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Nguyen TN, Ingle C, Thompson S, Reynolds KA. The genetic landscape of a metabolic interaction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3351. [PMID: 38637543 PMCID: PMC11026382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
While much prior work has explored the constraints on protein sequence and evolution induced by physical protein-protein interactions, the sequence-level constraints emerging from non-binding functional interactions in metabolism remain unclear. To quantify how variation in the activity of one enzyme constrains the biochemical parameters and sequence of another, we focus on dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TYMS), a pair of enzymes catalyzing consecutive reactions in folate metabolism. We use deep mutational scanning to quantify the growth rate effect of 2696 DHFR single mutations in 3 TYMS backgrounds under conditions selected to emphasize biochemical epistasis. Our data are well-described by a relatively simple enzyme velocity to growth rate model that quantifies how metabolic context tunes enzyme mutational tolerance. Together our results reveal the structural distribution of epistasis in a metabolic enzyme and establish a foundation for the design of multi-enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy N Nguyen
- The Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- The Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- The Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Form Bio, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | - Christine Ingle
- The Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- The Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- The Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kimberly A Reynolds
- The Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- The Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- The Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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2
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Singh A, Ottavi S, Krieger I, Planck K, Perkowski A, Kaneko T, Davis AM, Suh C, Zhang D, Goullieux L, Alex A, Roubert C, Gardner M, Preston M, Smith DM, Ling Y, Roberts J, Cautain B, Upton A, Cooper CB, Serbina N, Tanvir Z, Mosior J, Ouerfelli O, Yang G, Gold BS, Rhee KY, Sacchettini JC, Fotouhi N, Aubé J, Nathan C. Redirecting raltitrexed from cancer cell thymidylate synthase to Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphopantetheinyl transferase. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadj6406. [PMID: 38489355 PMCID: PMC10942122 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a compelling need to find drugs active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). 4'-Phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PptT) is an essential enzyme in Mtb that has attracted interest as a potential drug target. We optimized a PptT assay, used it to screen 422,740 compounds, and identified raltitrexed, an antineoplastic antimetabolite, as the most potent PptT inhibitor yet reported. While trying unsuccessfully to improve raltitrexed's ability to kill Mtb and remove its ability to kill human cells, we learned three lessons that may help others developing antibiotics. First, binding of raltitrexed substantially changed the configuration of the PptT active site, complicating molecular modeling of analogs based on the unliganded crystal structure or the structure of cocrystals with inhibitors of another class. Second, minor changes in the raltitrexed molecule changed its target in Mtb from PptT to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Third, the structure-activity relationship for over 800 raltitrexed analogs only became interpretable when we quantified and characterized the compounds' intrabacterial accumulation and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Samantha Ottavi
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Inna Krieger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kyle Planck
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Andrew Perkowski
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Takushi Kaneko
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, NY 10005, USA
| | | | - Christine Suh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | - Alexander Alex
- AMG Consultants Limited, Camburgh House, 27 New Dover Road, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 3DN, UK
- Evenor Consulting Limited, The New Barn, Mill Lane, Eastry, Kent CT13 0JW, UK
| | | | - Mark Gardner
- AMG Consultants Limited, Camburgh House, 27 New Dover Road, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 3DN, UK
| | - Marian Preston
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Dave M. Smith
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Yan Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Bastien Cautain
- Evotec ID (Lyon), SAS 40 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon 69001, France
| | - Anna Upton
- Evotec ID (Lyon), SAS 40 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon 69001, France
| | | | - Natalya Serbina
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, NY 10005, USA
| | - Zaid Tanvir
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, NY 10005, USA
| | - John Mosior
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ouathek Ouerfelli
- Organic Synthesis Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Guangli Yang
- Organic Synthesis Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ben S. Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Kyu Y. Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Nader Fotouhi
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, NY 10005, USA
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
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3
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Kim N, Yang C. Sodium Butyrate Inhibits the Expression of Thymidylate Synthase and Induces Cell Death in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1572. [PMID: 38338851 PMCID: PMC10855029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The most commonly used chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) is the application of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) expression appears to be a promising strategy to overcome the decreased sensitivity to 5-FU caused by high expression of TYMS, which can be induced by 5-FU treatment. Several compounds have been shown to potentially inhibit the expression of TYMS, but it is unclear whether short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are naturally produced by bacteria in the human intestine, can regulate the expression of TYMS. Sodium butyrate (NaB) is the most widely known SCFA for its beneficial effects. Therefore, we investigated the enhancing effects on inhibition of cell viability and induction of apoptosis after co-treatment of NaB with 5-FU in two CRC cell lines, HCT116 and LoVo. This study suggests that the effect of NaB in improving therapeutic sensitivity to 5-FU in CRC cells may result from a mechanism that strongly inhibits the expression of TYMS. This study also shows that NaB inhibits the migration of CRC cells and can cause cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. These results suggest that NaB could be developed as a potential therapeutic adjuvant to improve the therapeutic effect of 5-FU in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changwon Yang
- Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea;
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Lone MN, Gul S, Mehraj U, Sofi S, Dar AH, Ganie SA, Wani NA, Mir MA, Zargar MA. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Uracil Derivatives as Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:6212-6231. [PMID: 36849711 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell division is driven by nucleic acid metabolism, and thymidylate synthase (TYMS) catalyzes a rate-limiting step in nucleotide synthesis. As a result, thymidylate synthase has emerged as a critical target in chemotherapy. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is currently being used to treat a wide range of cancers, including breast, pancreatic, head and neck, colorectal, ovarian, and gastric cancers The objective of this study was to establish a new methodology for the low-cost, one-pot synthesis of uracil derivatives (UD-1 to UD-5) and to evaluate their therapeutic potential in BC cells. One-pot organic synthesis processes using a single solvent were used for the synthesis of drug analogues of Uracil. Integrated bioinformatics using GEPIA2, UALCAN, and KM plotter were utilized to study the expression pattern and prognostic significance of TYMS, the key target gene of 5-fluorouracil in breast cancer patients. Cell viability, cell proliferation, and colony formation assays were used as in vitro methods to validate the in silico lead obtained. BC patients showed high levels of thymidylate synthase, and high expression of thymidylate synthase was found associated with poor prognosis. In silico studies indicated that synthesized uracil derivatives have a high affinity for thymidylate synthase. Notably, the uracil derivatives dramatically inhibited the proliferation and colonization potential of BC cells in vitro. In conclusion, our study identified novel uracil derivatives as promising therapeutic options for breast cancer patients expressing the augmented levels of thymidylate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nadeem Lone
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical & Chemical Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India
| | - Shazia Gul
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India
| | - Umar Mehraj
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Shazia Sofi
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Abid Hamid Dar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India
| | - Shabir Ahmad Ganie
- Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities FoA, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Nissar Ahmad Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India.
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India.
| | - Mohammed A Zargar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India.
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5
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Wińska P, Sobiepanek A, Pawlak K, Staniszewska M, Cieśla J. Phosphorylation of Thymidylate Synthase and Dihydrofolate Reductase in Cancer Cells and the Effect of CK2α Silencing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033023. [PMID: 36769342 PMCID: PMC9917831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous research suggests an important regulatory role of CK2-mediated phosphorylation of enzymes involved in the thymidylate biosynthesis cycle, i.e., thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). The aim of this study was to show whether silencing of the CK2α gene affects TS and DHFR expression in A-549 cells. Additionally, we attempted to identify the endogenous kinases that phosphorylate TS and DHFR in CCRF-CEM and A-549 cells. We used immunodetection, immunofluorescence/confocal analyses, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), in-gel kinase assay, and mass spectrometry analysis. Our results demonstrate that silencing of the CK2α gene in lung adenocarcinoma cells significantly increases both TS and DHFR expression and affects their cellular distribution. Additionally, we show for the first time that both TS and DHFR are very likely phosphorylated by endogenous CK2 in two types of cancer cells, i.e., acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, our studies indicate that DHFR is phosphorylated intracellularly by CK2 to a greater extent in leukaemia cells than in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Interestingly, in-gel kinase assay results indicate that the CK2α' isoform was more active than the CK2α subunit. Our results confirm the previous studies concerning the physiological relevance of CK2-mediated phosphorylation of TS and DHFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Wińska
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-222-345-573 (P.W.); +48-606-438-241 (M.S.)
| | - Anna Sobiepanek
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlak
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Staniszewska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-222-345-573 (P.W.); +48-606-438-241 (M.S.)
| | - Joanna Cieśla
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Naseem A, Pal A, Gowan S, Asad Y, Donovan A, Temesszentandrási-Ambrus C, Kis E, Gaborik Z, Bhalay G, Raynaud F. Intracellular Metabolomics Identifies Efflux Transporter Inhibitors in a Routine Caco-2 Cell Permeability Assay-Biological Implications. Cells 2022; 11:3286. [PMID: 36291153 PMCID: PMC9601193 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caco-2 screens are routinely used in laboratories to measure the permeability of compounds and can identify substrates of efflux transporters. In this study, we hypothesized that efflux transporter inhibition of a compound can be predicted by an intracellular metabolic signature in Caco-2 cells in the assay used to test intestinal permeability. Using selective inhibitors and transporter knock-out (KO) cells and a targeted Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) method, we identified 11 metabolites increased in cells with depleted P-glycoprotein (Pgp) activity. Four metabolites were altered with Breast Cancer Resistance (BCRP) inhibition and nine metabolites were identified in the Multidrug Drug Resistance Protein 2 (MRP2) signature. A scoring system was created that could discriminate among the three transporters and validated with additional inhibitors. Pgp and MRP2 substrates did not score as inhibitors. In contrast, BCRP substrates and inhibitors showed a similar intracellular metabolomic signature. Network analysis of signature metabolites led us to investigate changes of enzymes in one-carbon metabolism (folate and methionine cycles). Our data shows that methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) protein levels increased with Pgp inhibition and Thymidylate synthase (TS) protein levels were reduced with Pgp and MRP2 inhibition. In addition, the methionine cycle is also affected by both Pgp and MRP2 inhibition. In summary, we demonstrated that the routine Caco-2 assay has the potential to identify efflux transporter inhibitors in parallel with substrates in the assays currently used in many DMPK laboratories and that inhibition of efflux transporters has biological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afia Naseem
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Akos Pal
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Sharon Gowan
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Yasmin Asad
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Adam Donovan
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | | | - Emese Kis
- SOLVO Biotechnology, Charles River Company, Irinyi József u. 4-20, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Gaborik
- SOLVO Biotechnology, Charles River Company, Irinyi József u. 4-20, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gurdip Bhalay
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Florence Raynaud
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
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Hänggeli KPA, Hemphill A, Müller N, Schimanski B, Olias P, Müller J, Boubaker G. Single- and duplex TaqMan-quantitative PCR for determining the copy numbers of integrated selection markers during site-specific mutagenesis in Toxoplasma gondii by CRISPR-Cas9. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271011. [PMID: 36112587 PMCID: PMC9481009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we developed a single and a duplex TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR) for absolute quantification of copy numbers of integrated dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (mdhfr-ts) drug selectable marker for pyrimethamine resistance in Toxoplasma gondii knockouts (KOs). The single TaqMan qPCR amplifies a 174 bp DNA fragment of the inserted mdhfr-ts and of the wild-type (WT) dhfr-ts (wtdhfr-ts) which is present as single copy gene in Toxoplasma and encodes a sensitive enzyme to pyrimethamine. Thus, the copy number of the dhfr-ts fragment in a given DNA quantity from KO parasites with a single site-specific integration should be twice the number of dhfr-ts copies recorded in the same DNA quantity from WT parasites. The duplex TaqMan qPCR allows simultaneous amplification of the 174 bp dhfr-ts fragment and the T. gondii 529-bp repeat element. Accordingly, for a WT DNA sample, the determined number of tachyzoites given by dhfr-ts amplification is equal to the number of tachyzoites determined by amplification of the Toxoplasma 529-bp, resulting thus in a ratio of 1. However, for a KO clone having a single site-specific integration of mdhfr-ts, the calculated ratio is 2. We then applied both approaches to test T. gondii RH mutants in which the major surface antigen (SAG1) was disrupted through insertion of mdhfr-ts using CRISPR-Cas9. Results from both assays were in correlation showing a high accuracy in detecting KOs with multiple integrated mdhfr-ts. Southern blot analyses using BsaBI and DraIII confirmed qPCRs results. Both TaqMan qPCRs are needed for reliable diagnostic of T. gondii KOs following CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutagenesis, particularly with respect to off-target effects resulting from multiple insertions of mdhfr-ts. The principle of the duplex TaqMan qPCR is applicable for other selectable markers in Toxoplasma. TaqMan qPCR tools may contribute to more frequent use of WT Toxoplasma strains during functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Pascal Alexander Hänggeli
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (GB); (AH)
| | - Norbert Müller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Schimanski
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Olias
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Müller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ghalia Boubaker
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (GB); (AH)
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8
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Shamshad H, Bakri R, Mirza AZ. Dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate synthase, and serine hydroxy methyltransferase: successful targets against some infectious diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6659-6691. [PMID: 35253073 PMCID: PMC8898753 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases have a serious impact on the world in terms of health and economics and are responsible for worldwide mortality and morbidity. The present review features the hybrid targeting involving three main enzymes for the treatment of different parasitic diseases. The enzymes Dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate synthase, and Serine hydroxy methyltransferase play an essential role in the folate pathway. The present review focuses on these enzymes, which can be targeted against several diseases. It shed light on the past, present, and future of these targets, and it can be assessed that these targets can play a significant role against several infectious diseases. For combating viral and protozoal infectious diseases, these targets in combination should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Shamshad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rowaida Bakri
- College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Jia J, Liu Y, Yang X, Wu Z, Xu X, Kang F, Liu Y. LncRNA TYMSOS promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in thyroid carcinoma through regulating MARCKSL1 and activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2022; 33:1-14. [PMID: 36374807 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2022043838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma (THCA) has been increasing in incidence greater than other cancers. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were reported to play crucial roles in THCA development. Our study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of lncRNA thymidylate synthetase opposite strand RNA (TYMSOS) in THCA. TYMSOS and myristoylated alanine rich protein kinase C substrate like 1 (MARCKSL1) were upregulated whereas miR-130a-5p was downregulated in THCA cells and tissues. The results of loss-of-function assays showed that TYMSOS knockdown inhibited cell metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in THCA. TYMSOS was primarily distributed in the cytoplasm of THCA cells, as shown by FISH assay. RNA pulldown and luciferase reporter assay further showed that TYMSOS binds with miR-130a-5p. Luciferase reporter assay also revealed that MARCKSL1 is targeted by miR-130a-5p. Rescue assay showed that the suppression of TYMSOS downregulation on THCA cell malignant behaviors was reversed by MARCKSL1 overexpression. Additionally, overexpressing MARCKSL1 offset the inhibition of TYMSOS downregu-lation on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. TYMSOS knockdown inhibits the growth of THCA tumors, as in vivo assays showed. Collectively, TYMSOS facilitates THCA progression by sponging miR-130a-5p and upregulating MARCKSL1 to activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, providing new avenues for THCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintang Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Yipeng Liu
- Graduate School, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Xingwen Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Fugui Kang
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China
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Qi YS, Xie JB, Xie P, Duan Y, Ling YQ, Gu YL, Piao XL. Uncovering the anti-NSCLC effects and mechanisms of gypenosides by metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 281:114506. [PMID: 34371113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lung cancer is the chief reason of cancer death worldwide, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) make up the majority of lung cancers. Gypenosides are the main active constituents from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Previous studies showed that they were used to remedy many cancers. The effect of gypenosides on NSCLC has never been studied from the perspective of network pharmacology and metabolomics. The mechanism is still not clear and remains to be explored. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the anti-NSCLC activity and mechanism of gypenosides in A549 cells. MATERIAL/METHODS Gypenosides of G. pentaphyllum were detected by HPLC-MS. The cytotoxicity was detected by MTT assay. The migration, cell cycle and apoptosis of gypenosides were studied by wound healing assay, JC-1 assay and flow cytometry. The mechanism of gypenosides on NSCLC was studied by metabolomics and network pharmacology. Some key proteins and pathways were further confirmed by Western blot. RESULTS Eleven gypenosides were detected by HPLC-MS. Gypenosides could suppress the proliferation of A549 cells, inhibit the migration of A549 cells, induce apoptosis and arrest cell cycle in G0/G1 phase. Metabolomics and network pharmacology approach revealed that gypenosides might affect 17 metabolite related proteins by acting on 9 candidate targets (STAT3, VEGFA, EGFR, MMP9, IL2, TYMS, FGF2, HPSE, LGALS3), thus resulting in the changes of two metabolites (uridine 5'-monophosphate, D-4'-Phosphopantothenate) and two metabolic pathways (pyrimidine metabolism; pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis). Western blotting indicated that gypenosides might inhibit A549 cells through MMP9, STAT3 and TYMS to indirectly affect the pathways of pyrimidine metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that metabolomics combined with network pharmacology was conducive to understand the anti-NSCLC mechanism of gypenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Shuang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Jin-Bo Xie
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Peng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Ya-Qin Ling
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yu-Long Gu
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xiang-Lan Piao
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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11
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Zhou D, Lv X, Wang Y, Liu H, Luo S, Li W, Huang G. Folic acid alleviates age-related cognitive decline and inhibits apoptosis of neurocytes in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8: deoxythymidine triphosphate biosynthesis as a potential mechanism. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 97:108796. [PMID: 34102282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed deoxythymidine triphosphate biosynthesis due to the inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS) can lead to uracil accumulation in DNA, eventually, lead to neurocytes apoptosis and cognitive decline. Folic acid supplementation delayed cognitive decline and neurodegeneration in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8). Whether folic acid, one of nutrition factor, the effect on the expression of TS is unknown. The study aimed to determine if folic acid supplementation could alleviate age-related cognitive decline and apoptosis of neurocytes by increasing TS expression in SAMP8 mice. According to folic acid concentration in diet, four-month-old male SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into three different diet groups by baseline body weight in equal numbers. Moreover, to evaluate the role of TS, a TS inhibitor was injected intraperitoneal. Cognitive test, apoptosis rates of neurocytes, expression of TS, relative uracil level in telomere, and telomere length in brain tissue were detected. The results showed that folic acid supplementation decreased deoxyuridine monophosphate accumulation, uracil misincorporation in telomere, alleviated telomere length shorting, increased expression of TS, then decreased apoptosis rates of neurocytes, and alleviated cognitive performance in SAMP8 mice. Moreover, at the same concentration of folic acid, TS inhibitor raltitrexed increased deoxyuridine monophosphate accumulation, uracil misincorporation in telomere, and exacerbated telomere length shorting, decreased expression of TS, then increased apoptosis rates of neurocytes, and decreased cognitive performance in SAMP8 mice. In conclusion, folic acid supplementation alleviated age-related cognitive decline and inhibited apoptosis of neurocytes by increasing TS expression in SAMP8 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezheng Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yalan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Suhui Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China.
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China.
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12
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Silva VSE, Abdallah EA, Flores BDCT, Braun AC, Costa DDJF, Ruano APC, Gasparini VA, Silva MLG, Mendes GG, Claro LCL, Calsavara VF, Aguiar Junior S, de Mello CAL, Chinen LTD. Molecular and Dynamic Evaluation of Proteins Related to Resistance to Neoadjuvant Treatment with Chemoradiotherapy in Circulating Tumor Cells of Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061539. [PMID: 34207124 PMCID: PMC8234587 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) is still a challenge in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). The evaluation of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) and RAD23 homolog B (RAD23B) expression in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) provides complementary clinical information. CTCs were prospectively evaluated in 166 blood samples (63 patients) with LARC undergoing NCRT. The primary objective was to verify if the absence of RAD23B/TYMS in CTCs would correlate with pathological complete response (pCR). Secondary objectives were to correlate CTC kinetics before (C1)/after NCRT (C2), in addition to the expression of transforming growth factor-β receptor I (TGF-βRI) with survival rates. CTCs were isolated by ISET and evaluated by immunocytochemistry (protein expression). At C1, RAD23B was detected in 54.1% of patients with no pCR and its absence in 91.7% of patients with pCR (p = 0.014); TYMS- was observed in 90% of patients with pCR and TYMS+ in 51.7% without pCR (p = 0.057). Patients with CTC2 > CTC1 had worse disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.00025) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.0036) compared with those with CTC2 ≤ CTC1. TGF-βRI expression in any time correlated with worse DFS (p = 0.059). To conclude, RAD23B/TYMS and CTC kinetics may facilitate the personalized treatment of LARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgílio Souza e Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil; (V.S.e.S.); (C.A.L.d.M.)
| | - Emne Ali Abdallah
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (E.A.A.); (B.d.C.T.F.); (A.C.B.); (D.d.J.F.C.); (A.P.C.R.); (V.A.G.); (V.F.C.)
| | - Bianca de Cássia Troncarelli Flores
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (E.A.A.); (B.d.C.T.F.); (A.C.B.); (D.d.J.F.C.); (A.P.C.R.); (V.A.G.); (V.F.C.)
| | - Alexcia Camila Braun
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (E.A.A.); (B.d.C.T.F.); (A.C.B.); (D.d.J.F.C.); (A.P.C.R.); (V.A.G.); (V.F.C.)
| | - Daniela de Jesus Ferreira Costa
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (E.A.A.); (B.d.C.T.F.); (A.C.B.); (D.d.J.F.C.); (A.P.C.R.); (V.A.G.); (V.F.C.)
| | - Anna Paula Carreta Ruano
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (E.A.A.); (B.d.C.T.F.); (A.C.B.); (D.d.J.F.C.); (A.P.C.R.); (V.A.G.); (V.F.C.)
| | - Vanessa Alves Gasparini
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (E.A.A.); (B.d.C.T.F.); (A.C.B.); (D.d.J.F.C.); (A.P.C.R.); (V.A.G.); (V.F.C.)
| | | | - Gustavo Gomes Mendes
- Department of Radiology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil;
| | | | - Vinicius Fernando Calsavara
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (E.A.A.); (B.d.C.T.F.); (A.C.B.); (D.d.J.F.C.); (A.P.C.R.); (V.A.G.); (V.F.C.)
| | - Samuel Aguiar Junior
- Department of Pelvic Surgery, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil;
| | - Celso Abdon Lopes de Mello
- Department of Medical Oncology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil; (V.S.e.S.); (C.A.L.d.M.)
| | - Ludmilla Thomé Domingos Chinen
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (E.A.A.); (B.d.C.T.F.); (A.C.B.); (D.d.J.F.C.); (A.P.C.R.); (V.A.G.); (V.F.C.)
- National Institute for Science and Technology in Oncogenomics and Therapeutic Innovation, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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13
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Desrosiers V, Barat C, Breton Y, Ouellet M, Tremblay MJ. Thymidylate synthase is essential for efficient HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Virology 2021; 561:47-57. [PMID: 34146963 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a key enzyme in nucleotide biosynthesis. A study performed by our group on human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected with HIV-1 showed that many enzymes related to the folate cycle pathway, such as TS, are upregulated in productively infected cells. Here, we suggest that TS is essential for an effective HIV-1 infection in MDMs. Indeed, a TS specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) as well as the TS specific inhibitor Raltitrexed (RTX) caused a reduction in productively infected cells. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that this treatment decreased the efficacy of the early steps of the viral cycle. The RTX inhibitory effect was counteracted by dNTP addition. These results suggest that TS is essential for the early stages of HIV-1 infection by providing optimal dNTP concentrations in MDMs. TS and its related pathway may thus be considered as a potential therapeutic target for HIV-1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Desrosiers
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Yann Breton
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel Ouellet
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada; Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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14
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Ahmed T, Rahman SMA, Asaduzzaman M, Islam ABMMK, Chowdhury AKA. Synthesis, in vitro bioassays, and computational study of heteroaryl nitazoxanide analogs. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00800. [PMID: 34086411 PMCID: PMC8177060 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiprotozoal drug nitazoxanide (NTZ) has shown diverse pharmacological properties and has appeared in several clinical trials. Herein we present the synthesis, characterization, in vitro biological investigation, and in silico study of four hetero aryl amide analogs of NTZ. Among the synthesized molecules, compound 2 and compound 4 exhibited promising antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli), superior to that displayed by the parent drug nitazoxanide as revealed from the in vitro antibacterial assay. Compound 2 displayed zone of inhibition of 20 mm, twice as large as the parent drug NTZ (10 mm) in their least concentration (12.5 µg/ml). Compound 1 also showed antibacterial effect similar to that of nitazoxanide. The analogs were also tested for in vitro cytotoxic activity by employing cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay technique in HeLa cell line, and compound 2 was identified as a potential anticancer agent having IC50 value of 172 µg which proves it to be more potent than nitazoxanide (IC50 = 428 µg). Furthermore, the compounds were subjected to molecular docking study against various bacterial and cancer signaling proteins. The in vitro test results corroborated with the in silico docking study as compound 2 and compound 4 had comparatively stronger binding affinity against the proteins and showed a higher docking score than nitazoxanide toward human mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK9) and fatty acid biosynthesis enzyme (FabH) of E. coli. Moreover, the docking study demonstrated dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS) as probable new targets for nitazoxanide and its synthetic analogs. Overall, the study suggests that nitazoxanide and its analogs can be a potential lead compound in the drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasmia Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | - S. M. Abdur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | - Muhammad Asaduzzaman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | | | - A. K. Azad Chowdhury
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
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15
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Kholodar SA, Finer-Moore JS, Świderek K, Arafet K, Moliner V, Stroud RM, Kohen A. Caught in Action: X-ray Structure of Thymidylate Synthase with Noncovalent Intermediate Analog. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1243-1247. [PMID: 33829766 PMCID: PMC10627423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of 2-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (dUMP) at the C5 position by the obligate dimeric thymidylate synthase (TSase) in the sole de novo biosynthetic pathway to thymidine 5'-monophosphate (dTMP) proceeds by forming a covalent ternary complex with dUMP and cosubstrate 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The crystal structure of an analog of this intermediate gives important mechanistic insights but does not explain the half-of-the-sites activity of the enzyme. Recent experiments showed that the C5 proton and the catalytic Cys are eliminated in a concerted manner from the covalent ternary complex to produce a noncovalent bisubstrate intermediate. Here, we report the crystal structure of TSase with a close synthetic analog of this intermediate in which it has partially reacted with the enzyme but in only one protomer, consistent with the half-of-the-sites activity of this enzyme. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations confirmed that the analog could undergo catalysis. The crystal structure shows a new water 2.9 Å from the critical C5 of the dUMP moiety, which in conjunction with other residues in the network, may be the elusive general base that abstracts the C5 proton of dUMP during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Kholodar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Janet S Finer-Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Katarzyna Świderek
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Kemel Arafet
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Vicent Moliner
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Robert M Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Amnon Kohen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Kang YH, Lee JS, Lee NH, Kim SH, Seo CS, Son CG. Coptidis Rhizoma Extract Reverses 5-Fluorouracil Resistance in HCT116 Human Colorectal Cancer Cells via Modulation of Thymidylate Synthase. Molecules 2021; 26:1856. [PMID: 33806077 PMCID: PMC8036817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy of the colon or rectum. It is ranked as the third most common cancer in both men and women worldwide. Early resection permitted by early detection is the best treatment, and chemotherapy is another main treatment, particularly for patients with advanced CRC. A well-known thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitor, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is frequently prescribed to CRC patients; however, drug resistance is a critical limitation of its clinical application. Based on the hypothesis that Coptidis Rhizoma extract (CRE) can abolish this 5-FU resistance, we explored the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of CRE in 5-FU-resistant (HCT116/R) and parental HCT116 (HCT116/WT) cells. Compared to treatment with 5-FU alone, combination treatment with CRE and 5-FU drastically reduced the viability of HCT116/R cells. The cell cycle distribution assay showed significant induction of the G0/G1 phase arrest by co-treatment with CRE and 5-FU. In addition, the combination of CRE and 5-FU notably suppressed the activity of TS, which was overexpressed in HCT116/R cells, as compared to HCT116/WT cells. Our findings support the potential of CRE as an adjuvant agent against 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancers and indicate that the underlying mechanisms might involve inhibition of TS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hwi Kang
- Institute of Bioscience & Integrative Medicine, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daeduk-daero, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35353, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Jin-Seok Lee
- Institute of Bioscience & Integrative Medicine, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daeduk-daero, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35353, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Nam-Hun Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Cheonan Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, 4, Notaesan-ro, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si 31099, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyung Kim
- Institute of Traditional Medicine & Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daehak-ro 62, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Korea;
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- Research Infrastructure Team, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Institute of Bioscience & Integrative Medicine, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daeduk-daero, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35353, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (J.-S.L.)
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17
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Kurasaka C, Ogino Y, Sato A. Molecular Mechanisms and Tumor Biological Aspects of 5-Fluorouracil Resistance in HCT116 Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062916. [PMID: 33805673 PMCID: PMC8002131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a cornerstone drug used in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the development of resistance to 5-FU and its analogs remain an unsolved problem in CRC treatment. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms and tumor biological aspects of 5-FU resistance in CRC HCT116 cells. We established an acquired 5-FU-resistant cell line, HCT116RF10. HCT116RF10 cells were cross-resistant to the 5-FU analog, fluorodeoxyuridine. In contrast, HCT116RF10 cells were collaterally sensitive to SN-38 and CDDP compared with the parental HCT16 cells. Whole-exome sequencing revealed that a cluster of genes associated with the 5-FU metabolic pathway were not significantly mutated in HCT116 or HCT116RF10 cells. Interestingly, HCT116RF10 cells were regulated by the function of thymidylate synthase (TS), a 5-FU active metabolite 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) inhibiting enzyme. Half of the TS was in an active form, whereas the other half was in an inactive form. This finding indicates that 5-FU-resistant cells exhibited increased TS expression, and the TS enzyme is used to trap FdUMP, resulting in resistance to 5-FU and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinatsu Kurasaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (C.K.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yoko Ogino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (C.K.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (C.K.); (Y.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-4-7121-3620
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18
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Prokopowicz M, Jarmuła A, Casamayou-Boucau Y, Gordon F, Ryder A, Sobich J, Maj P, Cieśla J, Zieliński Z, Fita P, Rode W. Advanced Spectroscopy and APBS Modeling for Determination of the Role of His190 and Trp103 in Mouse Thymidylate Synthase Interaction with Selected dUMP Analogues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2661. [PMID: 33800923 PMCID: PMC7962005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A homo-dimeric enzyme, thymidylate synthase (TS), has been a long-standing molecular target in chemotherapy. To further elucidate properties and interactions with ligands of wild-type mouse thymidylate synthase (mTS) and its two single mutants, H190A and W103G, spectroscopic and theoretical investigations have been employed. In these mutants, histidine at position 190 and tryptophan at position 103 are substituted with alanine and glycine, respectively. Several emission-based spectroscopy methods used in the paper demonstrate an especially important role for Trp 103 in TS ligands binding. In addition, the Advanced Poisson-Boltzmann Solver (APBS) results show considerable differences in the distribution of electrostatic potential around Trp 103, as compared to distributions observed for all remaining Trp residues in the mTS family of structures. Together, spectroscopic and APBS results reveal a possible interplay between Trp 103 and His190, which contributes to a reduction in enzymatic activity in the case of H190A mutation. Comparison of electrostatic potential for mTS complexes, and their mutants, with the substrate, dUMP, and inhibitors, FdUMP and N4-OH-dCMP, suggests its weaker influence on the enzyme-ligand interactions in N4OH-dCMP-mTS compared to dUMP-mTS and FdUMP-mTS complexes. This difference may be crucial for the explanation of the "abortive reaction" inhibitory mechanism of N4OH-dCMP towards TS. In addition, based on structural analyses and the H190A mutant capacity to form a denaturation-resistant complex with N4-OH-dCMP in the mTHF-dependent reaction, His190 is apparently responsible for a strong preference of the enzyme active center for the anti rotamer of the imino inhibitor form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Prokopowicz
- Inter-Faculty Interdisciplinary Doctoral Studies in Natural Sciences and Mathematics, MISMaP College, University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (J.S.); (P.M.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Adam Jarmuła
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (J.S.); (P.M.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yannick Casamayou-Boucau
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (Y.C.-B.); (F.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Fiona Gordon
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (Y.C.-B.); (F.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Alan Ryder
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (Y.C.-B.); (F.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Justyna Sobich
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (J.S.); (P.M.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Piotr Maj
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (J.S.); (P.M.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Joanna Cieśla
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, ul Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Zieliński
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (J.S.); (P.M.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Piotr Fita
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Rode
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (J.S.); (P.M.); (Z.Z.)
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Onwe EE, Ghani FA, Abdullah M, Osman M, Zin RRM, Vivian AN, Mohtarrudin N. Predictive Potential of PD-L1, TYMS, and DCC Expressions in Treatment Outcome of Colorectal Carcinoma. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1292:97-112. [PMID: 32542457 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a malignancy of epithelial origin in the large bowel. The elucidation of the biological functions of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), thymidylate synthase (TYMS), and deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) biomarkers including their roles in the pathophysiology of CRC - has led to their applications in diagnostic and chemo-pharmaceutics. We investigated whether PD-L1, TYMS, and DCC protein expression in CRC tumors are predictive biomarkers of treatment outcome for CRC patients. The expressions of PD-L1, TYMS, and DCC were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 91 paraffin-embedded samples from patients who underwent colectomy procedure in Hospital Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. There was high expression of DCC in most cases: 84.6% (77/91). PD-L1 showed low expression in 93.4% (86/91) of cases and high expression in 6.6% (5/91) of cases. Low and high expressions of TYMS were detected in 53.8% (49/91) and 46.2% (42/91) of the CRC cases, respectively. There was a significant association between the TYMS expression and gender (P < 0.05); the expression of TYMS was observed at a high level in 76.2% of males and in 23.8% of females. The mean overall survival (OS) was 100 months for the CRC patients evaluated. The OS for patients with high expression of PD-L1 was 22 months. Patients with high expression of TYMS and DCC showed OS of 90 and 96 months, respectively. The results from this study suggest that PD-L1, TYMS, and DCC expression could be used as biomarkers to stratify CRC patients who could benefit from adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenyi Emeka Onwe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Fauzah Abd Ghani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maha Abdullah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Malina Osman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Arimokwu Nimbi Vivian
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Mohtarrudin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Uehara M, Domoto T, Takenaka S, Bolidong D, Takeuchi O, Miyashita T, Minamoto T. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β participates in acquired resistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:4405-4416. [PMID: 32986894 PMCID: PMC7734171 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of resistance to gemcitabine is a challenging clinical and biological hallmark property of refractory pancreatic cancer. Here, we investigated whether glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, an emerging therapeutic target in various cancer types, is mechanistically involved in acquired resistance to gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer. This study included 3 gemcitabine-sensitive BxPC-3 cell-derived clones (BxG30, BxG140, BxG400) that acquired stepwise resistance to gemcitabine and overexpressed ribonucleotide reductase (RR)M1. Treatment with GSK3β-specific inhibitor alone attenuated the viability and proliferation of the gemcitabine-resistant clones, while synergistically enhancing the efficacy of gemcitabine against these clones and their xenograft tumors in rodents. The gemcitabine-resensitizing effect of GSK3β inhibition was associated with decreased expression of RRM1, reduced phosphorylation of Rb protein, and restored binding of Rb to the E2 transcription factor (E2F)1. This was followed by decreased E2F1 transcriptional activity, which ultimately suppressed the expression of E2F1 transcriptional targets including RRM1, CCND1 encoding cyclin D1, thymidylate synthase, and thymidine kinase 1. These results suggested that GSK3β participates in the acquisition of gemcitabine resistance by pancreatic cancer cells via impairment of the functional interaction between Rb tumor suppressor protein and E2F1 pro-oncogenic transcription factor, thereby highlighting GSK3β as a promising target in refractory pancreatic cancer. By providing insight into the molecular mechanism of gemcitabine resistance, this study identified a potentially novel strategy for pancreatic cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Uehara
- Division of Translational and Clinical OncologyCancer Research InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Takahiro Domoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical OncologyCancer Research InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Satoshi Takenaka
- Division of Translational and Clinical OncologyCancer Research InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Dilireba Bolidong
- Division of Translational and Clinical OncologyCancer Research InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Biomedical LaboratoryDepartment of ResearchKitasato University Kitasato Institute HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoharu Miyashita
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
- Department of Surgical OncologyKanazawa Medical UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical OncologyCancer Research InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
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21
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Alzhrani ZMM, Alam MM, Neamatallah T, Nazreen S. Design, synthesis and in vitro antiproliferative activity of new thiazolidinedione-1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids as thymidylate synthase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1116-1123. [PMID: 32354237 PMCID: PMC7241536 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1759581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) has been an attention-grabbing area of research for the treatment of cancers due to their role in DNA biosynthesis. In the present study, we have synthesised a library of thiazolidinedione-1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids as TS inhibitors. All the synthesised hybrids followed Lipinski and Veber rules which indicated good drug likeness properties upon oral administration. Among the synthesised hybrids, compound 9 and 10 displayed 4.5 and 4.4 folds activity of 5-Fluorouracil, respectively against MCF-7 cell line whereas 3.1 and 2.5 folds cytotoxicity against HCT-116 cell line. Furthermore, compound 9 and 10 also inhibited TS enzyme with IC50 = 1.67 and 2.21 µM, respectively. Finally, the docking studies of 9 and 10 were found to be consistent with in vitro TS results. From these studies, compound 9 and 10 has the potential to be developed as TS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Mahboob Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thikryat Neamatallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Nazreen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
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Ruiz VG, Czyzyk DJ, Kumar VP, Jorgensen WL, Anderson KS. Targeting the TS dimer interface in bifunctional Cryptosporidium hominis TS-DHFR from parasitic protozoa: Virtual screening identifies novel TS allosteric inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127292. [PMID: 32631514 PMCID: PMC7376443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapies are lacking to treat gastrointestinal infections caused by the genus Cryptosporidium, which can be fatal in the immunocompromised. One target of interest is Cryptosporidium hominis (C. hominis) thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase (ChTS-DHFR), a bifunctional enzyme necessary for DNA biosynthesis. Targeting the TS-TS dimer interface is a novel strategy previously used to identify inhibitors against the related bifunctional enzyme in Toxoplasma gondii. In the present study, we target the ChTS dimer interface through homology modeling and high-throughput virtual screening to identifying allosteric, ChTS-specific inhibitors. Our work led to the discovery of methylenedioxyphenyl-aminophenoxypropanol analogues which inhibit ChTS activity in a manner that is both dose-dependent and influenced by the conformation of the enzyme. Preliminary results presented here include an analysis of structure activity relationships and a ChTS-apo crystal structure of ChTS-DHFR supporting the continued development of inhibitors that stabilize a novel pocket formed in the open conformation of ChTS-TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel J Czyzyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vidya P Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Jiang Y, Liu K, Shi Y, Li Y, Ji X, Zhao R. Correlation Research of Thymidine Synthase Expression in Circulating Tumor Cell and Clinical Characteristics of Colon Cancer. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2020; 50:439-446. [PMID: 32826238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical significance of thymidine synthase (TYMS) expression in circulating tumor cells (CTC). METHODS Patients (n=43) were recruited upon reference to the Department of Surgery at a local hospital. Arterial-portal blood samples were harvested from all patients. Patient baseline information was collected when individuals were recruited into the study and include age, sex, and tumor stage. Complete response (CR) events and progressive disease (PD) events were recorded after follow-up. The CTC positive rate and the CTC number were assessed in blood samples. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) subgroups and related TYMS expressions were examined for their correlation with colon cancer prognosis. The TYMS expression differed among various EMT subgroups. RESULTS In our study, the CTC number was not associated with the prognosis index of colon cancer patients. These non-associated indices also include TNM tumor stage, CEA factor, primary tumor position, pathological pattern, age, and sex. However, the total CTC positive rate was correlated with tumor stage. For patients with right colon cancer (10/35), mixed type EMT was in the majority, while epithelial type EMT was the main subgroup in patients with left colon cancer (25/35). The TYMS expression differed among various subgroups of EMT. Left colon cancer (25/35) had the negative expression level of TYMS (75%). CONCLUSIONS CTC positive rate is a promising index for the diagnosis of colon cancer. The lack of TYMS in CTC makes EMT cells prone to becoming epithelial-like cells, and TYMS silence in CTC indicates that the tumor is in the left colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Jiang
- Departmant of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medcine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Departmant of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medcine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Shi
- Departmant of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medcine, Shanghai, China
| | - You Li
- Departmant of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medcine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaopin Ji
- Departmant of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medcine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren Zhao
- Departmant of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medcine, Shanghai, China
- Departmant of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medcine, Shanghai, China
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Maj P, Mori M, Sobich J, Markowicz J, Uram Ł, Zieliński Z, Quaglio D, Calcaterra A, Cau Y, Botta B, Rode W. Alvaxanthone, a Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitor with Nematocidal and Tumoricidal Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122894. [PMID: 32586022 PMCID: PMC7356228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim to identify novel inhibitors of parasitic nematode thymidylate synthase (TS), we screened in silico an in-house library of natural compounds, taking advantage of a model of nematode TS three-dimensional (3D) structure and choosing candidate compounds potentially capable of enzyme binding/inhibition. Selected compounds were tested as (i) inhibitors of the reaction catalyzed by TSs of different species, (ii) agents toxic to a nematode parasite model (C. elegans grown in vitro), (iii) inhibitors of normal human cell growth, and (iv) antitumor agents affecting human tumor cells grown in vitro. The results pointed to alvaxanthone as a relatively strong TS inhibitor that causes C. elegans population growth reduction with nematocidal potency similar to the anthelmintic drug mebendazole. Alvaxanthone also demonstrated an antiproliferative effect in tumor cells, associated with a selective toxicity against mitochondria observed in cancer cells compared to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Maj
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (P.M.); (J.S.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.M.); (Y.C.)
| | - Justyna Sobich
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (P.M.); (J.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Joanna Markowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.M.); (Ł.U.)
| | - Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.M.); (Ł.U.)
| | - Zbigniew Zieliński
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (P.M.); (J.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.Q.); (A.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.Q.); (A.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Ylenia Cau
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.M.); (Y.C.)
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.Q.); (A.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Wojciech Rode
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (P.M.); (J.S.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-608-351-155; Fax: +48-22-822-5342
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25
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Wang L, Sun R, Eriksson S. Basic biochemical characterization of cytosolic enzymes in thymidine nucleotide synthesis in adult rat tissues: implications for tissue specific mitochondrial DNA depletion and deoxynucleoside-based therapy for TK2-deficiency. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:33. [PMID: 32345222 PMCID: PMC7189545 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiency in thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) or p53 inducible ribonucleotide reductase small subunit (p53R2) is associated with tissue specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion. To understand the mechanisms of the tissue specific mtDNA depletion we systematically studied key enzymes in dTMP synthesis in mitochondrial and cytosolic extracts prepared from adult rat tissues. RESULTS In addition to mitochondrial TK2 a cytosolic isoform of TK2 was characterized, which showed similar substrate specificity to the mitochondrial TK2. Total TK activity was highest in spleen and lowest in skeletal muscle. Thymidylate synthase (TS) was detected in cytosols and its activity was high in spleen but low in other tissues. TS protein levels were high in heart, brain and skeletal muscle, which deviated from TS activity levels. The p53R2 proteins were at similar levels in all tissues except liver where it was ~ 6-fold lower. Our results strongly indicate that mitochondria in most tissues are capable of producing enough dTTP for mtDNA replication via mitochondrial TK2, but skeletal muscle mitochondria do not and are most likely dependent on both the salvage and de novo synthesis pathways. CONCLUSION These results provide important information concerning mechanisms for the tissue dependent variation of dTTP synthesis and explained why deficiency in TK2 or p53R2 leads to skeletal muscle dysfunctions. Furthermore, the presence of a putative cytosolic TK2-like enzyme may provide basic knowledge for the understanding of deoxynucleoside-based therapy for mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Teixeira BVF, Teles ALB, da Silva SG, Brito CCB, de Freitas HF, Pires ABL, Froes TQ, Castilho MS. Dual and selective inhibitors of pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) and dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) from Leishmania chagasi. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1439-1450. [PMID: 31409157 PMCID: PMC6713189 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1651311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease found in more than 90 countries. The drugs available to treat this disease have nonspecific action and high toxicity. In order to develop novel therapeutic alternatives to fight this ailment, pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) and dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHF-TS) have been targeted, once Leishmania is auxotrophic for folates. Although PTR1 and DHFR-TS from other protozoan parasites have been studied, their homologs in Leishmania chagasi have been poorly characterized. Hence, this work describes the optimal conditions to express the recombinant LcPTR1 and LcDHFR-TS enzymes, as well as balanced assay conditions for screening. Last but not the least, we show that 2,4 diaminopyrimidine derivatives are low-micromolar competitive inhibitors of both enzymes (LcPTR1 Ki = 1.50-2.30 µM and LcDHFR Ki = 0.28-3.00 µM) with poor selectivity index. On the other hand, compound 5 (2,4-diaminoquinazoline derivative) is a selective LcPTR1 inhibitor (Ki = 0.47 µM, selectivity index = 20).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Lacerda Braga Teles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Humberto Fonseca de Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Thamires Quadros Froes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos Castilho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant tumors worldwide. DNA replication plays a critical role in the occurrence and development of pancreatic cancer. TYMS encodes thymidylate synthase, which is important for DNA synthesis. The TYMS gene has been assessed in some tumors. However, the specific role of TYMS in pancreatic cancer has not been identified. This study was designed to clarify the diagnostic and prognostic significance of TYMS in pancreatic cancer.The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to compare TYMS expression in pancreatic cancer, and ROC curve analysis was used to investigate its diagnostic value. The correlation between clinical characteristics and TYMS expression was analyzed, and the prognostic value of TYMS expression in the patients with pancreatic cancer was assessed by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox analysis.TYMS was upregulated in pancreatic cancer and associated with poor overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Univariate and multivariate survival analysis demonstrated that TYMS is an independent risk factor for OS and RFS in patients with pancreatic cancer.The upregulation of TYMS in pancreatic cancer leads to unfavorable OS and RFS in patients, and represents a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Yan Jiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Bai Ji
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Baoxing Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University
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Liu T, Han Y, Yu C, Ji Y, Wang C, Chen X, Wang X, Shen J, Zhang Y, Lang JY. MYC predetermines the sensitivity of gastrointestinal cancer to antifolate drugs through regulating TYMS transcription. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:289-300. [PMID: 31648989 PMCID: PMC6838448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is a successful chemotherapeutic target for anticancer therapy. Numerous TYMS inhibitors have been developed and used for treating gastrointestinal cancer now, but they have limited clinical benefits due to the prevalent unresponsiveness and toxicity. It is urgent to identify a predictive biomarker to guide the precise clinical use of TYMS inhibitors. Methods Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening was performed to identify potential therapeutic targets for treating gastrointestinal tumours as well as key regulators of raltitrexed (RTX) sensitivity. Cell-based functional assays were used to investigate how MYC regulates TYMS transcription. Cancer patient data were used to verify the correlation between drug response and MYC and/or TYMS mRNA levels. Finally, the role of NIPBL inactivation in gastrointestinal cancer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Findings TYMS is essential for maintaining the viability of gastrointestinal cancer cells, and is selectively inhibited by RTX. Mechanistically, MYC presets gastrointestinal cancer sensitivity to RTX through upregulating TYMS transcription, supported by TCGA data showing that complete response cases to TYMS inhibitors had significantly higher MYC and TYMS mRNA levels than those of progressive diseases. NIPBL inactivation decreases the therapeutic responses of gastrointestinal cancer to RTX through blocking MYC. Interpretation Our study unveils a mechanism of how TYMS is transcriptionally regulated by MYC, and provides rationales for the precise use of TYMS inhibitors in the clinic. Funding This work was financially supported by grants of NKRDP (2016YFC1302400), STCSM (16JC1406200), NSFC (81872890, 81322034, 81372346) and CAS (QYZDB-SSW-SMC034, XDA12020210).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yumin Han
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chunhong Yu
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Ji
- Bioinformatics Core, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changxu Wang
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiayan Shen
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhang
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing-Yu Lang
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Pawlowic MC, Somepalli M, Sateriale A, Herbert GT, Gibson AR, Cuny GD, Hedstrom L, Striepen B. Genetic ablation of purine salvage in Cryptosporidium parvum reveals nucleotide uptake from the host cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21160-21165. [PMID: 31570573 PMCID: PMC6800313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908239116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium is a leading global cause of severe diarrheal disease and an important contributor to early-childhood mortality. Waterborne outbreaks occur frequently, even in countries with advanced water treatment capabilities, and there is currently no fully effective treatment. Nucleotide pathways are attractive targets for antimicrobial development, and several laboratories are designing inhibitors of these enzymes as potential treatment for Cryptosporidium infections. Here we take advantage of newly available molecular genetics for Cryptosporidium parvum to investigate nucleotide biosynthesis by directed gene ablation. Surprisingly, we found that the parasite tolerates the loss of classical targets including dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) and inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). We show that thymidine kinase provides a route to thymidine monophosphate in the absence of DHFR-TS. In contrast, only a single pathway has been identified for C. parvum purine nucleotide salvage. Nonetheless, multiple enzymes in the purine pathway, as well as the adenosine transporter, can be ablated. The resulting mutants are viable under normal conditions but are hypersensitive to inhibition of purine nucleotide synthesis in their host cell. Cryptosporidium might use as-yet undiscovered purine transporters and salvage enzymes; however, genetic and pharmacological experiments led us to conclude that Cryptosporidium imports purine nucleotides from the host cell. The potential for ATP uptake from the host has significant impact on our understanding of parasite energy metabolism given that Cryptosporidium lacks oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic enzymes are not constitutively expressed throughout the parasite life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattie C Pawlowic
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Mastanbabu Somepalli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Adam Sateriale
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gillian T Herbert
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Alexis R Gibson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204
| | - Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Boris Striepen
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602;
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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30
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Sobich J, Prokopowicz M, Maj P, Wilk P, Zieliński Z, Frączyk T, Rode W. Thymidylate synthase-catalyzed, tetrahydrofolate-dependent self-inactivation by 5-FdUMP. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 674:108106. [PMID: 31520592 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In view of previous crystallographic studies, N4-hydroxy-dCMP, a slow-binding thymidylate synthase inhibitor apparently caused "uncoupling" of the two thymidylate synthase-catalyzed reactions, including the N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate one-carbon group transfer and reduction, suggesting the enzyme's capacity to use tetrahydrofolate as a cofactor reducing the pyrimidine ring C(5) in the absence of the 5-methylene group. Testing the latter interpretation, a possibility was examined of a TS-catalyzed covalent self-modification/self-inactivation with certain pyrimidine deoxynucleotides, including 5-fluoro-dUMP and N4-hydroxy-dCMP, that would be promoted by tetrahydrofolate and accompanied with its parallel oxidation to dihydrofolate. Electrophoretic analysis showed mouse recombinant TS protein to form, in the presence of tetrahydrofolate, a covalently bound, electrophoretically separable 5-fluoro-dUMP-thymidylate synthase complex, similar to that produced in the presence of N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. Further studies of the mouse enzyme binding with 5-fluoro-dUMP/N4-hydroxy-dCMP by TCA precipitation of the complex on filter paper showed it to be tetrahydrofolate-promoted, as well as to depend on both time in the range of minutes and the enzyme molecular activity, indicating thymidylate synthase-catalyzed reaction to be responsible for it. Furthermore, the tetrahydrofolate- and time-dependent, covalent binding by thymidylate synthase of each 5-fluoro-dUMP and N4-hydroxy-dCMP was shown to be accompanied by the enzyme inactivation, as well as spectrophotometrically confirmed dihydrofolate production, the latter demonstrated to depend on the reaction time, thymidylate synthase activity and temperature of the incubation mixture, further documenting its catalytic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sobich
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Prokopowicz
- Warsaw University, College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, and Faculty of Physics, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Maj
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Wilk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Zieliński
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tomasz Frączyk
- Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rode
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.
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Coppedè F, Stoccoro A, Tannorella P, Gallo R, Nicolì V, Migliore L. Association of Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in One-Carbon Metabolism with MTHFR Methylation Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3754. [PMID: 31370354 PMCID: PMC6696388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a pivotal enzyme in the one-carbon metabolism, a metabolic pathway required for DNA synthesis and methylation reactions. MTHFR hypermethylation, resulting in reduced gene expression, can contribute to several human disorders, but little is still known about the factors that regulate MTHFR methylation levels. We performed the present study to investigate if common polymorphisms in one-carbon metabolism genes contribute to MTHFR methylation levels. MTHFR methylation was assessed in peripheral blood DNA samples from 206 healthy subjects with methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM); genotyping was performed for MTHFR 677C>T (rs1801133) and 1298A>C (rs1801131), MTRR 66A>G (rs1801394), MTR 2756A>G (rs1805087), SLC19A1 (RFC1) 80G>A (rs1051266), TYMS 28-bp tandem repeats (rs34743033) and 1494 6-bp ins/del (rs34489327), DNMT3A -448A>G (rs1550117), and DNMT3B -149C>T (rs2424913) polymorphisms. We observed a statistically significant effect of the DNMT3B -149C>T polymorphism on mean MTHFR methylation levels, and particularly CT and TT carriers showed increased methylation levels than CC carriers. The present study revealed an association between a functional polymorphism of DNMT3B and MTHFR methylation levels that could be of relevance in those disorders, such as inborn defects, metabolic disorders and cancer, that have been linked to impaired DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Coppedè
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Stoccoro
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierpaola Tannorella
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Gallo
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Doctoral School in Genetics, Oncology and Clinical Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vanessa Nicolì
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Doctoral School in Genetics, Oncology and Clinical Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Migliore
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Altundag K. Thymidylate synthase expression at metastatic site might be more correlated with response to anti-thymidylate synthase agent in triple negative breast cancers. J BUON 2019; 24:1737. [PMID: 31646838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Altundag
- MKA Breast Cancer Clinic, Tepe Prime, Cankaya, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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33
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Turnbull T, Douglass M, Williamson NH, Howard D, Bhardwaj R, Lawrence M, Paterson DJ, Bezak E, Thierry B, Kempson IM. Cross-Correlative Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Biological Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Radiosensitization. ACS Nano 2019; 13:5077-5090. [PMID: 31009200 PMCID: PMC6546286 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle radiosensitization has been demonstrated well to enhance the effects of radiotherapy, motivate the improvement of therapeutic ratios, and decrease morbidity in cancer treatment. A significant challenge exists in optimizing formulations and translation due to insufficient knowledge of the associated mechanisms, which have historically been limited to physical concepts. Here, we investigated a concept for the role of biological mechanisms. The mere presence of gold nanoparticles led to a down-regulation of thymidylate synthase, important for DNA damage repair in the radioresistant S-phase cells. By developing a cross-correlative methodology to reveal probabilistic gold nanoparticle uptake by cell sub-populations and the associated sensitization as a function of the uptake, a number of revealing observations have been achieved. Surprisingly, for low numbers of nanoparticles, a desensitization action was observed. Sensitization was discovered to preferentially impact S-phase cells, in which impairment of the DNA damage response by the homologous recombination pathway dominates. This small but radioresistant cell population correlates with much greater proliferative ability. Thus, a paradigm is presented whereby enhanced DNA damage is not necessarily due to an increase in the number of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) created but can be from a nanoparticle-induced impairment of the damage response by down-regulating repair proteins such as thymidylate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyron Turnbull
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Michael Douglass
- Department of Medical Physics , Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide , South Australia 5000 , Australia
- Department of Physics , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
| | - Nathan H Williamson
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, NICHD , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Douglas Howard
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Richa Bhardwaj
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Department of Critical Care Medicine , Flinders University , Adelaide , South Australia 5042 , Australia
| | | | - Eva Bezak
- Department of Physics , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
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Sakatani A, Sonohara F, Goel A. Melatonin-mediated downregulation of thymidylate synthase as a novel mechanism for overcoming 5-fluorouracil associated chemoresistance in colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:422-431. [PMID: 30590435 PMCID: PMC6514450 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been established as the first-line chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC); however, acquired chemoresistance is often the cause of poor therapeutic response. Melatonin is a molecule that is associated with circadian rhythms. Although antitumor effects of melatonin have been shown, the underlying mechanism(s) for its activity and its effect, if any, in chemoresistant CRC has not been studied. We aimed to investigate antitumor effects of melatonin, and more specifically its effect on molecular mechanisms in 5-FU resistant CRC cells. METHODS The cell growth was assessed in CRC cells, patient-derived organoids and 5-FU resistant CRC cells after treatments with melatonin. In addition, the expression of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are targeting TYMS were examined. RESULTS We observed that melatonin inhibited the cell growth in 5-FU resistant CRC cells. In addition, we found that melatonin significantly promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, a combination of melatonin and 5-FU markedly enhanced 5-FU-mediated cytotoxicity in 5-FU resistant cells. In addition, melatonin significantly decreased the expression of TYMS. Interestingly, this effect was manifested through the simultaneous increase in the expression of miR-215-5p, for which, TYMS serves as the direct downstream target for this miRNA. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin facilitates overcoming 5-FU resistance through downregulation of TYMS. Melatonin may serve as a potential therapeutic option on its own, or in conjunction with 5-FU, in the treatment of patients with advanced or chemoresistant CRC.Melatonin inhibits the growth of 5-FU resistant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells through upregulation of miR-215-5p and a concomitant downregulation of TYMS. Melatonin may serve as a potential therapeutic option in the treatment of patients with advanced or chemoresistant CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Sakatani
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sonohara
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Pozzi C, Lopresti L, Tassone G, Mangani S. Targeting Methyltransferases in Human Pathogenic Bacteria: Insights into Thymidylate Synthase (TS) and Flavin-Dependent TS (FDTS). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081638. [PMID: 31027295 PMCID: PMC6514825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In cells, thymidylate synthases provide the only de novo source of 2′-deoxythymidine-5′-monophosphate (dTMP), required for DNA synthesis. The activity of these enzymes is pivotal for cell survival and proliferation. Two main families of thymidylate synthases have been identified in bacteria, folate-dependent thymidylate synthase (TS) and flavin-dependent TS (FDTS). TS and FDTS are highly divergent enzymes, characterized by exclusive catalytic mechanisms, involving different sets of cofactors. TS and FDTS mechanisms of action have been recently revised, providing new perspectives for the development of antibacterial drugs targeting these enzymes. Nonetheless, some catalytic details still remain elusive. For bacterial TSs, half-site reactivity is still an open debate and the recent evidences are somehow controversial. Furthermore, different behaviors have been identified among bacterial TSs, compromising the definition of common mechanisms. Moreover, the redox reaction responsible for the regeneration of reduced flavin in FDTSs is not completely clarified. This review describes the recent advances in the structural and functional characterization of bacterial TSs and FDTSs and the current understanding of their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the recent progresses in the development of inhibitors targeting TS and FDTS in human pathogenic bacteria are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pozzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy⁻Department of Excellence 2018-2020, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Ludovica Lopresti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy⁻Department of Excellence 2018-2020, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Giusy Tassone
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy⁻Department of Excellence 2018-2020, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy⁻Department of Excellence 2018-2020, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Pozzi C, Ferrari S, Luciani R, Costi MP, Mangani S. Structural and Functional Characterization of the Human Thymidylate Synthase (hTS) Interface Variant R175C, New Perspectives for the Development of hTS Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071362. [PMID: 30959951 PMCID: PMC6479699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human thymidylate synthase (hTS) is pivotal for cell survival and proliferation, indeed it provides the only synthetic source of dTMP, required for DNA biosynthesis. hTS represents a validated target for anticancer chemotherapy. However, active site-targeting drugs towards hTS have limitations connected to the onset of resistance. Thus, new strategies have to be applied to effectively target hTS without inducing resistance in cancer cells. Here, we report the generation and the functional and structural characterization of a new hTS interface variant in which Arg175 is replaced by a cysteine. Arg175 is located at the interface of the hTS obligate homodimer and protrudes inside the active site of the partner subunit, in which it provides a fundamental contribution for substrate binding. Indeed, the R175C variant results catalytically inactive. The introduction of a cysteine at the dimer interface is functional for development of new hTS inhibitors through innovative strategies, such as the tethering approach. Structural analysis, performed through X-ray crystallography, has revealed that a cofactor derivative is entrapped inside the catalytic cavity of the hTS R175C variant. The peculiar binding mode of the cofactor analogue suggests new clues exploitable for the design of new hTS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pozzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2020, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Stefania Ferrari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Luciani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2020, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Ruiz V, Czyzyk DJ, Valhondo M, Jorgensen WL, Anderson KS. Novel allosteric covalent inhibitors of bifunctional Cryptosporidium hominis TS-DHFR from parasitic protozoa identified by virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1413-1418. [PMID: 30929953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protozoans of the genus Cryptosporidium are the causative agent of the gastrointestinal disease, cryptosporidiosis, which can be fatal in immunocompromised individuals. Cryptosporidium hominis (C. hominis) bifunctional thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase (TS-DHFR) is an essential enzyme in the folate biosynthesis pathway and a molecular target for inhibitor design. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of the ChTS-DHFR linker region "crossover helix" to the enzymatic activity and stability of the ChDHFR domain. We conducted a virtual screen of a novel non-active site pocket located at the interface of the ChDHFR domain and crossover helix. From this screen we have identified and characterized a noncompetitive inhibitor, compound 15, a substituted diphenyl thiourea. Through subsequent structure activity relationship studies, we have identified a time-dependent inhibitor lead, compound 15D17, a thiol-substituted 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide, which is selective for ChTS-DHFR, and whose effects appear to be mediated by covalent bond formation with a non-catalytic cysteine residue adjacent to the non-active site pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel J Czyzyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Margarita Valhondo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA.
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Liu W, Wang F, Zhu Y, Li X, Liu X, Pang J, Pan W. Galactosylated Chitosan-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Loading by Calcium Leucovorin for Colon Cancer Cell-Targeted Drug Delivery. Molecules 2018; 23:E3082. [PMID: 30486276 PMCID: PMC6320954 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to colon cancer cells can significantly improve the efficiency of treatment. We firstly synthesized carboxyl-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN⁻COOH) via two-step synthesis, and then developed calcium leucovorin (LV)-loaded carboxyl-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles based on galactosylated chitosan (GC), which are galectin receptor-mediated materials for colon-specific drug delivery systems. Both unmodified and functionalized nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), nitrogen sorption, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Drug release properties and drug loading capacity were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV). LV@MSN⁻COOH/GC had a high LV loading and a drug loading of 18.07%. In vitro, its release, mainly by diffusion, was sustained release. Cell experiments showed that in SW620 cells with the galectin receptor, the LV@MSN⁻COOH/GC metabolized into methyl tetrahydrofolic acid (MTHF) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)@MSN⁻NH₂/GC metabolized into FdUMP in vivo. MTHF and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) had combined inhibition and significantly downregulated the expression of thymidylate synthase (TS). Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry experiments show that MSN⁻COOH/GC has tumor cell targeting, which specifically recognizes and binds to the galectin receptor in tumor cells. The results show that the nano-dosing system based on GC can increase the concentrations of LV and 5-FU tumor cells and enhance their combined effect against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yongchao Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jingjing Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Weisan Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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39
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Kelemen LE, Earp M, Fridley BL, Chenevix-Trench G, Fasching PA, Beckmann MW, Ekici AB, Hein A, Lambrechts D, Lambrechts S, Van Nieuwenhuysen E, Vergote I, Rossing MA, Doherty JA, Chang-Claude J, Behrens S, Moysich KB, Cannioto R, Lele S, Odunsi K, Goodman MT, Shvetsov YB, Thompson PJ, Wilkens LR, Dörk T, Antonenkova N, Bogdanova N, Hillemanns P, Runnebaum IB, du Bois A, Harter P, Heitz F, Schwaab I, Butzow R, Pelttari LM, Nevanlinna H, Modugno F, Edwards RP, Kelley JL, Ness RB, Karlan BY, Lester J, Orsulic S, Walsh C, Kjaer SK, Jensen A, Cunningham JM, Vierkant RA, Giles GG, Bruinsma F, Southey MC, Hildebrandt MA, Liang D, Lu K, Wu X, Sellers TA, Levine DA, Schildkraut JM, Iversen ES, Terry KL, Cramer DW, Tworoger SS, Poole EM, Bandera EV, Olson SH, Orlow I, Vestrheim Thomsen LC, Bjorge L, Krakstad C, Tangen IL, Kiemeney LA, Aben KK, Massuger LF, van Altena AM, Pejovic T, Bean Y, Kellar M, Cook LS, Le ND, Brooks-Wilson A, Gronwald J, Cybulski C, Jakubowska A, Lubiński J, Wentzensen N, Brinton LA, Lissowska J, Hogdall E, Engelholm SA, Hogdall C, Lundvall L, Nedergaard L, Pharoah PD, Dicks E, Song H, Tyrer JP, McNeish I, Siddiqui N, Carty K, Glasspool R, Paul J, Campbell IG, Eccles D, Whittemore AS, McGuire V, Rothstein JH, Sieh W, Narod SA, Phelan CM, McLaughlin JR, Risch HA, Anton-Culver H, Ziogas A, Menon U, Gayther SA, Gentry-Maharaj A, Ramus SJ, Wu AH, Pearce CL, Lee AW, Pike MC, Kupryjanczyk J, Podgorska A, Plisiecka-Halasa J, Sawicki W, Goode EL, Berchuck A. rs495139 in the TYMS-ENOSF1 Region and Risk of Ovarian Carcinoma of Mucinous Histology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2473. [PMID: 30134598 PMCID: PMC6163881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is a crucial enzyme for DNA synthesis. TYMS expression is regulated by its antisense mRNA, ENOSF1. Disrupted regulation may promote uncontrolled DNA synthesis and tumor growth. We sought to replicate our previously reported association between rs495139 in the TYMS-ENOSF1 3' gene region and increased risk of mucinous ovarian carcinoma (MOC) in an independent sample. Genotypes from 24,351 controls to 15,000 women with invasive OC, including 665 MOC, were available. We estimated per-allele odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using unconditional logistic regression, and meta-analysis when combining these data with our previous report. The association between rs495139 and MOC was not significant in the independent sample (OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.97⁻1.22; p = 0.15; N = 665 cases). Meta-analysis suggested a weak association (OR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.03⁻1.24; p = 0.01; N = 1019 cases). No significant association with risk of other OC histologic types was observed (p = 0.05 for tumor heterogeneity). In expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis, the rs495139 allele was positively associated with ENOSF1 mRNA expression in normal tissues of the gastrointestinal system, particularly esophageal mucosa (r = 0.51, p = 1.7 × 10-28), and nonsignificantly in five MOC tumors. The association results, along with inconclusive tumor eQTL findings, suggest that a true effect of rs495139 might be small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda E. Kelemen
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Madalene Earp
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (M.E.); (E.L.G.)
| | - Brooke L. Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 USA;
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | | | - Peter A. Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.A.F.); (M.W.B.); (A.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.A.F.); (M.W.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Arif B. Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany;
| | - Alexander Hein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.A.F.); (M.W.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, University of Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium;
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sandrina Lambrechts
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; (S.L.); (E.V.N.); (I.V.)
| | - Els Van Nieuwenhuysen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; (S.L.); (E.V.N.); (I.V.)
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; (S.L.); (E.V.N.); (I.V.)
| | - Mary Anne Rossing
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98402, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Doherty
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; (J.C.-C.); (S.B.)
- University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Behrens
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; (J.C.-C.); (S.B.)
| | - Kirsten B. Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (K.B.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Rikki Cannioto
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (K.B.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Shashikant Lele
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (S.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (S.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Marc T. Goodman
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.T.G.); (P.J.T.)
- Community and Population Health Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yurii B. Shvetsov
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (Y.B.S.); (L.R.W.)
| | - Pamela J. Thompson
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.T.G.); (P.J.T.)
- Community and Population Health Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (Y.B.S.); (L.R.W.)
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany; (T.D.); (N.B.)
| | - Natalia Antonenkova
- Byelorussian Institute for Oncology and Medical Radiology Aleksandrov N.N., Minsk 223040, Belarus;
| | - Natalia Bogdanova
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany; (T.D.); (N.B.)
| | - Peter Hillemanns
- Clinics of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany;
| | - Ingo B. Runnebaum
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07743, Germany;
| | - Andreas du Bois
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte (KEM), Essen 45136, Germany; (A.d.B.); (P.H.); (F.H.)
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 65199, Germany
| | - Philipp Harter
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte (KEM), Essen 45136, Germany; (A.d.B.); (P.H.); (F.H.)
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 65199, Germany
| | - Florian Heitz
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte (KEM), Essen 45136, Germany; (A.d.B.); (P.H.); (F.H.)
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 65199, Germany
| | - Ira Schwaab
- Praxis für Humangenetik, Wiesbaden 65187, Germany;
| | - Ralf Butzow
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland; (L.M.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Liisa M. Pelttari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland; (L.M.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland; (L.M.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Francesmary Modugno
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (F.M.); (R.P.E.); (J.L.K.)
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Women’s Cancer Research Program, Magee-Women's Research Institute and Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robert P. Edwards
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (F.M.); (R.P.E.); (J.L.K.)
| | - Joseph L. Kelley
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (F.M.); (R.P.E.); (J.L.K.)
| | - Roberta B. Ness
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Women’s Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (B.Y.K.); (J.L.); (S.O.); (C.W.)
| | - Jenny Lester
- Women’s Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (B.Y.K.); (J.L.); (S.O.); (C.W.)
| | - Sandra Orsulic
- Women’s Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (B.Y.K.); (J.L.); (S.O.); (C.W.)
| | - Christine Walsh
- Women’s Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (B.Y.K.); (J.L.); (S.O.); (C.W.)
| | - Susanne K. Kjaer
- Department of Gynaecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.K.K.); (C.H.); (L.L.)
- Department of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.J.); (E.H.)
| | - Allan Jensen
- Department of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.J.); (E.H.)
| | - Julie M. Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Robert A. Vierkant
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Fiona Bruinsma
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (M.C.S.); (I.G.C.)
| | - Michelle A.T. Hildebrandt
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.A.T.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA;
| | - Karen Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.A.T.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Thomas A. Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (T.A.S.); (S.S.T.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Douglas A. Levine
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Joellen M. Schildkraut
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Edwin S. Iversen
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Kathryn L. Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (K.L.T.); (D.W.C.)
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel W. Cramer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (K.L.T.); (D.W.C.)
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shelley S. Tworoger
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (T.A.S.); (S.S.T.); (C.M.P.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (K.L.T.); (D.W.C.)
| | - Elizabeth M. Poole
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA;
| | - Sara H. Olson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.H.O.); (I.O.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Irene Orlow
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.H.O.); (I.O.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Liv Cecilie Vestrheim Thomsen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway; (L.C.V.T.); (L.B.); (C.K.); (I.L.T.)
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Line Bjorge
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway; (L.C.V.T.); (L.B.); (C.K.); (I.L.T.)
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway; (L.C.V.T.); (L.B.); (C.K.); (I.L.T.)
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Ingvild L. Tangen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway; (L.C.V.T.); (L.B.); (C.K.); (I.L.T.)
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands; (L.A.K.); (K.K.H.A.)
| | - Katja K.H. Aben
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands; (L.A.K.); (K.K.H.A.)
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht 3511 DT, The Netherlands
| | - Leon F.A.G. Massuger
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands; (L.F.A.G.M.); (A.M.v.A.)
| | - Anne M. van Altena
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands; (L.F.A.G.M.); (A.M.v.A.)
| | - Tanja Pejovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (T.P.); (Y.B.); (M.K.)
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yukie Bean
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (T.P.); (Y.B.); (M.K.)
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Melissa Kellar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (T.P.); (Y.B.); (M.K.)
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Linda S. Cook
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Nhu D. Le
- Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada;
| | - Angela Brooks-Wilson
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada;
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-252, Poland; (J.G.); (C.C.); (A.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-252, Poland; (J.G.); (C.C.); (A.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-252, Poland; (J.G.); (C.C.); (A.J.); (J.L.)
- Independent Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 70-111, Poland
| | - Jan Lubiński
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-252, Poland; (J.G.); (C.C.); (A.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.W.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Louise A. Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.W.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Warsaw 02-034, Poland;
| | - Estrid Hogdall
- Department of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.J.); (E.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Svend Aage Engelholm
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark;
| | - Claus Hogdall
- Department of Gynaecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.K.K.); (C.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Lene Lundvall
- Department of Gynaecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.K.K.); (C.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Lotte Nedergaard
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark;
| | - Paul D.P. Pharoah
- The Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK;
- The Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; (E.D.); (H.S.); (J.P.T.)
| | - Ed Dicks
- The Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; (E.D.); (H.S.); (J.P.T.)
| | - Honglin Song
- The Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; (E.D.); (H.S.); (J.P.T.)
| | - Jonathan P. Tyrer
- The Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; (E.D.); (H.S.); (J.P.T.)
| | - Iain McNeish
- Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | - Nadeem Siddiqui
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK;
| | - Karen Carty
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK; (K.C.); (R.G.); (J.P.)
| | - Rosalind Glasspool
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK; (K.C.); (R.G.); (J.P.)
| | - James Paul
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK; (K.C.); (R.G.); (J.P.)
| | - Ian G. Campbell
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (M.C.S.); (I.G.C.)
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Diana Eccles
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Alice S. Whittemore
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (A.S.W.); (V.M.)
| | - Valerie McGuire
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (A.S.W.); (V.M.)
| | - Joseph H. Rothstein
- Department of Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.H.R.); (W.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.H.R.); (W.S.)
| | - Weiva Sieh
- Department of Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.H.R.); (W.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.H.R.); (W.S.)
| | - Steven A. Narod
- Women’s College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Catherine M. Phelan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (T.A.S.); (S.S.T.); (C.M.P.)
| | - John R. McLaughlin
- Public Health Ontario, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada;
| | - Harvey A. Risch
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (H.A-C.); (A.Z.)
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (H.A-C.); (A.Z.)
| | - Usha Menon
- MRC Clinical Trials at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, WC1V 6LJ, UK; (U.M.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Simon A. Gayther
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Cancer Prevention and Translational Genomics, Samuel Oschin Comprensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj
- MRC Clinical Trials at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, WC1V 6LJ, UK; (U.M.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Susan J. Ramus
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anna H. Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (A.H.W.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Celeste Leigh Pearce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (A.H.W.); (C.L.P.)
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alice W. Lee
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA;
| | - Malcolm C. Pike
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.H.O.); (I.O.); (M.C.P.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (A.H.W.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Jolanta Kupryjanczyk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Warsaw 02-034, Poland; (J.K.); (A.P.); (J.P.-H.)
| | - Agnieszka Podgorska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Warsaw 02-034, Poland; (J.K.); (A.P.); (J.P.-H.)
| | - Joanna Plisiecka-Halasa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Warsaw 02-034, Poland; (J.K.); (A.P.); (J.P.-H.)
| | - Wlodzimierz Sawicki
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Mazovian Bródno Hospital, Warsaw 03-242, Poland;
| | - Ellen L. Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (M.E.); (E.L.G.)
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
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El-Mesallamy HO, El Magdoub HM, Chapman JM, Hamdy NM, Schaalan MF, Hammad LN, Berger SH. Biomolecular study of human thymidylate synthase conformer-selective inhibitors: New chemotherapeutic approach. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29538414 PMCID: PMC5851609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a well-validated target for the therapy of adult cancers. Propane-1,3-diphosphonic acid (PDPA) has significant inhibitory properties against human thymidylate synthase (hTS) relative to mouse TS which is not predicted to adopt an inactive conformer. The current research aims to identify novel, lead inhibitors of hTS and examine the prediction that they bind selectively to hTS enzymes existing in different conformational equilibria. Conformer-selectivity was evaluated through performing activity inhibition studies, as well as intrinsic fluorescence (IF) studies in comparison to the known orthosteric inhibitor raltitrexed (RTX). Human TS was isolated from recombinant bacteria expressing either native hTS, capable of conformational switching, or an actively stabilized mutant (R163K-hTS). The examined test compounds were rationally or virtually predicted to have inhibitory activity against hTS. Among these compounds, glutarate, N-(4-carboxyphenyl) succinamic acid, and diglycolic anhydride showed higher selectivity towards native hTS as compared to R163K-hTS. The active site inhibitor RTX showed significantly higher inhibition of R163K-hTS relative to hTS. Targeting hTS via conformational selectivity represents a future approach for overcoming reported resistance towards active-state TS analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala O. El-Mesallamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Sham University, Cairo, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Hekmat M. El Magdoub
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - James M. Chapman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Nadia M. Hamdy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Sham University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona F. Schaalan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa N. Hammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sondra H. Berger
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
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Konishi M, Imai A, Fujii M, Sugimoto K, Katakami N, Imai Y, Kamoshida S. Correlation of Expression Levels of Copper Transporter 1 and
Thymidylate Synthase with Treatment Outcomes in Patients
with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with
S-1/Carboplatin Doublet Chemotherapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:435-441. [PMID: 29479997 PMCID: PMC5980931 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.2.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Copper transporter 1 (CTR1) is a critical determinant of the uptake and cytotoxic effect of the platinum drugs carboplatin and cisplatin. Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an enzyme involved in DNA synthesis and is associated with resistance of tumor cells to 5-fluorouracil. We investigated the correlation between CTR1 and TS expression levels and treatment outcomes in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with S-1/carboplatin doublet chemotherapy. Methods: Twenty-nine patients were enrolled in this study. Tumor expression of CTR1 and TS was measured immunohistochemically and analyzed for correlation with tumor response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: Tumor response was significantly better in patients with CTR1High tumors than in patients with CTR1Low tumors (64% vs. 18%, P = 0.02). Patients with TSLow tumors had a significantly longer OS (median 21.2 vs. 8.5 months, P = 0.02), but not PFS, than patients with TSHigh tumors. When CTR1 and TS co-expression was analyzed, patients with either CTR1High or TSLow tumors showed a significantly better tumor response (50% vs. 0%, P = 0.01), longer PFS (median 4.2 vs. 2.1 months, P = 0.03), and longer OS (median 21.2 vs. 8.5 months, P = 0.01) than patients with both CTR1Low and TSHigh tumors. Conclusions: Our study suggests that combined CTR1/TS expression status has the potential to be an important predictor of good treatment outcomes in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with S-1/carboplatin doublet chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Konishi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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Hernando-Cubero J, Matos-García I, Alonso-Orduña V, Capdevila J. The Role of Fluoropirimidines in Gastrointestinal Tumours: from the Bench to the Bed. J Gastrointest Cancer 2018; 48:135-147. [PMID: 28397102 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-017-9946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrointestinal tumours are one of the most common types of cancer. Therapeutic options include surgery, radiotherapy, local ablation techniques, targeted agents, and chemotherapy. Fluoroprimidines are one of the most active drug families in digestive tumours and remains the cornerstone of the most commonly used chemotherapy schemes. METHODS We review the molecular basis of thymidylate synthase inhibition and the mechanisms of action of 5-fluorouracil, next generation oral fluoropyrimidines (capecitabine, tegafur and the latest S-1 and TAS-102) and antifolates. RESULTS In addition, mechanisms and biomarkers of resistance and toxicity are explored. Finally, new fluoropyrimidines development and clinical trials ongoing in digestive tumours are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Further research is necessary to avoid resistance mechanisms, improve clinical outcomes and continue reducing toxicities. Until new drugs become available, the optimization of current therapies should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Hernando-Cubero
- Medical Oncology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3, 5009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Matos-García
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Alonso-Orduña
- Medical Oncology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3, 5009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jaume Capdevila
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
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Ferrari S, Severi L, Pozzi C, Quotadamo A, Ponterini G, Losi L, Marverti G, Costi MP. Human Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitors Halting Ovarian Cancer Growth. Vitam Horm 2018; 107:473-513. [PMID: 29544641 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human thymidylate synthase (hTS) has an important role in DNA biosynthesis, thus it is essential for cell survival. TS is involved in the folate pathways, specifically in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Structure and functions are intimately correlated, account for cellular activity and, in a broader view, with in vivo mechanisms. hTS is a target for anticancer agents, some of which are clinical drugs. The understanding of the detailed mechanism of TS inhibition by currently used drugs and of the interaction with the mechanism of action of other anticancer agents can suggest new perspective of TS inhibition able to improve the anticancer effect and to overcome drug resistance. TS-targeting drugs in therapy today are inhibitors that bind at the active site and that mostly resemble the substrates. Nonsubstrate analogs offer an opportunity for allosteric binding and novel mode of inhibition in the cancer cells. This chapter illustrates the relationship among the large number of hTS actions at molecular and clinical levels, its role as a target for ovarian cancer therapy, in particular in cases of overexpression of hTS and other folate proteins such as those induced by platinum drug treatments, and address the potential combination of TS inhibitors with other suitable anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leda Severi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Lorena Losi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Gorelova V, De Lepeleire J, Van Daele J, Pluim D, Meï C, Cuypers A, Leroux O, Rébeillé F, Schellens JHM, Blancquaert D, Stove CP, Van Der Straeten D. Dihydrofolate Reductase/Thymidylate Synthase Fine-Tunes the Folate Status and Controls Redox Homeostasis in Plants. Plant Cell 2017; 29:2831-2853. [PMID: 28939595 PMCID: PMC5728131 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Folates (B9 vitamins) are essential cofactors in one-carbon metabolism. Since C1 transfer reactions are involved in synthesis of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and other biomolecules, as well as in epigenetic control, folates are vital for all living organisms. This work presents a complete study of a plant DHFR-TS (dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase) gene family that implements the penultimate step in folate biosynthesis. We demonstrate that one of the DHFR-TS isoforms (DHFR-TS3) operates as an inhibitor of its two homologs, thus regulating DHFR and TS activities and, as a consequence, folate abundance. In addition, a novel function of folate metabolism in plants is proposed, i.e., maintenance of the redox balance by contributing to NADPH production through the reaction catalyzed by methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, thus allowing plants to cope with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gorelova
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jolien De Lepeleire
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Dick Pluim
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coline Meï
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, UMR168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Universite Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Bioscience and Biotechnologies Institute of Grenoble, CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Olivier Leroux
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, UMR168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Universite Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Bioscience and Biotechnologies Institute of Grenoble, CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Blancquaert
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Giovannetti E, Zucali PA, Assaraf YG, Funel N, Gemelli M, Stark M, Thunnissen E, Hou Z, Muller IB, Struys EA, Perrino M, Jansen G, Matherly LH, Peters GJ. Role of proton-coupled folate transporter in pemetrexed resistance of mesothelioma: clinical evidence and new pharmacological tools. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:2725-2732. [PMID: 28945836 PMCID: PMC5808668 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymidylate synthase (TS) has a predictive role in pemetrexed treatment of mesothelioma; however, additional chemoresistance mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we explored the role of the reduced-folate carrier (RFC/SLC19A1) and proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT/SLC46A1) in antifolate resistance in mesothelioma. PATIENTS AND METHODS PCFT, RFC and TS RNA and PCFT protein levels were determined by quantitative RT-PCR of frozen tissues and immunohistochemistry of tissue-microarrays, respectively, in two cohorts of pemetrexed-treated patients. Data were analyzed by t-test, Fisher's/log-rank test and Cox proportional models. The contribution of PCFT expression and PCFT-promoter methylation to pemetrexed activity were evaluated in mesothelioma cells and spheroids, through 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-mediated demethylation and siRNA-knockdown. RESULTS Pemetrexed-treated patients with low PCFT had significantly lower rates of disease control, and shorter overall survival (OS), in both the test (N = 73, 11.3 versus 20.1 months, P = 0.01) and validation (N = 51, 12.6 versus 30.3 months, P = 0.02) cohorts. Multivariate analysis confirmed PCFT-independent prognostic role. Low-PCFT protein levels were also associated with shorter OS. Patients with both low-PCFT and high-TS levels had the worst prognosis (OS, 5.5 months), whereas associations were neither found for RFC nor in pemetrexed-untreated patients. PCFT silencing reduced pemetrexed sensitivity, whereas 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine overcame resistance. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify for the first time PCFT as a novel mesothelioma prognostic biomarker, prompting prospective trials for its validation. Moreover, preclinical data suggest that targeting PCFT-promoter methylation might eradicate pemetrexed-resistant cells characterized by low-PCFT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, Department of Translational Research and The New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa
| | - P A Zucali
- Department of Oncology, University of Milan, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Y G Assaraf
- Department of Biology, Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Technion-Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - N Funel
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, Department of Translational Research and The New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa
| | - M Gemelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Milan, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - M Stark
- Department of Biology, Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Technion-Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - E Thunnissen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Z Hou
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA
| | - I B Muller
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - E A Struys
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - M Perrino
- Department of Oncology, University of Milan, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - G Jansen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L H Matherly
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA
| | - G J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ntavatzikos A, Spathis A, Patapis P, Machairas N, Peros G, Konstantoudakis S, Leventakou D, Panayiotides IG, Karakitsos P, Koumarianou A. Integrating TYMS, KRAS and BRAF testing in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5913-5924. [PMID: 28932083 PMCID: PMC5583576 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i32.5913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the impact of thymidylate synthase (TYMS), KRAS and BRAF in the survival of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients treated with chemotherapy.
METHODS Clinical data were collected retrospectively from records of consecutive patients with mCRC treated with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy from 1/2005 to 1/2007. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were retrieved for analysis. TYMS genotypes were identified with restriction fragment analysis PCR, while KRAS and BRAF mutation status was evaluated using real-time PCR assays. TYMS gene polymorphisms of each of the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) and 5’UTR were classified into three groups according to the probability they have for high, medium and low TYMS expression (and similar levels of risk) based on evidence from previous studies. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed.
RESULTS The analysis recovered 89 patients with mCRC (46.1% de novo metastatic disease and 53.9% relapsed). Of these, 46 patients (51.7%) had colon cancer and 43 (48.3%) rectal cancer as primary. All patients were treated with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy (5FU or capecitabine) as single-agent or in combination with irinotecan or/and oxaliplatin or/and bevacizumab. With a median follow-up time of 14.8 mo (range 0-119.8), 85 patients (95.5%) experienced disease progression, and 63 deaths (70.8%) were recorded. The 3-year and 5-year OS rate was 25.4% and 7.7% while the 3-year progression-free survival rate was 7.1%. Multivariate analysis of TYMS polymorphisms, KRAS and BRAF with clinicopathological parameters indicated that TYMS 3’UTR polymorphisms are associated with risk for disease progression and death (P < 0.05 and P < 0.03 respectively). When compared to tumors without any del allele (genotypes ins/ins and ins/loss of heterozygosity (LOH) linked with high TYMS expression) tumors with del/del genotype (low expression group) and tumors with ins/del or del/LOH (intermediate expression group) have lower risk for disease progression (HR = 0.432, 95%CI: 0.198-0.946, P < 0.04 and HR = 0.513, 95%CI: 0.287-0.919, P < 0.03 respectively) and death (HR = 0.366, 95%CI: 0.162-0.827, P < 0.02 and HR = 0.559, 95%CI: 0.309-1.113, P < 0.06 respectively). Additionally, KRAS mutation was associated independently with the risk of disease progression (HR = 1.600, 95%CI: 1.011-2.531, P < 0.05). The addition of irinotecan in 1st line chemotherapy was associated independently with lower risk for disease progression and death (HR = 0.600, 95%CI: 0.372-0.969, P < 0.04 and HR = 0.352, 95%CI: 0.164-0.757, P < 0.01 respectively).
CONCLUSION The TYMS genotypes ins/ins and ins/LOH associate with worst prognosis in mCRC patients under fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy. Large prospective studies are needed for validation of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Ntavatzikos
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Aris Spathis
- Department of Cytopathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Patapis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Machairas
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - George Peros
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evgenideio Therapeutirio S.A., “I AGIA TRIAS”, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Stefanos Konstantoudakis
- 2nd Department of Pathology, University of Athens, Medical School, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Danai Leventakou
- Department of Cytopathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis G Panayiotides
- 2nd Department of Pathology, University of Athens, Medical School, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Karakitsos
- Department of Cytopathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Koumarianou
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
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Chen D, Jansson A, Sim D, Larsson A, Nordlund P. Structural analyses of human thymidylate synthase reveal a site that may control conformational switching between active and inactive states. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13449-13458. [PMID: 28634233 PMCID: PMC5555203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.787267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is the sole enzyme responsible for de novo biosynthesis of thymidylate (TMP) and is essential for cell proliferation and survival. Inhibition of human TS (hTS) has been extensively investigated for cancer chemotherapy, but several aspects of its activity and regulation are still uncertain. In this study, we performed comprehensive structural and biophysical studies of hTS using crystallography and thermal shift assay and provided the first detailed structural information on the conformational changes induced by ligand binding to the hTS active site. We found that upon binding of the antifolate agents raltitrexed and nolatrexed, the two insert regions in hTS, the functions of which are unclear, undergo positional shifts toward the catalytic center. We investigated the inactive conformation of hTS and found that the two insert regions are also involved in the conformational transition between the active and inactive state of hTS. Moreover, we identified a ligand-binding site in the dimer interface, suggesting that the cavity in the dimer interface could serve as an allosteric site of hTS to regulate the conformational switching between the active and inactive states. On the basis of these findings, we propose a regulatory mechanism of hTS activity that involves allosteric regulation of interactions of hTS with its own mRNA depending on cellular demands for TMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Lab 07-02 and
| | - Anna Jansson
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Lab 07-02 and
| | - Daniel Sim
- Lab 07-01, Nanyang Technological University, 61 Biopolis Drive (Proteos), Singapore 138673
| | | | - Pär Nordlund
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Lab 07-02 and
- the Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive (Proteos), Singapore 138673, and
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Division of Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
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Chen W, Xu XK, Li JL, Kong KK, Li H, Chen C, He J, Wang F, Li P, Ge XS, Li FC. MALAT1 is a prognostic factor in glioblastoma multiforme and induces chemoresistance to temozolomide through suppressing miR-203 and promoting thymidylate synthase expression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:22783-22799. [PMID: 28187000 PMCID: PMC5410262 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor with limited therapeutic options. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a novel cytotoxic agent used as first-line chemotherapy for GBM, however, some individual cells can't be isolated for surgical resection and show treatment-resistance, thus inducing poor prognosis. By using the HiSeq sequencing and bioinformatics methods, we identified lncRNAs showing different expression levels in TMZ-resistant and non-resistant patients. RT-qPCR was then performed in tissues and serum samples, and lncRNA MALAT1 was finally identified to show considerable discriminating potential to identify responding patients from non-responding patients. Moreover, high serum MALAT1 expression was associated with poor chemoresponse and survival in GBM patients receiving TMZ treatment. Subsequently, the TMZ resistant cell lines were established, and the CCK8 assay showed that lncRNA MALAT1 knockdown significantly reversed TMZ resistance in GBM cells. The gain and loss-function experiments revealed that miR-203 was down-regulated by MALAT1 and this interaction has reciprocal effects. Besides, thymidylate synthase (TS) mRNA was identified as a direct target of miR-203. LncRNA MALAT1 inhibition re-sensitized TMZ resistant cells through up-regulating miR-203 and down-regulating TS expression. On the other hand, MALAT1 overexpression promoted resistance by suppressing miR-203 and promoting TS expression. In conclusion, our integrated approach demonstrates that enhanced expression of lncRNA MALAT1 confers a potent poor therapeutic efficacy and inhibition of MALAT1 levels could be a future direction to develop a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome TMZ resistance in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xin-Ke Xu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Jun-Liang Li
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Kuan-Kei Kong
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hui Li
- 4 Department of Respiratory, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Foshan 528000, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Jing He
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Fangyu Wang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Ping Li
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Xiao-Song Ge
- 5 Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang-Cheng Li
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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49
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Kamynina E, Lachenauer ER, DiRisio AC, Liebenthal RP, Field MS, Stover PJ. Arsenic trioxide targets MTHFD1 and SUMO-dependent nuclear de novo thymidylate biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2319-E2326. [PMID: 28265077 PMCID: PMC5373342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619745114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic exposure increases risk for cancers and is teratogenic in animal models. Here we demonstrate that small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)- and folate-dependent nuclear de novo thymidylate (dTMP) biosynthesis is a sensitive target of arsenic trioxide (As2O3), leading to uracil misincorporation into DNA and genome instability. Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) generate 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate for de novo dTMP biosynthesis and translocate to the nucleus during S-phase, where they form a multienzyme complex with thymidylate synthase (TYMS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), as well as the components of the DNA replication machinery. As2O3 exposure increased MTHFD1 SUMOylation in cultured cells and in in vitro SUMOylation reactions, and increased MTHFD1 ubiquitination and MTHFD1 and SHMT1 degradation. As2O3 inhibited de novo dTMP biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner, increased uracil levels in nuclear DNA, and increased genome instability. These results demonstrate that MTHFD1 and SHMT1, which are key enzymes providing one-carbon units for dTMP biosynthesis in the form of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, are direct targets of As2O3-induced proteolytic degradation, providing a mechanism for arsenic in the etiology of cancer and developmental anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kamynina
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Erica R Lachenauer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Graduate Field of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Aislyn C DiRisio
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Martha S Field
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Patrick J Stover
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
- Graduate Field of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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50
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Anderson KS. Understanding the molecular mechanism of substrate channeling and domain communication in protozoal bifunctional TS-DHFR. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:253-261. [PMID: 28338744 PMCID: PMC6438133 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most species, such as humans, have monofunctional forms of thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) that are key folate metabolism enzymes making critical folate components required for DNA synthesis. In contrast, several parasitic protozoa, including Leishmania major (Lm), Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), Toxoplasma gondii (Tg) and Cryptosporidium hominis (Ch), contain a unique bifunctional thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase (TS-DHFR) having the two sequential catalytic activities contained on a single polypeptide chain. It has been suggested that the bifunctional nature of the two catalytic activities may enable substrate channeling. The 3D structures for each of these enzymes reveals distinct features for each species. While three of the four species (Pf, Tg and Ch) contain a junctional region linking the two domains, this is lacking in Lm. The Lm and Pf contain N-terminal amino acid extensions. A multidisciplinary approach using structural studies and transient kinetic analyses combined with mutational analysis has investigated the roles of these unique structural features for each enzyme. Additionally, the possibility of substrate channeling behavior was explored. These studies have identified unique, functional regions in both the TS and DHFR domains that govern efficient catalysis for each species. Surprisingly, even though there are structural similarities among the species, each is regulated in a distinct manner. This structural and mechanistic information was also used to exploit species-specific inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S. Anderson
- Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry,
Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
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