucin and there are a few tumor cells with the signet-ring shape in its marginal area. So, this tumor was diagnosed as mucinous cystic adenocarcinoma of the lung with signet ring cells. This type of the lung adenocarcinoma was rare case, but we need to have much attentions because of the clinical differences from the other type of adenocarcinoma.

Adjuvant chemotherapy for completely resected stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Results of a randomized prospective study. The Japan Clinical Oncology Group

Two hundred nine patients with completely resected stage III non-small-cell lung cancer were randomized to receive postoperative cisplatin and vindesine chemotherapy or no further treatment. Before randomization, patients were stratified by the histologic characteristics of their tumors (squamous versus nonsquamous cell carcinoma). Prognostic variables such as histology, performance status, extent of operation, and tumor and nodal status of the eligible patients in chemotherapy (n = 90) and control groups (n = 91) were equally distributed. There was no statistically significant difference in disease-free and overall survival between the two groups. The 3-year disease-free survivals of the chemotherapy and control groups were 37% and 42%, respectively. The median survival times (5-year survival) were 31 months (35%) in the chemotherapy group and 37 months (41%) in the control group. These was no different pattern in the first site of recurrence (local versus systemic) between the two groups. This study failed to demonstrate the therapeutic benefits of postoperative cisplatin and vindesine chemotherapy.

Development to the blastocyst stage of pig embryos cultured in the amniotic fluid of developing chick embryos

Early-stage pig embryos were collected from superovulated donor gilts (60-72 hr post hCG injection) and co-cultured in modified Brinster medium for ovum culture (mBMOC-2) + porcine oviduct epithelial cells (POEC) or in the amniotic fluid of a developing chick embryo (CEAm). The development rate to the compacted morulae or blastocyst stage was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in embryos co-cultured in CEAm (60.0%) than those co-cultured in mBMOC-2 + POEC (18.0%). The results indicate that CEAm could be used for production of compacted morulae or blastocysts from early-stage pig embryos. This culture system could also be valuable in situations where a CO2 controlled incubator is not available.