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Mihiret YE, Schaaf G, Kamleitner M. Protein pyrophosphorylation by inositol phosphates: a novel post-translational modification in plants? Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1347922. [PMID: 38455731 PMCID: PMC10917965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1347922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are energy-rich molecules harboring one or more diphosphate moieties. PP-InsPs are found in all eukaryotes evaluated and their functional versatility is reflected in the various cellular events in which they take part. These include, among others, insulin signaling and intracellular trafficking in mammals, as well as innate immunity and hormone and phosphate signaling in plants. The molecular mechanisms by which PP-InsPs exert such functions are proposed to rely on the allosteric regulation via direct binding to proteins, by competing with other ligands, or by protein pyrophosphorylation. The latter is the focus of this review, where we outline a historical perspective surrounding the first findings, almost 20 years ago, that certain proteins can be phosphorylated by PP-InsPs in vitro. Strikingly, in vitro phosphorylation occurs by an apparent enzyme-independent but Mg2+-dependent transfer of the β-phosphoryl group of an inositol pyrophosphate to an already phosphorylated serine residue at Glu/Asp-rich protein regions. Ribosome biogenesis, vesicle trafficking and transcription are among the cellular events suggested to be modulated by protein pyrophosphorylation in yeast and mammals. Here we discuss the latest efforts in identifying targets of protein pyrophosphorylation, pointing out the methodological challenges that have hindered the full understanding of this unique post-translational modification, and focusing on the latest advances in mass spectrometry that finally provided convincing evidence that PP-InsP-mediated pyrophosphorylation also occurs in vivo. We also speculate about the relevance of this post-translational modification in plants in a discussion centered around the protein kinase CK2, whose activity is critical for pyrophosphorylation of animal and yeast proteins. This enzyme is widely present in plant species and several of its functions overlap with those of PP-InsPs. Until now, there is virtually no data on pyrophosphorylation of plant proteins, which is an exciting field that remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marília Kamleitner
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Montenarh M, Götz C. Protein Kinase CK2α', More than a Backup of CK2α. Cells 2023; 12:2834. [PMID: 38132153 PMCID: PMC10741536 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase CK2 is implicated in the regulation of fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. CK2 consists of two catalytic α or α' isoforms and two regulatory CK2β subunits. These three proteins exist in a free form, bound to other cellular proteins, as tetrameric holoenzymes composed of CK2α2/β2, CK2αα'/β2, or CK2α'2/β2 as well as in higher molecular forms of the tetramers. The catalytic domains of CK2α and CK2α' share a 90% identity. As CK2α contains a unique C-terminal sequence. Both proteins function as protein kinases. These properties raised the question of whether both isoforms are just backups of each other or whether they are regulated differently and may then function in an isoform-specific manner. The present review provides observations that the regulation of both CK2α isoforms is partly different concerning the subcellular localization, post-translational modifications, and aggregation. Up to now, there are only a few isoform-specific cellular binding partners. The expression of both CK2α isoforms seems to vary in different cell lines, in tissues, in the cell cycle, and with differentiation. There are different reports about the expression and the functions of the CK2α isoforms in tumor cells and tissues. In many cases, a cell-type-specific expression and function is known, which raises the question about cell-specific regulators of both isoforms. Another future challenge is the identification or design of CK2α'-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Montenarh
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
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3
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Papp B, Le Borgne M, Perret F, Marminon C, Józsa L, Pető Á, Kósa D, Nagy L, Kéki S, Ujhelyi Z, Pallér Á, Budai I, Bácskay I, Fehér P. Formulation and Investigation of CK2 Inhibitor-Loaded Alginate Microbeads with Different Excipients. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2701. [PMID: 38140042 PMCID: PMC10748227 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to formulate and characterize CK2 inhibitor-loaded alginate microbeads via the polymerization method. Different excipients were used in the formulation to improve the penetration of an active agent and to stabilize our preparations. Transcutol® HP was added to the drug-sodium alginate mixture and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was added to the hardening solution, alone and in combination. To characterize the formulations, mean particle size, scanning electron microscopy analysis, encapsulation efficiency, swelling behavior, an enzymatic stability test and an in vitro dissolution study were performed. The cell viability assay and permeability test were also carried out on the Caco-2 cell line. The anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the formulations were finally evaluated. The combination of Transcutol® HP and PVP in the formulation of sodium alginate microbeads could improve the stability, in vitro permeability, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the CK2 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglárka Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.P.); (L.J.); (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Z.U.); (Á.P.); (I.B.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marc Le Borgne
- Small Molecules for Biological Targets Team, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, CNRS 5286, INSERM 1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69373 Lyon, France; (M.L.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Florent Perret
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE, ICBMS, 69622 Lyon, France;
| | - Christelle Marminon
- Small Molecules for Biological Targets Team, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, CNRS 5286, INSERM 1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69373 Lyon, France; (M.L.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Liza Józsa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.P.); (L.J.); (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Z.U.); (Á.P.); (I.B.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágota Pető
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.P.); (L.J.); (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Z.U.); (Á.P.); (I.B.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dóra Kósa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.P.); (L.J.); (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Z.U.); (Á.P.); (I.B.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Zoltán Ujhelyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.P.); (L.J.); (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Z.U.); (Á.P.); (I.B.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Pallér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.P.); (L.J.); (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Z.U.); (Á.P.); (I.B.)
| | - István Budai
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, Ótemető Utca 2–4, H-4028 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.P.); (L.J.); (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Z.U.); (Á.P.); (I.B.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.P.); (L.J.); (Á.P.); (D.K.); (Z.U.); (Á.P.); (I.B.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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4
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Wińska P, Wielechowska M, Koronkiewicz M, Borowiecki P. Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Novel Dual Inhibitors of Human Protein Kinases CK2 and PIM-1. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1991. [PMID: 37514177 PMCID: PMC10385865 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 and PIM-1 are serine/threonine kinases involved in the regulation of many essential processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Inhibition of CK2 and PIM-1 kinase activity has been shown to significantly reduce the viability of cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. A series of novel amino alcohol derivatives of parental DMAT were designed and synthesized as potent dual CK2/PIM-1 inhibitors. Concomitantly with the inhibition studies toward recombinant CK2 and PIM-1, the influence of the obtained compounds on the viability of three human carcinoma cell lines, i.e., acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CCRF-CEM), human chronic myelogenous leukemia (K-562), and breast cancer (MCF-7), as well as non-cancerous cells (Vero), was evaluated using an MTT assay. Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle progression after treatment with the most active compound and a lead compound were studied by flow-cytometry-based assay. Additionally, autophagy induction in K-562 cells and intracellular inhibition of CK2 and PIM-1 in all the tested cell lines were evaluated by qualitative/quantitative fluorescence-based assay and Western blot method, respectively. Among the newly developed inhibitors, 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)amino]propan-2-ol demonstrates the highest selectivity and the most prominent proapoptotic properties towards the studied cancer cells, especially towards acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in addition to inducing autophagy in K-562 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Wińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Wielechowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Borowiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Nickelsen A, Götz C, Lenz F, Niefind K, König S, Jose J. Analyzing the interactome of human CK2β in prostate carcinoma cells reveals HSP70-1 and Rho guanin nucleotide exchange factor 12 as novel interaction partners. FASEB Bioadv 2023; 5:114-130. [PMID: 36876296 PMCID: PMC9983076 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2β is the non-catalytic modulating part of the S/T-protein kinase CK2. However, the overall function of CK2β is poorly understood. Here, we report on the identification of 38 new interaction partners of the human CK2β from lysates of DU145 prostate cancer cells using photo-crosslinking and mass spectrometry, whereby HSP70-1 was identified with high abundance. The KD value of its interaction with CK2β was determined as 0.57 μM by microscale thermophoresis, this being the first time, to our knowledge, that a KD value of CK2β with another protein than CK2α or CK2α' was quantified. Phosphorylation studies excluded HSP70-1 as a substrate or activity modulator of CK2, suggesting a CK2 activity independent interaction of HSP70-1 with CK2β. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in three different cancer cell lines confirmed the interaction of HSP70-1 with CK2β in vivo. A second identified CK2β interaction partner was Rho guanin nucleotide exchange factor 12, indicating an involvement of CK2β in the Rho-GTPase signal pathway, described here for the first time to our knowledge. This points to a role of CK2β in the interaction network affecting the organization of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nickelsen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Claudia Götz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Saarland University Homburg Germany
| | - Florian Lenz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Karsten Niefind
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry University of Cologne Köln Germany
| | - Simone König
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Core Unit Proteomics, Medical Faculty University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry University of Münster Münster Germany
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Wińska P, Sobiepanek A, Pawlak K, Staniszewska M, Cieśla J. Phosphorylation of Thymidylate Synthase and Dihydrofolate Reductase in Cancer Cells and the Effect of CK2α Silencing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033023. [PMID: 36769342 PMCID: PMC9917831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous research suggests an important regulatory role of CK2-mediated phosphorylation of enzymes involved in the thymidylate biosynthesis cycle, i.e., thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). The aim of this study was to show whether silencing of the CK2α gene affects TS and DHFR expression in A-549 cells. Additionally, we attempted to identify the endogenous kinases that phosphorylate TS and DHFR in CCRF-CEM and A-549 cells. We used immunodetection, immunofluorescence/confocal analyses, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), in-gel kinase assay, and mass spectrometry analysis. Our results demonstrate that silencing of the CK2α gene in lung adenocarcinoma cells significantly increases both TS and DHFR expression and affects their cellular distribution. Additionally, we show for the first time that both TS and DHFR are very likely phosphorylated by endogenous CK2 in two types of cancer cells, i.e., acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, our studies indicate that DHFR is phosphorylated intracellularly by CK2 to a greater extent in leukaemia cells than in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Interestingly, in-gel kinase assay results indicate that the CK2α' isoform was more active than the CK2α subunit. Our results confirm the previous studies concerning the physiological relevance of CK2-mediated phosphorylation of TS and DHFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Wińska
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-222-345-573 (P.W.); +48-606-438-241 (M.S.)
| | - Anna Sobiepanek
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlak
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Staniszewska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-222-345-573 (P.W.); +48-606-438-241 (M.S.)
| | - Joanna Cieśla
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Borgo C, Cesaro L, Hirota T, Kuwata K, D'Amore C, Ruppert T, Blatnik R, Salvi M, Pinna LA. Analysis of the phosphoproteome of CK2 α(-/-)/Δ α' C2C12 myoblasts compared to the wild-type cells. Open Biol 2023; 13:220220. [PMID: 36809799 PMCID: PMC9943641 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 is a Ser/Thr protein kinase composed of two catalytic (α/α') subunits and a non-catalytic β-subunit dimer, whose activity is often abnormally high in cancer cells. The concept that CK2 may be dispensable for cell survival has been challenged by the finding that viable CK2α/α' knock-out myoblast clones still express small amounts of an N-terminally deleted α' subunit generated during the CRISPR/Cas9 procedure. Here we show that, although the overall CK2 activity of these CK2α(-/-)/Δα' (KO) cells is less than 10% compared to wild-type (WT) cells, the number of phosphosites with the CK2 consensus is comparable to that of WT cells. A more in-depth analysis, however, reveals that the two phosphoproteomes are not superimposable according to a number of criteria, notably a functional analysis of the phosphoproteome found in the two types of cells, and variable sensitivity of the phosphosites to two structurally unrelated CK2 inhibitors. These data support the idea that a minimal CK2 activity, as in KO cells, is sufficient to perform basic housekeeping functions essential for cell survival, but not to accomplish several specialized tasks required upon cell differentiation and transformation. From this standpoint, a controlled downregulation of CK2 would represent a safe and valuable anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirota
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Claudio D'Amore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Thomas Ruppert
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renata Blatnik
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, 35131 Padova, Italy
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8
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Montenarh M, Grässer FA, Götz C. Protein Kinase CK2 and Epstein-Barr Virus. Biomedicines 2023; 11. [PMID: 36830895 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is a pleiotropic protein kinase, which phosphorylates a number of cellular and viral proteins. Thereby, this kinase is implicated in the regulation of cellular signaling, controlling of cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, immune response, migration and invasion. In general, viruses use host signaling mechanisms for the replication of their genome as well as for cell transformation leading to cancer. Therefore, it is not surprising that CK2 also plays a role in controlling viral infection and the generation of cancer cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytically infects epithelial cells of the oropharynx and B cells. These latently infected B cells subsequently become resting memory B cells when passing the germinal center. Importantly, EBV is responsible for the generation of tumors such as Burkitt's lymphoma. EBV was one of the first human viruses, which was connected to CK2 in the early nineties of the last century. The present review shows that protein kinase CK2 phosphorylates EBV encoded proteins as well as cellular proteins, which are implicated in the lytic and persistent infection and in EBV-induced neoplastic transformation. EBV-encoded and CK2-phosphorylated proteins together with CK2-phosphorylated cellular signaling proteins have the potential to provide efficient virus replication and cell transformation. Since there are powerful inhibitors known for CK2 kinase activity, CK2 might become an attractive target for the inhibition of EBV replication and cell transformation.
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Quotti Tubi L, Mandato E, Canovas Nunes S, Arjomand A, Zaffino F, Manni S, Casellato A, Macaccaro P, Vitulo N, Zumerle S, Filhol O, Boldyreff B, Siebel CW, Viola A, Valle G, Mainoldi F, Casola S, Cancila V, Gulino A, Tripodo C, Pizzi M, Dei Tos AP, Trentin L, Semenzato G, Piazza F. CK2β-regulated signaling controls B cell differentiation and function. Front Immunol 2023; 13:959138. [PMID: 36713383 PMCID: PMC9874936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine-Threonine kinase CK2 supports malignant B-lymphocyte growth but its role in B-cell development and activation is largely unknown. Here, we describe the first B-cell specific knockout (KO) mouse model of the β regulatory subunit of CK2. CK2βKO mice present an increase in marginal zone (MZ) and a reduction in follicular B cells, suggesting a role for CK2 in the regulation of the B cell receptor (BCR) and NOTCH2 signaling pathways. Biochemical analyses demonstrate an increased activation of the NOTCH2 pathway in CK2βKO animals, which sustains MZ B-cell development. Transcriptomic analyses indicate alterations in biological processes involved in immune response and B-cell activation. Upon sheep red blood cells (SRBC) immunization CK2βKO mice exhibit enlarged germinal centers (GCs) but display a limited capacity to generate class-switched GC B cells and immunoglobulins. In vitro assays highlight that B cells lacking CK2β have an impaired signaling downstream of BCR, Toll-like receptor, CD40, and IL-4R all crucial for B-cell activation and antigen presenting efficiency. Somatic hypermutations analysis upon 4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl hapten conjugated to Chicken Gamma Globulin (NP-CGG) evidences a reduced NP-specific W33L mutation frequency in CK2βKO mice suggesting the importance of the β subunit in sustaining antibody affinity maturation. Lastly, since diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells derive from GC or post-GC B cells and rely on CK2 for their survival, we sought to investigate the consequences of CK2 inhibition on B cell signaling in DLBCL cells. In line with the observations in our murine model, CK2 inactivation leads to signaling defects in pathways that are essential for malignant B-lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Quotti Tubi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Mandato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sara Canovas Nunes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arash Arjomand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Fortunato Zaffino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Manni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Casellato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Macaccaro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biology, Interdepartmental Research Center for Biotechnologies (CRIBI) Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Zumerle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Odile Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1036, Institute de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Biologie du Cancer et de l’Infection, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Christian W. Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valle
- Department of Biology, Interdepartmental Research Center for Biotechnologies (CRIBI) Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Casola
- IFOM-ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cancila
- Tumor Immunology Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Tripodo
- IFOM-ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy,Tumor Immunology Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzi
- Department of Medicine, Cytopathology and Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Department of Medicine, Cytopathology and Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Piazza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy,*Correspondence: Francesco Piazza,
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10
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Nishiwaki K, Nakamura S, Yoshioka K, Nakagawa E, Nakatani S, Tsuyuguchi M, Kinoshita T, Nakanishi I. Design, Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Protein Kinase CK2 Inhibitors Containing a Purine Scaffold. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2023; 71:558-565. [PMID: 37394605 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is involved in the suppression of gene expression, protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, thus making it a target protein for the development of therapeutics toward cancer, nephritis, and coronavirus disease 2019. Using the solvent dipole ordering-based method for virtual screening, we identified and designed new candidate CK2α inhibitors containing purine scaffolds. Virtual docking experiments supported by experimental structure-activity relationship studies identified the importance of the 4-carboxyphenyl group at the 2-position, a carboxamide group at the 6-position, and an electron-rich phenyl group at the 9-position of the purine scaffold. Docking studies based on the crystal structures of CK2α and inhibitor (PDBID: 5B0X) successfully predicted the binding mode of 4-(6-carbamoyl-8-oxo-9-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-purin-2-yl) benzoic acid (11), and the results were used to design stronger small molecule targets for CK2α inhibition. Interaction energy analysis suggested that 11 bound around the hinge region without the water molecule (W1) near Trp176 and Glu81 that is frequently reported in crystal structures of CK2α inhibitor complexes. X-ray crystallographic data for 11 bound to CK2α was in very good agreement with the docking experiments, and consistent with activity. From the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies presented here, 4-(6-Carbamoyl-9-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-8-oxo-8,9-dihydro-7H-purin-2-yl) benzoic acid (12) was identified as an improved active purine-based CK2α inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.3 µM. These active compounds with an unusual binding mode are expected to inspire new CK2α inhibitors and the development of therapeutics targeting CK2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nishiwaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
| | - Shinya Nakamura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
| | - Kenji Yoshioka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
| | - Eri Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
| | - Shiori Nakatani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
| | | | | | - Isao Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University
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11
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Pack M, Gulde TN, Völcker MV, Boewe AS, Wrublewsky S, Ampofo E, Montenarh M, Götz C. Protein Kinase CK2 Contributes to Glucose Homeostasis by Targeting Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase 1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010428. [PMID: 36613872 PMCID: PMC9820633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is of critical importance for the survival of organisms. It is under hormonal control and often coordinated by the action of kinases and phosphatases. We have previously shown that CK2 regulates insulin production and secretion in pancreatic β-cells. In order to shed more light on the CK2-regulated network of glucose homeostasis, in the present study, a qRT-PCR array was carried out with 84 diabetes-associated genes. After inhibition of CK2, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) showed a significant lower gene expression. Moreover, FBP1 activity was down-regulated. Being a central enzyme of gluconeogenesis, the secretion of glucose was decreased as well. Thus, FBP1 is a new factor in the CK2-regulated network implicated in carbohydrate metabolism control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Pack
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Tim Nikolai Gulde
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Victoria Völcker
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Anne S. Boewe
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Building 65, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Selina Wrublewsky
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Building 65, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Building 65, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Montenarh
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Baier A, Szyszka R, Jach ME. Yeast Protein Asf1 Possesses Modulating Activity towards Protein Kinase CK2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36555405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 plays an important role in cell survival and protects regulatory proteins from caspase-mediated degradation during apoptosis. The consensus sequence of proteins phosphorylated by CK2 contains a cluster of acidic amino acids around the phosphorylation site. The poly-acidic sequence in yeast protein Asf1 is similar to the acidic loop in CK2β, which possesses a regulatory function. We observed that the overexpression of Asf1 in yeast cells influences cell growth. Experiments performed in vitro and in vivo indicate that yeast protein Asf1 inhibits protein kinase CK2. Our data suggest that each CK2 isoform might be regulated in a different way. Deletion of the amino or carboxyl end of Asf1 reveals that the acidic cluster close to the C-terminus is responsible for the activation or inhibition of CK2 activity.
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13
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Merholz M, Jian Y, Wimberg J, Gessler L, Hashemolhosseini S. In Skeletal Muscle Fibers, Protein Kinase Subunit CSNK2A1/CK2α Is Required for Proper Muscle Homeostasis and Structure and Function of Neuromuscular Junctions. Cells 2022; 11. [PMID: 36552726 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CSNK2 tetrameric holoenzyme is composed of two subunits with catalytic activity (CSNK2A1 and/or CSNK2A2) and two regulatory subunits (CSNK2B) and is involved in skeletal muscle homeostasis. Up-to-date, constitutive Csnk2a2 knockout mice demonstrated mild regenerative impairments in skeletal muscles, while conditional Csnk2b mice were linked to muscle weakness, impaired neuromuscular transmission, and metabolic and autophagic compromises. Here, for the first time, skeletal muscle-specific conditional Csnk2a1 mice were generated and characterized. The ablation of Csnk2a1 expression was ensured using a human skeletal actin-driven Cre reporter. In comparison with control mice, first, conditional knockout of CSNK2A1 resulted in age-dependent reduced grip strength. Muscle weakness was accompanied by impaired neuromuscular transmission. Second, the protein amount of other CSNK2 subunits was aberrantly changed. Third, the number of central nuclei in muscle fibers indicative of regeneration increased. Fourth, oxidative metabolism was impaired, reflected by an increase in cytochrome oxidase and accumulation of mitochondrial enzyme activity underneath the sarcolemma. Fifth, autophagic processes were stimulated. Sixth, NMJs were fragmented and accompanied by increased synaptic gene expression levels. Altogether, knockout of Csnk2a1 or Csnk2b results in diverse impairments of skeletal muscle biology.
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14
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Gyenis L, Menyhart D, Cruise ES, Jurcic K, Roffey SE, Chai DB, Trifoi F, Fess SR, Desormeaux PJ, Núñez de Villavicencio Díaz T, Rabalski AJ, Zukowski SA, Turowec JP, Pittock P, Lajoie G, Litchfield DW. Chemical Genetic Validation of CSNK2 Substrates Using an Inhibitor-Resistant Mutant in Combination with Triple SILAC Quantitative Phosphoproteomics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:909711. [PMID: 35755813 PMCID: PMC9225150 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.909711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein Kinase 2 (CSNK2) is an extremely pleiotropic, ubiquitously expressed protein kinase involved in the regulation of numerous key biological processes. Mapping the CSNK2-dependent phosphoproteome is necessary for better characterization of its fundamental role in cellular signalling. While ATP-competitive inhibitors have enabled the identification of many putative kinase substrates, compounds targeting the highly conserved ATP-binding pocket often exhibit off-target effects limiting their utility for definitive kinase-substrate assignment. To overcome this limitation, we devised a strategy combining chemical genetics and quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify and validate CSNK2 substrates. We engineered U2OS cells expressing exogenous wild type CSNK2A1 (WT) or a triple mutant (TM, V66A/H160D/I174A) with substitutions at residues important for inhibitor binding. These cells were treated with CX-4945, a clinical-stage inhibitor of CSNK2, and analyzed using large-scale triple SILAC (Stable Isotope Labelling of Amino Acids in Cell Culture) quantitative phosphoproteomics. In contrast to wild-type CSNK2A1, CSNK2A1-TM retained activity in the presence of CX-4945 enabling identification and validation of several CSNK2 substrates on the basis of their increased phosphorylation in cells expressing CSNK2A1-TM. Based on high conservation within the kinase family, we expect that this strategy can be broadly adapted for identification of other kinase-substrate relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyenis
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Menyhart
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Edward S Cruise
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kristina Jurcic
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Scott E Roffey
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Darren B Chai
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Flaviu Trifoi
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sam R Fess
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paul J Desormeaux
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Adam J Rabalski
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Zukowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob P Turowec
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula Pittock
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gilles Lajoie
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David W Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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15
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Ramón AC, Pérez GV, Caballero E, Rosales M, Aguilar D, Vázquez-Blomquist D, Ramos Y, Rodríguez-Ulloa A, Falcón V, Rodríguez-Moltó MP, Yang K, Perera Y, Perea SE. Targeting of Protein Kinase CK2 Elicits Antiviral Activity on Bovine Coronavirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:552. [PMID: 35336959 PMCID: PMC8949182 DOI: 10.3390/v14030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses constitute a global threat to the human population; therefore, effective pan-coronavirus antiviral drugs are required to tackle future re-emerging virus outbreaks. Protein kinase CK2 has been suggested as a promising therapeutic target in COVID-19 owing to the in vitro antiviral activity observed after both pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of the enzyme. Here, we explored the putative antiviral effect of the anti-CK2 peptide CIGB-325 on bovine coronavirus (BCoV) infection using different in vitro viral infected cell-based assays. The impact of the peptide on viral mRNA and protein levels was determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Finally, pull-down experiments followed by Western blot and/or mass spectrometry analysis were performed to identify CIGB-325-interacting proteins. We found that CIGB-325 inhibited both the cytopathic effect and the number of plaque-forming units. Accordingly, intracellular viral protein levels were clearly reduced after treatment of BCoV-infected cells, with CIGB-325 determined by immunocytochemistry. Pull-down assay data revealed the physical interaction of CIGB-325 with viral nucleocapsid (N) protein and a group of bona fide CK2 cellular substrates. Our findings evidence in vitro antiviral activity of CIGB-325 against bovine coronavirus as well as some molecular clues that might support such effect. Altogether, data provided here strengthen the rationale of inhibiting CK2 to treat betacoronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailyn C. Ramón
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (A.C.R.); (G.V.P.); (E.C.); (M.R.); (D.A.)
| | - George V. Pérez
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (A.C.R.); (G.V.P.); (E.C.); (M.R.); (D.A.)
| | - Evelin Caballero
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (A.C.R.); (G.V.P.); (E.C.); (M.R.); (D.A.)
| | - Mauro Rosales
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (A.C.R.); (G.V.P.); (E.C.); (M.R.); (D.A.)
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Daylén Aguilar
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (A.C.R.); (G.V.P.); (E.C.); (M.R.); (D.A.)
| | - Dania Vázquez-Blomquist
- Pharmacogenomic Group, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba;
| | - Yassel Ramos
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Proteomics Group, Department of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (Y.R.); (A.R.-U.)
| | - Arielis Rodríguez-Ulloa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Proteomics Group, Department of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (Y.R.); (A.R.-U.)
| | - Viviana Falcón
- Microscopy Laboratory, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba;
| | - María Pilar Rodríguez-Moltó
- Department of Agricultural Research, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba;
| | - Ke Yang
- China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center, Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology, Yongzhou 425000, China
| | - Yasser Perera
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (A.C.R.); (G.V.P.); (E.C.); (M.R.); (D.A.)
- China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center, Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology, Yongzhou 425000, China
| | - Silvio E. Perea
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (A.C.R.); (G.V.P.); (E.C.); (M.R.); (D.A.)
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16
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Lee Y, Bae YS. Long Non-Coding RNA KCNQ1OT1 Regulates Protein Kinase CK2 Via miR-760 in Senescence and Calorie Restriction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1888. [PMID: 35163809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important biological roles. Here, the roles of the lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 in cellular senescence and calorie restriction were determined. KCNQ1OT1 knockdown mediated various senescence markers (increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining, the p53-p21Cip1/WAF1 pathway, H3K9 trimethylation, and expression of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype) and reactive oxygen species generation via CK2α downregulation in human cancer HCT116 and MCF-7 cells. Additionally, KCNQ1OT1 was downregulated during replicative senescence, and its silencing induced senescence in human lung fibroblast IMR-90 cells. Additionally, an miR-760 mimic suppressed KCNQ1OT1-mediated CK2α upregulation, indicating that KCNQ1OT1 upregulated CK2α by sponging miR-760. Finally, the KCNQ1OT1–miR-760 axis was involved in both lipopolysaccharide-mediated CK2α reduction and calorie restriction (CR)-mediated CK2α induction in these cells. Therefore, for the first time, this study demonstrates that the KCNQ1OT1–miR-760–CK2α pathway plays essential roles in senescence and CR, thereby suggesting that KCNQ1OT1 is a novel therapeutic target for an alternative treatment that mimics the effects of anti-aging and CR.
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17
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Hong H, Benveniste EN. The Immune Regulatory Role of Protein Kinase CK2 and Its Implications for Treatment of Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1932. [PMID: 34944749 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase CK2, a constitutively active serine/threonine kinase, fulfills its functions via phosphorylating hundreds of proteins in nearly all cells. It regulates a variety of cellular signaling pathways and contributes to cell survival, proliferation and inflammation. CK2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hematologic and solid cancers. Recent data have documented that CK2 has unique functions in both innate and adaptive immune cells. In this article, we review aspects of CK2 biology, functions of the major innate and adaptive immune cells, and how CK2 regulates the function of immune cells. Finally, we provide perspectives on how CK2 effects in immune cells, particularly T-cells, may impact the treatment of cancers via targeting CK2.
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18
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Becker A, Götz C, Montenarh M, Philipp SE. Control of TRPM3 Ion Channels by Protein Kinase CK2-Mediated Phosphorylation in Pancreatic β-Cells of the Line INS-1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13133. [PMID: 34884938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In pancreatic β-cells of the line INS-1, glucose uptake and metabolism induce the openings of Ca2+-permeable TRPM3 channels that contribute to the elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the fusion of insulin granules with the plasma membrane. Conversely, glucose-induced Ca2+ signals and insulin release are reduced by the activity of the serine/threonine kinase CK2. Therefore, we hypothesized that TRPM3 channels might be regulated by CK2 phosphorylation. We used recombinant TRPM3α2 proteins, native TRPM3 proteins from INS-1 β-cells, and TRPM3-derived oligopeptides to analyze and localize CK2-dependent phosphorylation of TRPM3 channels. The functional consequences of CK2 phosphorylation upon TRPM3-mediated Ca2+ entry were investigated in Fura-2 Ca2+-imaging experiments. Recombinant TRPM3α2 channels expressed in HEK293 cells displayed enhanced Ca2+ entry in the presence of the CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 and their activity was strongly reduced after CK2 overexpression. TRPM3α2 channels were phosphorylated by CK2 in vitro at serine residue 1172. Accordingly, a TRPM3α2 S1172A mutant displayed enhanced Ca2+ entry. The TRPM3-mediated Ca2+ entry in INS-1 β-cells was also strongly increased in the presence of CX-4945 and reduced after overexpression of CK2. Our study shows that CK2-mediated phosphorylation controls TRPM3 channel activity in INS-1 β-cells.
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Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a disease with a very poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Although targeted therapies directed towards specific mutations found in CCA are becoming available and are showing great potential, many tumors do not carry actionable mutations and, in those that do, the emergence of drug resistance is a likely consequence of treatment. Therapeutic targeting of enzymes and other proteins that show elevated activity in CCA cells but which are not altered by mutation is a potential strategy for the treatment of target negative and drug-resistant disease. Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is a ubiquitously expressed kinase that has increased expression and increased activity in a variety of cancer types including CCA. Several potent CK2 inhibitors are in pre-clinical development or under assessment in a variety of clinical trials often in combination with drugs that induce DNA damage. This review outlines the importance of CK2 in CCA and assesses the progress that has been made in the evaluation of CK2 inhibition as a treatment strategy in this disease. Targeting CK2 based on the expression levels or activity of this protein and/or in combination with drugs that induce DNA damage or inhibit cell cycle progression, could be a viable option for tumors that lack actionable mutations, or for tumors that develop resistance to targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma-Sheela Jayaraman
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Division of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Kevin Gaston
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Division of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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20
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Abstract
The protein kinase CK2 (CK2) family encompasses a small number of acidophilic serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate substrates involved in numerous biological processes including apoptosis, cell proliferation, and the DNA damage response. CK2 has also been implicated in many human malignancies and other disorders including Alzheimer′s and Parkinson’s diseases, and COVID-19. Interestingly, no single mechanism describes how CK2 is regulated, including activation by external proteins or domains, phosphorylation, or dimerization. Furthermore, the kinase has an elongated activation loop that locks the kinase into an active conformation, leading CK2 to be labelled a constitutively active kinase. This presents an interesting paradox that remains unanswered: how can a constitutively active kinase regulate biological processes that require careful control? Here, we highlight a selection of studies where CK2 activity is regulated at the substrate level, and discuss them based on the regulatory mechanism. Overall, this review describes numerous biological processes where CK2 activity is regulated, highlighting how a constitutively active kinase can still control numerous cellular activities. It is also evident that more research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms that regulate CK2 and what causes aberrant CK2 signaling in disease.
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21
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Fasolato L, Magro M, Cozza G, Sbarra F, Molinari S, Novelli E, Vianello F, Venerando A. An Iron Shield to Protect Epigallocatehin-3-Gallate from Degradation: Multifunctional Self-Assembled Iron Oxide Nanocarrier Enhances Protein Kinase CK2 Intracellular Targeting and Inhibition. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1266. [PMID: 34452227 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is largely involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis and is generally recognized as an Achilles’ heel of cancer, being overexpressed in several malignancies. The beneficial effects of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in the prevention and treatment of several diseases, including cancer, have been widely reported. However, poor stability and limited bioavailability hinder the development of EGCG as an effective therapeutic agent. The combination of innovative nanomaterials and bioactive compounds into nanoparticle-based systems demonstrates the synergistic advantages of nanocomplexes as compared to the individual components. In the present study, we developed a self-assembled core-shell nanohybrid (SAMN@EGCG) combining EGCG and intrinsic dual-signal iron oxide nanoparticles (Surface Active Maghemite Nanoparticles). Interestingly, nano-immobilization on SAMNs protects EGCG from degradation, preventing its auto-oxidation. Most importantly, the nanohybrid was able to successfully deliver EGCG into cancer cells, displaying impressive protein kinase CK2 inhibition comparable to that obtained with the most specific CK2 inhibitor, CX-4945 (5.5 vs. 3 µM), thus promoting the phytochemical exploitation as a valuable alternative for cancer therapy. Finally, to assess the advantages offered by nano-immobilization, we tested SAMN@EGCG against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium involved in severe lung infections. An improved antimicrobial effect with a drastic drop of MIC from 500 to 32.7 μM was shown.
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Rosales M, Pérez GV, Ramón AC, Cruz Y, Rodríguez-Ulloa A, Besada V, Ramos Y, Vázquez-Blomquist D, Caballero E, Aguilar D, González LJ, Zettl K, Wiśniewski JR, Yang K, Perera Y, Perea SE. Targeting of Protein Kinase CK2 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Using the Clinical-Grade Synthetic-Peptide CIGB-300. Biomedicines 2021; 9:766. [PMID: 34356831 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), an advent that becomes particularly relevant since the treatment of this hematological neoplasia remains challenging. Here we explored for the first time the effect of the clinical-grade peptide-based CK2 inhibitor CIGB-300 on AML cells proliferation and viability. CIGB-300 internalization and subcellular distribution were also studied, and the role of B23/nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), a major target for the peptide in solid tumors, was addressed by knock-down in model cell lines. Finally, pull-down experiments and phosphoproteomic analysis were performed to study CIGB-interacting proteins and identify the array of CK2 substrates differentially modulated after treatment with the peptide. Importantly, CIGB-300 elicited a potent anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effect in AML cells, with more than 80% of peptide transduced cells within three minutes. Unlike solid tumor cells, NPM1 did not appear to be a major target for CIGB-300 in AML cells. However, in vivo pull-down experiments and phosphoproteomic analysis evidenced that CIGB-300 targeted the CK2α catalytic subunit, different ribosomal proteins, and inhibited the phosphorylation of a common CK2 substrates array among both AML backgrounds. Remarkably, our results not only provide cellular and molecular insights unveiling the complexity of the CIGB-300 anti-leukemic effect in AML cells but also reinforce the rationale behind the pharmacologic blockade of protein kinase CK2 for AML-targeted therapy.
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Chojnacki K, Wińska P, Karatsai O, Koronkiewicz M, Milner-Krawczyk M, Wielechowska M, Rędowicz MJ, Bretner M, Borowiecki P. Synthesis of Novel Acyl Derivatives of 3-(4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-1 H-benzimidazol-1-yl)propan-1-ols-Intracellular TBBi-Based CK2 Inhibitors with Proapoptotic Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6261. [PMID: 34200807 PMCID: PMC8230474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 has been considered as an attractive drug target for anti-cancer therapy. The synthesis of N-hydroxypropyl TBBi and 2MeTBBi derivatives as well as their respective esters was carried out by using chemoenzymatic methods. Concomitantly with kinetic studies toward recombinant CK2, the influence of the obtained compounds on the viability of two human breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) was evaluated using MTT assay. Additionally, an intracellular inhibition of CK2 as well as an induction of apoptosis in the examined cells after the treatment with the most active compounds were studied by Western blot analysis, phase-contrast microscopy and flow cytometry method. The results of the MTT test revealed potent cytotoxic activities for most of the newly synthesized compounds (EC50 4.90 to 32.77 µM), corresponding to their solubility in biological media. We concluded that derivatives with the methyl group decrease the viability of both cell lines more efficiently than their non-methylated analogs. Furthermore, inhibition of CK2 in breast cancer cells treated with the tested compounds at the concentrations equal to their EC50 values correlates well with their lipophilicity since derivatives with higher values of logP are more potent intracellular inhibitors of CK2 with better proapoptotic properties than their parental hydroxyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Chojnacki
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.M.-K.); (M.W.); (M.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrycja Wińska
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.M.-K.); (M.W.); (M.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Olena Karatsai
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (O.K.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Mirosława Koronkiewicz
- Department of Drug Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Milner-Krawczyk
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.M.-K.); (M.W.); (M.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Monika Wielechowska
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.M.-K.); (M.W.); (M.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Maria Jolanta Rędowicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (O.K.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Maria Bretner
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.M.-K.); (M.W.); (M.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Paweł Borowiecki
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.M.-K.); (M.W.); (M.B.); (P.B.)
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Baier A, Kokel A, Horton W, Gizińska E, Pandey G, Szyszka R, Török B, Török M. Organofluorine Hydrazone Derivatives as Multifunctional Anti-Alzheimer's Agents with CK2 Inhibitory and Antioxidant Features. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1927-1932. [PMID: 33713036 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A set of novel hydrazone derivatives were synthesized and analyzed for their biological activities. The compounds were tested for their inhibitory effect on the phosphorylating activity of the protein kinase CK2, and their antioxidant activity was also determined in three commonly used assays. The hydrazones were evaluated for their radical scavenging against the DPPH, ABTS and peroxyl radicals. Several compounds have been identified as good antioxidants as well as potent protein kinase CK2 inhibitors. Most hydrazones containing a 4-N(CH3 )2 residue or perfluorinated phenyl rings showed high activity in the radical-scavenging assays and possess nanomolar IC50 values in the kinase assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baier
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anne Kokel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - William Horton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Ewa Gizińska
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Garima Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Ryszard Szyszka
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Béla Török
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Marianna Török
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
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Spinello Z, Fregnani A, Quotti Tubi L, Trentin L, Piazza F, Manni S. Targeting Protein Kinases in Blood Cancer: Focusing on CK1α and CK2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073716. [PMID: 33918307 PMCID: PMC8038136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of protein kinase activity may result in dramatic consequences that often lead to cancer development and progression. In tumors of blood origin, both tyrosine kinases and serine/threonine kinases are altered by different types of mutations, critically regulating cancer hallmarks. CK1α and CK2 are highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed and constitutively active pleiotropic kinases, which participate in multiple biological processes. The involvement of these kinases in solid and blood cancers is well documented. CK1α and CK2 are overactive in multiple myeloma, leukemias and lymphomas. Intriguingly, they are not required to the same degree for the viability of normal cells, corroborating the idea of “druggable” kinases. Different to other kinases, mutations on the gene encoding CK1α and CK2 are rare or not reported. Actually, these two kinases are outside the paradigm of oncogene addiction, since cancer cells’ dependency on these proteins resembles the phenomenon of “non-oncogene” addiction. In this review, we will summarize the general features of CK1α and CK2 and the most relevant oncogenic and stress-related signaling nodes, regulated by kinase phosphorylation, that may lead to tumor progression. Finally, we will report the current data, which support the positioning of these two kinases in the therapeutic scene of hematological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Spinello
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, University of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (Z.S.); (A.F.); (L.Q.T.); (L.T.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Fregnani
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, University of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (Z.S.); (A.F.); (L.Q.T.); (L.T.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Quotti Tubi
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, University of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (Z.S.); (A.F.); (L.Q.T.); (L.T.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, University of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (Z.S.); (A.F.); (L.Q.T.); (L.T.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Piazza
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, University of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (Z.S.); (A.F.); (L.Q.T.); (L.T.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +39-049-792-3263 (F.P. & S.M.); Fax: +39-049-792-3250 (F.P. & S.M.)
| | - Sabrina Manni
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, University of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (Z.S.); (A.F.); (L.Q.T.); (L.T.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +39-049-792-3263 (F.P. & S.M.); Fax: +39-049-792-3250 (F.P. & S.M.)
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Villamañan L, Martínez-Escardó L, Arús C, Yuste VJ, Candiota AP. Successful Partnerships: Exploring the Potential of Immunogenic Signals Triggered by TMZ, CX-4945, and Combined Treatment in GL261 Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073453. [PMID: 33810611 PMCID: PMC8036897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relevance of the cancer immune cycle in therapy response implies that successful treatment may trigger the exposure or the release of immunogenic signals. Previous results with the preclinical GL261 glioblastoma (GB) showed that combination treatment of temozolomide (TMZ) + CX-4945 (protein kinase CK2 inhibitor) outperformed single treatments, provided an immune-friendly schedule was followed. Our purpose was to study possible immunogenic signals released in vitro by GB cells. METHODS GL261 GB cells were treated with TMZ and CX-4945 at different concentrations (25 µM-4 mM) and time frames (12-72 h). Cell viability was measured with Trypan Blue and propidium iodide. Calreticulin exposure was assessed with immunofluorescence, and ATP release was measured with bioluminescence. RESULTS TMZ showed cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effects, while CX-4945 showed remarkable cytotoxic effects already at low concentrations. Calreticulin exposure after 24 h was detected with TMZ treatment, as well as TMZ/CX-4945 low concentration combined treatment. ATP release was significantly higher with CX-4945, especially at high concentrations, as well as with TMZ/CX-4945. CONCLUSIONS combined treatment may produce the simultaneous release of two potent immunogenic signals, which can explain the outperformance over single treatments in vivo. A word of caution may be raised since in vitro conditions are not able to mimic pharmacokinetics observed in vivo fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Villamañan
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (L.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Laura Martínez-Escardó
- Cell Death, Senescence and Survival Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (L.M.-E.); (V.J.Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (C.I.B.E.R.N.E.D.), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Carles Arús
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (L.V.); (C.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Victor J. Yuste
- Cell Death, Senescence and Survival Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (L.M.-E.); (V.J.Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (C.I.B.E.R.N.E.D.), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ana P. Candiota
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (L.V.); (C.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Klink M, Rahman MA, Song C, Dhanyamraju PK, Ehudin M, Ding Y, Steffens S, Bhadauria P, Iyer S, Aliaga C, Desai D, Huang S, Claxton D, Sharma A, Gowda C. Mechanistic Basis for In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy of CK2 Inhibitor CX-4945 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051127. [PMID: 33807974 PMCID: PMC7975325 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Acute Myeloid Leukemia is an aggressive disease with poor outcomes. New targeted therapies that can boost the effects of currently used chemotherapy medications without added toxicity are needed. Targeting an overactive kinase, called the protein Kinase CK2 in AML, helps leukemia cells undergo cell death and helps certain chemotherapy drugs work better. Here, we present evidence that CX-4945, a CK2 inhibitor drug, effectively kills leukemia cells in mouse models and shows the mechanism of action responsible for these effects. Leukemia cells are more sensitive to a decrease in CK2 kinase levels than normal cells. Our results show that inhibiting CK2 kinase makes AML cells more susceptible to anthracycline-induced cell death. Anthracyclines like daunorubicin and doxorubicin are widely used to treat leukemia in children and adults. A rational combination of protein kinase CK2 inhibitors with the standard of care chemotherapy may help treat AML more effectively. Abstract Protein Kinase CK2 (Casein Kinase 2 or CK2) is a constitutively active serine-threonine kinase overactive in human malignancies. Increased expression and activity of CK2 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is associated with a poor outcome. CK2 promotes AML cell survival by impinging on multiple oncogenic signaling pathways. The selective small-molecule CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 has shown in vitro cytotoxicity in AML. Here, we report that CX-4945 has a strong in vivo therapeutic effect in preclinical models of AML. The analysis of genome-wide DNA-binding and gene expression in CX-4945 treated AML cells shows that one mechanism, by which CK2 inhibition exerts a therapeutic effect in AML, involves the revival of IKAROS tumor suppressor function. CK2 phosphorylates IKAROS and disrupts IKAROS’ transcriptional activity by impairing DNA-binding and association with chromatin modifiers. Here, we demonstrate that CK2 inhibition decreases IKAROS phosphorylation and restores IKAROS binding to DNA. Further functional experiments show that IKAROS negatively regulates the transcription of anti-apoptotic genes, including BCL-XL (B cell Lymphoma like–2 like 1, BCL2L1). CX-4945 restitutes the IKAROS-mediated repression of BCL-XL in vivo and sensitizes AML cells to apoptosis. Using CX-4945, alongside the cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drug daunorubicin, augments BCL-XL suppression and AML cell apoptosis. Overall, these results establish the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of CX-4945 in AML preclinical models and determine the role of CK2 and IKAROS in regulating apoptosis in AML. Furthermore, our study provides functional and mechanistic bases for the addition of CK2 inhibitors to AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgann Klink
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.K.); (M.A.R.); (C.S.); (P.K.D.); (M.E.); (Y.D.); (S.S.); (P.B.); (S.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Mohammad Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.K.); (M.A.R.); (C.S.); (P.K.D.); (M.E.); (Y.D.); (S.S.); (P.B.); (S.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Chunhua Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.K.); (M.A.R.); (C.S.); (P.K.D.); (M.E.); (Y.D.); (S.S.); (P.B.); (S.I.); (S.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pavan Kumar Dhanyamraju
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.K.); (M.A.R.); (C.S.); (P.K.D.); (M.E.); (Y.D.); (S.S.); (P.B.); (S.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Melanie Ehudin
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.K.); (M.A.R.); (C.S.); (P.K.D.); (M.E.); (Y.D.); (S.S.); (P.B.); (S.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Yali Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.K.); (M.A.R.); (C.S.); (P.K.D.); (M.E.); (Y.D.); (S.S.); (P.B.); (S.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Sadie Steffens
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.K.); (M.A.R.); (C.S.); (P.K.D.); (M.E.); (Y.D.); (S.S.); (P.B.); (S.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Preeti Bhadauria
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.K.); (M.A.R.); (C.S.); (P.K.D.); (M.E.); (Y.D.); (S.S.); (P.B.); (S.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Soumya Iyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.K.); (M.A.R.); (C.S.); (P.K.D.); (M.E.); (Y.D.); (S.S.); (P.B.); (S.I.); (S.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Chicago,Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Cesar Aliaga
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (C.A.); (D.C.)
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Suming Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.K.); (M.A.R.); (C.S.); (P.K.D.); (M.E.); (Y.D.); (S.S.); (P.B.); (S.I.); (S.H.)
| | - David Claxton
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (C.A.); (D.C.)
| | - Arati Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Chandrika Gowda
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.K.); (M.A.R.); (C.S.); (P.K.D.); (M.E.); (Y.D.); (S.S.); (P.B.); (S.I.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 717-531-6012; Fax: 717-531-4789
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Zhao R, Feng D, Zhuang G, Liu Y, Chi S, Zhang J, Zhou X, Zhang W, Wang H. Protein kinase CK2 participates in estrogen-mediated endothelial progenitor cell homing to endometriotic lesions through stromal cells in a stromal cell-derived factor-1- CXCR4-dependent manner. Fertil Steril 2021; 113:1067-1079.e5. [PMID: 32386617 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the possible mechanism of protein kinase CK2, which participates in estrogen recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and its role in the angiogenesis of endometriosis lesions. DESIGN Laboratory study. SETTING University. ANIMAL(S) BALB/c mice. INTERVENTION(S) Exposure of human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) to estrogen and CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 and endometrial stromal cells transfected with the protein kinase CK2 vector (HESC-CK2). Endometriosis models were induced by allogeneic mice transplantation of the endometrium into dorsal skinfold chambers. The mice received an IP injection of 50 mg/kg emodin per day or were treated with 100 μg/kg estrogen by SC injection once a week. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The concentration of cytokines in cells was measured with ELISA. The migration of EPCs was examined using the scratch assay method and Transwell, a capillary tube-formation assay to determine EPC tube-forming capacity, and protein and mRNA expression with Western blot and polymerase chain reaction analyses, respectively. RESULT(S) Protein kinase CK2 participates in estrogen-mediated EPC homing to endometriotic lesions through stromal cells in a stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)-CXCR4-dependent manner. Conditioned medium from endometrial stromal cells that were stably transfected with the protein kinase CK2 vector (HESC-CK2) or pretreated with estrogen significantly enhanced the migration and recruitment of EPCs. In contrast, conditioned medium from HESCs that were treated with CX-4945, a selective inhibitor of CK2, inhibited the mobility and viability of EPCs. Furthermore, CK2 overexpression significantly upregulated SDF-1 expression and secretion in endometrial stromal cells by activating the AKT/mTOR pathway. Moreover, treatment with the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4-specific inhibitor AMD3100 completely reversed the CK2-enhanced migration of EPCs. CONCLUSION(S) This study demonstrates that CK2 participates in estrogen-mediated EPC homing to endometriotic lesions through stromal cells in an SDF-1-CXCR4-dependent manner and may be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huang Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dilu Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huang Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobin Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huang Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huang Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqi Chi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huang Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huang Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huang Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huang Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Homma MK, Kiko Y, Hashimoto Y, Nagatsuka M, Katagata N, Masui S, Homma Y, Nomizu T. Intracellular localization of CK2α as a prognostic factor in invasive breast carcinomas. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:619-628. [PMID: 33164285 PMCID: PMC7894005 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the ubiquitous protein kinase, CK2α, has been reported in various human cancers. Here, we demonstrate that nuclear and nucleolar CK2α localization in invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast is a reliable predictor of poor prognosis. Cellular localization of CK2α in nuclei and nucleoli was analyzed immunohistochemically using surgical tissue blocks from 112 patients, who had undergone surgery without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Clinical data collection and median follow-up period were for more than 5 y. In total, 93.8% of patients demonstrated elevated CK2α expression in nuclei and 36.6% of them displayed elevated expression predominantly in nucleoli. Clinicopathological malignancy was strongly correlated with elevated nuclear and nucleolar CK2α expression. Recurrence-free survival was significantly worse (P = .0002) in patients with positive nucleolar CK2α staining. The 5-y survival rate decreased to a roughly 50% in nucleolar CK2α-positive patients of triple-negative (P = .0069) and p Stage 3 (P = .0073) groups. In contrast, no patients relapsed or died in the triple-negative group who exhibited a lack of nucleolar CK2α staining. Evaluation of nucleolar CK2α staining showed a high secondary index with a hazard ratio of 6.629 (P = .001), following lymph node metastasis with a hazard ratio of 14.30 (P = .0008). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that nucleolar CK2α is an independent factor for recurrence-free survival. Therefore, we propose that histochemical evaluation of nucleolar CK2α-positive staining may be a new and robust prognostic indicator for patients who need further treatment. Functional consequences of nucleolar CK2 dysfunction may be a starting point to facilitate development of novel treatments for invasive breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Kato Homma
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesFukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushimaJapan
| | - Yuichiro Kiko
- Department of Diagnostic PathologyFukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushimaJapan
| | - Yuko Hashimoto
- Department of Diagnostic PathologyFukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushimaJapan
| | - Miki Nagatsuka
- Department of SurgeryHoshi General HospitalFukushimaJapan
| | - Naoto Katagata
- Department of SurgeryHoshi General HospitalFukushimaJapan
| | - Seiichiro Masui
- Medical Research CenterFukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushimaJapan
| | - Yoshimi Homma
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesFukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushimaJapan
| | - Tadashi Nomizu
- Department of SurgeryHoshi General HospitalFukushimaJapan
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Dovat E, Song C, Hu T, Rahman MA, Dhanyamraju PK, Klink M, Bogush D, Soliman M, Kane S, McGrath M, Ding Y, Desai D, Sharma A, Gowda C. Transcriptional Regulation of PIK3CD and PIKFYVE in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by IKAROS and Protein Kinase CK2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020819. [PMID: 33467550 PMCID: PMC7830534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IKAROS, encoded by the IKZF1 gene, is a DNA-binding protein that functions as a tumor suppressor in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Recent studies have identified IKAROS’s novel function in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in T-ALL and uncovered many genes that are likely to be directly regulated by IKAROS. Here, we report the transcriptional regulation of two genes, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta (PIK3CD) and phosphoinositide kinase, FYVE-type zinc finger containing (PIKFYVE), by IKAROS in T-ALL. PIK3CD encodes the protein p110δ subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). The PI3K/AKT pathway is frequently dysregulated in cancers, including T-ALL. IKAROS binds to the promoter regions of PIK3CD and PIKFYVE and reduces their transcription in primary T-ALL. Functional analysis demonstrates that IKAROS functions as a transcriptional repressor of both PIK3CD and PIKFYVE. Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is a pro-oncogenic kinase that is overexpressed in T-ALL. CK2 phosphorylates IKAROS, impairs IKAROS’s DNA-binding ability, and functions as a repressor of PIK3CD and PIKFYVE. CK2 inhibition results in increased IKAROS binding to the promoters of PIK3CD and PIKFYVE and the transcriptional repression of both these genes. Overall, the presented data demonstrate for the first time that in T-ALL, CK2 hyperactivity contributes to PI3K signaling pathway upregulation, at least in part, through impaired IKAROS transcriptional regulation of PIK3CD and PIKFYVE. Targeting CK2 restores IKAROS’s regulatory effects on the PI3K oncogenic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elanora Dovat
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (E.D.); (C.S.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (P.K.D.); (M.K.); (D.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Chunhua Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (E.D.); (C.S.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (P.K.D.); (M.K.); (D.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.D.)
- Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tommy Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (E.D.); (C.S.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (P.K.D.); (M.K.); (D.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Mohammad Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (E.D.); (C.S.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (P.K.D.); (M.K.); (D.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Pavan Kumar Dhanyamraju
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (E.D.); (C.S.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (P.K.D.); (M.K.); (D.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Morgann Klink
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (E.D.); (C.S.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (P.K.D.); (M.K.); (D.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Daniel Bogush
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (E.D.); (C.S.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (P.K.D.); (M.K.); (D.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Mario Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (E.D.); (C.S.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (P.K.D.); (M.K.); (D.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shriya Kane
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (E.D.); (C.S.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (P.K.D.); (M.K.); (D.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Mary McGrath
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (E.D.); (C.S.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (P.K.D.); (M.K.); (D.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yali Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (E.D.); (C.S.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (P.K.D.); (M.K.); (D.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Arati Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Chandrika Gowda
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (E.D.); (C.S.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (P.K.D.); (M.K.); (D.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-91-717-531-6012
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Song J, Bae YS. CK2 Down-Regulation Increases the Expression of Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype Factors through NF-κB Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E406. [PMID: 33401686 PMCID: PMC7795172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells secrete pro-inflammatory factors, and a hallmark feature of senescence is senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The aim of this study is to investigate the protein kinase CK2 (CK2) effects on SASP factors expression in cellular senescence and organism aging. Here CK2 down-regulation induced the expression of SASP factors, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3, through the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in MCF-7 and HCT116 cells. CK2 down-regulation-mediated SIRT1 inactivation promoted the degradation of inhibitors of NF-κB (IκB) by activating the AKT-IκB kinase (IKK) axis and increased the acetylation of lysine 310 on RelA/p65, an important site for the activity of NF-κB. kin-10 (the ortholog of CK2β) knockdown increased zmp-1, -2, and -3 (the orthologs of MMP) expression in nematodes, but AKT inhibitor triciribine and SIRT activator resveratrol significantly abrogated the increased expression of these genes. Finally, antisense inhibitors of miR-186, miR-216b, miR-337-3p, and miR-760 suppressed CK2α down-regulation, activation of the AKT-IKK-NF-κB axis, RelA/p65 acetylation, and expression of SASP genes in cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. Therefore, this study indicated that CK2 down-regulation induces the expression of SASP factors through NF-κB activation, which is mediated by both activation of the SIRT1-AKT-IKK axis and RelA/p65 acetylation, suggesting that the mixture of the four miRNA inhibitors can be used as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young-Seuk Bae
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
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Abstract
Protein kinase CK2, formally known as casein kinase II, is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine or tyrosine kinase enzyme that regulates diverse signaling pathways responsible for cellular processes (i.e., cell proliferation and apoptosis) via interactions with over 500 known substrates. The enzyme's physiological interactions and cellular functions have been widely studied, most notably in the blood and solid malignancies. CK2 has intrinsic role in carcinogenesis as overexpression of CK2 subunits (α, α`, and β) and deregulation of its activity have been linked to various forms of cancers. CK2 also has extrinsic role in cancer stroma or in the tumor microenvironment (TME) including the immune cells. However, very few research studies have focused on extrinsic role of CK2 in regulating immune responses as a therapeutic alternative for cancer. The following review discusses CK2's regulation of key signaling events [Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α), Cyclooygenase-2 (COX-2), Extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK), Notch, Protein kinase B/AKT, Ikaros and Wnt] that can influence the development and function of immune cells in cancer. Potential clinical trials using potent CK2 inhibitors will facilitate and improve the treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Husain
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tanika T Williamson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nadine Nelson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tomar Ghansah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Guerra B, Issinger OG. Role of Protein Kinase CK2 in Aberrant Lipid Metabolism in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100292. [PMID: 33027921 PMCID: PMC7601870 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled proliferation is a feature defining cancer and it is linked to the ability of cancer cells to effectively adapt their metabolic needs in response to a harsh tumor environment. Metabolic reprogramming is considered a hallmark of cancer and includes increased glucose uptake and processing, and increased glutamine utilization, but also the deregulation of lipid and cholesterol-associated signal transduction, as highlighted in recent years. In the first part of the review, we will (i) provide an overview of the major types of lipids found in eukaryotic cells and their importance as mediators of intracellular signaling pathways (ii) analyze the main metabolic changes occurring in cancer development and the role of oncogenic signaling in supporting aberrant lipid metabolism and (iii) discuss combination strategies as powerful new approaches to cancer treatment. The second part of the review will address the emerging role of CK2, a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, in lipid homeostasis with an emphasis regarding its function in lipogenesis and adipogenesis. Evidence will be provided that CK2 regulates these processes at multiple levels. This suggests that its pharmacological inhibition combined with dietary restrictions and/or inhibitors of metabolic targets could represent an effective way to undermine the dependency of cancer cells on lipids to interfere with tumor progression.
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Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 appears as a tetramer or higher molecular weight oligomer composed of catalytic CK2α, CK2α' subunits and non-catalytic regulatory CK2β subunits or as individual subunits. It is implicated in a variety of different regulatory processes, such as Akt signalling, splicing and DNA repair within eukaryotic cells. The present review evaluates the influence of CK2 on ion channels in the plasma membrane. CK2 phosphorylates platform proteins such as calmodulin and ankyrin G, which bind to channel proteins for a physiological transport to and positioning into the membrane. In addition, CK2 directly phosphorylates a variety of channel proteins directly to regulate opening and closing of the channels. Thus, modulation of CK2 activities by specific inhibitors, by siRNA technology or by CRISPR/Cas technology has an influence on intracellular ion concentrations and thereby on cellular signalling. The physiological regulation of the intracellular ion concentration is important for cell survival and correct intracellular signalling. Disturbance of this regulation results in a variety of different diseases including epilepsy, heart failure, cystic fibrosis and diabetes. Therefore, these effects should be considered when using CK2 inhibition as a treatment option for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Montenarh
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, D-66424 Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, D-66424 Homburg, Saarland, Germany
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Wińska P, Karatsai O, Staniszewska M, Koronkiewicz M, Chojnacki K, Rędowicz MJ. Synergistic Interactions of 5-Fluorouracil with Inhibitors of Protein Kinase CK2 Correlate with p38 MAPK Activation and FAK Inhibition in the Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6234. [PMID: 32872257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The combination effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with either CX-4945 or a new inhibitor of protein kinase CK2, namely 14B (4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1-(3-bromopropyl)-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole), on the viability of MCF-7 and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines was studied. Methods: Combination index (CI) values were determined using an MTT-based assay and the Chou-Talalay model. The effect of the tested drug combinations on pro-apoptotic properties and cell cycle progression was examined using flow cytometry. The activation of FAK, p38 MAPK, and ERK1/2 kinases and the expression of selected pro-apoptotic markers in MDA-MB-231 cell line after the combined treatment were evaluated by the western blot method. Confocal microscopy was used to examine actin network in MDA-MB-231. Results: Our results showed that a synergistic effect (CI < 1) occurred in MDA-MB-231 after treatment with both combinations of 5-FU with 14B or CX-4945, whereas the combination of 5-FU and 14B evoked an antagonistic effect in MCF-7. We conclude that the synergistic interactions (CI < 1) observed for both the combinations of 5-FU and 14B or CX-4945 in MDA-MB-231 correlated with an activation of p38 MAPK, inhibition of FAK, increased expression of apoptogenic markers, prolongation of S-phase of cell cycle, and destabilization of actin network. Conclusions: The obtained results support the recent observation that CK2 inhibitors can improve 5-FU-based anticancer therapy and FAK kinase can be an attractive molecular target in breast cancer therapy.
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Reikhardt BA, Shabanov PD. [Effect of etimizole structural analogues on protein kinase CK2, protein phosphorylation and transcription of chromatin in rat brain cortex and hippocampus]. Biomed Khim 2020; 66:130-137. [PMID: 32420893 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206602130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is an important enzyme in the nervous system. The nuclear forms of CK2 regulate chromatin structure and gene expression, the key processes for long-term memory formation. Memory modulators, the Structural Analogues of Etimizole (SAE), were able to increase or decrease the activity of chromatin-associated CK in the cortex and hippocampus of rat brain in vitro. In vivo memory enhancers from SAE-group (3 mg/kg) stimulated CK2 activity and the transcriptional ability of chromatin in the cortex and hippocampus, starting from 30 min with a peak for 60 min and a duration up to 180 min. At these periods the memory inhibitor from the SAE-group reduced CK2 activity and chromatin transcription. It is assumed that the modulating effect of SAE on CK2 activity and transcription underlies the effects of these compounds on long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Reikhardt
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - P D Shabanov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Marzec E, Poznański J, Paprocki D. Thermodynamic contribution of iodine atom to the binding of heterogeneously polyhalogenated benzotriazoles by the catalytic subunit of human protein kinase CK2. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1203-1210. [PMID: 32083806 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel benzotriazole derivatives containing iodine atom(s) were synthesized. The binding of these compounds to the catalytic subunit of human protein kinase CK2 was evaluated using differential scanning fluorimetry. The obtained thermodynamic data were compared with those determined previously for the brominated and chlorinated benzotriazole analogues to get a deeper insight into the thermodynamic contribution of iodine substitution to the free energy of ligand binding. We have shown that iodine atom(s) attached to the benzene ring of benzotriazole enhance(s) its binding by the target protein. This effect is the strongest when two iodine atoms are attached at positions peripheral to the triazole ring, which according to the structures deposited in protein data bank may be indicative for the formation of the halogen bond between iodine and carbonyl groups of residues located in the hinge region of the protein. Finally, quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis pointed the solute hydrophobicity as the main factor contributing to the binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Marzec
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Poznański
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Paprocki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Zhang L, Zhang D, Liu D, Li Y, Li H, Xie Y, Wang Z, Hansen BO, Olsson S. Conserved Eukaryotic Kinase CK2 Chaperone Intrinsically Disordered Protein Interactions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02191-19. [PMID: 31676471 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02191-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2, a serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinase present in eukaryotic cells, is known to have a vast number of substrates. We have recently shown that it localizes to nuclei and at pores between hyphal compartments in Magnaporthe oryzae We performed a pulldown proteomics analysis of M. oryzae CK2 catalytic subunit MoCKa to detect interacting proteins. The MoCKa pulldown was enriched for septum and nucleolus proteins and intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) containing a CK2 phosphorylation motif that is proposed to destabilize and unfold α-helices. This points to a function for CK2 phosphorylation and corresponding phosphatase dephosphorylation in the formation of functional protein-protein aggregates and protein-RNA/DNA binding. To test this as widely as possible, we used secondary data downloaded from databases from a large range of M. oryzae experiments, as well as data for a relatively closely related plant-pathogenic fungus, Fusarium graminearum We found that CKa expression was strongly positively correlated with Ser/Thr phosphatases, as well as with disaggregases (HSP104, YDJ1, and SSA1) and an autophagy-indicating protein (ATG8). The latter points to increased protein aggregate formation at high levels of CKa expression. Our results suggest a general role for CK2 in chaperoning aggregation and disaggregation of IDPs and their binding to proteins, DNA, and RNA.IMPORTANCE CK2 is a eukaryotic conserved kinase enzyme complex that phosphorylates proteins. CK2 is known to phosphorylate a large number of proteins and is constitutively active, and thus a "normal" role for a kinase in a signaling cascade might not be the case for CK2. Previous results on localization and indications from the literature point to a function for CK2 phosphorylation in shaping and folding of proteins, especially intrinsically disordered proteins, which constitute about 30% of eukaryotic proteins. We used pulldown of interacting proteins and data downloaded from a large range of transcriptomic experiments in M. oryzae and complemented these with data downloaded from a large range of transcriptomic experiments in Fusarium graminearum We found support for a general role for CK2 in aggregation and disaggregation of IDPs and their binding to proteins, DNA, and RNA-interactions that could explain the importance of CK2 in eukaryotic cell function and disease.
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Li C, Zhang X, Zhang N, Zhou Y, Sun G, Zhao L, Zhong R. Identification and Biological Evaluation of CK2 Allosteric Fragments through Structure-Based Virtual Screening. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010237. [PMID: 31935979 PMCID: PMC6983002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase II (CK2) is considered as an attractive cancer therapeutic target, and recent efforts have been made to develop its ATP-competitive inhibitors. However, achieving selectivity with respect to related kinases remains challenging due to the highly conserved ATP-binding pocket of kinases. Allosteric inhibitors, by targeting the much more diversified allosteric site relative to the highly conserved ATP-binding pocket, might be a promising strategy with the enhanced selectivity and reduced toxicity than ATP-competitive inhibitors. The previous studies have highlighted the traditional serendipitousity of discovering allosteric inhibitors owing to the complicate allosteric modulation. In this current study, we identified the novel allosteric inhibitors of CK2α by combing structure-based virtual screening and biological evaluation methods. The structure-based pharmacophore model was built based on the crystal structure of CK2α-compound 15 complex. The ChemBridge fragment library was searched by evaluating the fit values of these molecules with the optimized pharmacophore model, as well as the binding affinity of the CK2α-ligand complexes predicted by Alloscore web server. Six hits forming the holistic interaction mechanism with the αD pocket were retained after pharmacophore- and Alloscore-based screening for biological test. Compound 3 was found to be the most potent non-ATP competitive CK2α inhibitor (IC50 = 13.0 μM) with the anti-proliferative activity on A549 cancer cells (IC50 = 23.1 μM). Our results provide new clues for further development of CK2 allosteric inhibitors as anti-cancer hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental & Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (C.L.); (X.Z.); (G.S.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental & Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (C.L.); (X.Z.); (G.S.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Na Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental & Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (C.L.); (X.Z.); (G.S.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-67392001
| | - Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Guohui Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental & Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (C.L.); (X.Z.); (G.S.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Lijiao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental & Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (C.L.); (X.Z.); (G.S.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental & Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (C.L.); (X.Z.); (G.S.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
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Wińska P, Widło Ł, Skierka K, Krzyśko A, Koronkiewicz M, Cieśla JM, Cieśla J, Bretner M. Simultaneous Inhibition of Protein Kinase CK2 and Dihydrofolate Reductase Results in Synergistic Effect on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells. Anticancer Res 2019; 39:3531-3542. [PMID: 31262877 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Recently, we demonstrated the ability of inhibitors of protein kinase 2 (casein kinase II; CK2) to enhance the efficacy of 5-fluorouracil, a thymidylate synthase (TYMS)-directed drug for anticancer treatment. The present study aimed to investigate the antileukemic effect of simultaneous inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), another enzyme involved in the thymidylate biosynthesis cycle, and CK2 in CCRF-CEM acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The influence of combined treatment on apoptosis and cell-cycle progression, as well as the endocellular level of DHFR protein and inhibition of CK2 were determined using flow cytometry and western blot analysis, respectively. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the influence of silmitasertib (CX-4945), a selective inhibitor of CK2 on the expression of DHFR and TYMS genes. RESULTS The synergistic effect was correlated with the increase of annexin V-binding cell fraction, caspase 3/7 activation and a significant reduce in the activity of CK2. An increase of DHFR protein level was observed in CCRF-CEM cells after CX-4945 treatment, with the mRNA level remaining relatively constant. CONCLUSION The obtained results demonstrate a possibility to improve methotrexate-based anti-leukemia therapy by simultaneous inhibition of CK2. The effect of CK2 inhibition on DHFR expression suggests the important regulatory role of CK2-mediated phosphorylation of DHFR inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Wińska
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Widło
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skierka
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Krzyśko
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosława Koronkiewicz
- Department of Drug Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław M Cieśla
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Cieśla
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Bretner
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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Tsuyuguchi M, Nakaniwa T, Sawa M, Nakanishi I, Kinoshita T. A promiscuous kinase inhibitor delineates the conspicuous structural features of protein kinase CK2a1. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:515-519. [PMID: 31282872 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x19008951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2a1 is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a crucial role in the growth, proliferation and survival of cells and is a well known target for tumour and glomerulonephritis therapies. Here, the crystal structure of the kinase domain of CK2a1 complexed with 5-iodotubercidin (5IOD), an ATP-mimetic inhibitor, was determined at 1.78 Å resolution. The structure shows distinct structural features and, in combination with a comparison of the crystal structures of five off-target kinases complexed with 5IOD, provides valuable information for the development of highly selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tsuyuguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Tetsuko Nakaniwa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Isao Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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42
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Yang SP, Lo CY, Tseng HM, Chao CC. Knockdown of protein kinase CK2 blocked gene expression mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced serum response element. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2019; 62:63-69. [PMID: 31243176 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the principal signaling pathway outcomes from brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the activation of antiapoptotic pathways. In addition to the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, BDNF activates protein kinase CK2 to mediate its neuroprotective effect. The inhibition of CK2 activity has been shown to induce apoptosis. Although serum response element (SRE)-mediated transcription has been reported to be activated by BDNF and that the phosphorylation of serum response factor (SRF) by CK2 has been shown to enhance its DNA binding activity, the biological relevance of these interactions remains largely unclear. In the present study, we found that SRE-mediated transcription, CK2 activity, and SRF phosphorylation increased in PC12 cells under BDNF treatment. The transfection of CK2α siRNA blocked the enhancing effect of BDNF on SRE-mediated transcription, SRF phosphorylation, and Mcl-1 gene expression. Moreover, the blockade of CK2 diminished the antiapoptotic effects of BDNF on SRE-mediated transcription, Mcl-1 gene expression, and cell viability under rotenone-induced cytotoxicity. Our data may assist in the development of therapeutic strategies for inhibiting apoptosis during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Yang
- Institute of Neurosciences, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yi Lo
- Institute of Neurosciences, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Tseng
- Institute of Neurosciences, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chang Chao
- Institute of Neurosciences, National Chengchi University; Research Center for Mind, Brian and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
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43
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Lindenblatt D, Horn M, Götz C, Niefind K, Neundorf I, Pietsch M. Design of CK2β-Mimicking Peptides as Tools To Study the CK2α/CK2β Interaction in Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:833-841. [PMID: 30786177 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed Ser/Thr kinase CK2 is a key regulator in a variety of key processes in normal and malignant cells. Due to its distinctive anti-apoptotic and tumor-driving properties, elevated levels of CK2 have frequently been found in tumors of different origin. In recent years, development of CK2 inhibitors has largely been focused on ATP-competitive compounds; however, targeting the CK2α/CK2β interface has emerged as a further concept that might avoid selectivity issues. To address the CK2 subunit interaction site, we have synthesized halogenated CK2β-mimicking cyclic peptides modified with the cell-penetrating peptide sC18 to mediate cellular uptake. We investigated the binding of the resulting chimeric peptides to recombinant human CK2α using a recently developed fluorescence anisotropy assay. The iodinated peptide sC18-I-Pc was identified as a potent CK2α ligand (Ki =0.622 μm). It was internalized in cells to a high extent and exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward cancerous HeLa cells (IC50 =37 μm) in contrast to non-cancerous HEK-293 cells. The attractive features and functionalities of sC18-I-Pc offer the opportunity for further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Lindenblatt
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mareike Horn
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str., Building 44, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Niefind
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ines Neundorf
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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44
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Kim S, Ham S, Yang K, Kim K. Protein kinase CK2 activation is required for transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1811-1826. [PMID: 30171795 PMCID: PMC6165993 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is overexpressed in advanced cancers and promotes tumorigenesis by inducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which enhances invasiveness and metastasis. Although we previously reported that EMT could be induced by increasing CK2 activity alone, it is not known whether CK2 also plays an essential role in TGFβ‐induced EMT. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether TGFβ signaling could activate CK2 and, if so, whether such activation is required for TGFβ‐induced EMT. We found that CK2 is activated by TGFβ treatment, and that activity peaks at 48 h after treatment. CK2 activation is dependent on TGFβ receptor (TGFBR) I kinase activity, but independent of SMAD4. Inhibition of CK2 activation through the use of either a CK2 inhibitor or shRNA against CSNK2A1 inhibited TGFβ‐induced EMT. TGFβ signaling decreased CK2β but did not affect CK2α protein levels, resulting in a quantitative imbalance between the catalytic α and regulatory β subunits, thereby increasing CK2 activity. The decrease in CK2β expression was dependent on TGFBRI kinase activity and the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. The E3 ubiquitin ligases responsible for TGFβ‐induced CK2β degradation were found to be CHIP and WWP1. Okadaic acid (OA) pretreatment protected CK2β from TGFβ‐induced degradation, suggesting that dephosphorylation of CK2β by an OA‐sensitive phosphatase might be required for CK2 activation in TGFβ‐induced EMT. Collectively, our results suggest CK2 as a therapeutic target for the prevention of EMT and metastasis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongrak Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Ham
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyungmi Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kunhong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Seoul, Korea
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45
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Lertsuwan J, Lertsuwan K, Sawasdichai A, Tasnawijitwong N, Lee KY, Kitchen P, Afford S, Gaston K, Jayaraman PS, Satayavivad J. CX-4945 Induces Methuosis in Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Lines by a CK2-Independent Mechanism. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090283. [PMID: 30142881 PMCID: PMC6162756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a disease with a poor prognosis and increasing incidence and hence there is a pressing unmet clinical need for new adjuvant treatments. Protein kinase CK2 (previously casein kinase II) is a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is up-regulated in multiple cancer cell types. The inhibition of CK2 activity using CX-4945 (Silmitasertib) has been proposed as a novel treatment in multiple disease settings including cholangiocarcinoma. Here, we show that CX-4945 inhibited the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines in vitro. Moreover, CX-4945 treatment induced the formation of cytosolic vacuoles in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and other cancer cell lines. The vacuoles contained extracellular fluid and had neutral pH, features characteristic of methuosis. In contrast, simultaneous knockdown of both the α and α' catalytic subunits of protein kinase CK2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) had little or no effect on the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and failed to induce the vacuole formation. Surprisingly, low doses of CX-4945 increased the invasive properties of cholangiocarcinoma cells due to an upregulation of matrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP-7), while the knockdown of CK2 inhibited cell invasion. Our data suggest that CX-4945 inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell death via CK2-independent pathways. Moreover, the increase in cell invasion brought about by CX-4945 treatment suggests that this drug might increase tumor invasion in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomnarong Lertsuwan
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Kornkamon Lertsuwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Anyaporn Sawasdichai
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | | | - Ka Ying Lee
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Philip Kitchen
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Simon Afford
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Kevin Gaston
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Padma-Sheela Jayaraman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
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46
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Wińska P, Skierka K, Łukowska-Chojnacka E, Koronkiewicz M, Cieśla J, Bretner M. Effect of Simultaneous Inhibition of Protein Kinase CK2 and Thymidylate Synthase in Leukemia and Breast Cancer Cells. Anticancer Res 2018; 38:4617-4627. [PMID: 30061228 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Protein kinase CK2 was recently identified as a promising therapeutic target for combination therapy. Our study aims to investigate the anticancer effect of a simultaneous inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS) and CK2 in MCF-7 breast cancer and CCRF-CEM leukemia cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The type of interaction between CK2 inhibitors: CX-4945, 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole (TBBi), or recently obtained 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetonitrile (2b) and TS-directed anticancer drug, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was determined using the MTT assay and a combination index method. The influence of the combined treatment on apoptosis in leukemia cells, as well as on cell-cycle progression and the levels of TS, CK2α and P-Ser529-p65 were determined in both cell lines, using flow cytometry and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS The best synergistic effect was observed in CCRF-CEM cell line with the combination of 5-FU and 2b which correlated with a decrease in the endocellular CK2 activity and enhancement of the pro-apoptotic effect. CONCLUSION The obtained results demonstrate the ability of CK2 inhibitors to enhance the efficacy of 5-FU in anticancer treatment, indicating a different molecular mechanism of the studied CK2 inhibitors interaction with 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Wińska
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skierka
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Łukowska-Chojnacka
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosława Koronkiewicz
- Department of Drug Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Cieśla
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Bretner
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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47
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Yang KM, Kim K. Protein kinase CK2 modulation of pyruvate kinase M isoforms augments the Warburg effect in cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8501-8510. [PMID: 30015359 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is active in cancer cells. Previously, we reported that increased CK2 activity could induce epithelial mesenchymal transition of cancer cells. CK2 also induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in colon cancer cell lines such as HT29 and SW620, and the transitioned cells (CK2α cells) became more proliferative than the controls. We assumed that CK2 could affect cancer cell growth by modulating their energy metabolism. Here, we examined the molecular effects of CK2 on the glucose metabolism of cancer cells. We found that CK2α cells consumed more glucose and produced more lactate than control cells did. An XF glycolysis stress test showed that aerobic glycolysis was augmented up to the cancer cell's maximal glycolytic capacity in CK2α cells. Molecular analysis revealed that pyruvate kinase M1 was downregulated and pyruvate kinase M2 was nuclear localized in CK2α cells. Consequently, the expression and activity of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) were upregulated. Treatment with FX11-a specific LDHA inhibitor-or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-mediated knockout of LDHA inhibited the CK2-driven proliferation of cancer cells. We conclude that CK2 augments the Warburg effect, resulting in increased proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Mi Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kunhong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
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48
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Russo M, Milito A, Spagnuolo C, Carbone V, Rosén A, Minasi P, Lauria F, Russo GL. CK2 and PI3K are direct molecular targets of quercetin in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42571-42587. [PMID: 28489572 PMCID: PMC5522089 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the encouraging results of the innovative therapeutic treatments, complete remission is uncommon in patients affected by chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, which remains an essentially incurable disease. Recently, clinical trials based on BH3-mimetic drugs showed positive outcomes in subjects with poor prognostic features. However, resistance to treatments occurs in a significant number of patients. We previously reported that the multi-kinase inhibitor quercetin, a natural flavonol, restores sensitivity to ABT-737, a BH3-mimetic compound, in both leukemic cell lines and B-cells isolated from patients. To identify the molecular target of quercetin, we employed a new cell line, HG3, obtained by immortalization of B-cells from a chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patient at the later stage of disease. We confirmed that quercetin in association with ABT-737 synergistically enhances apoptosis in HG3 (combination index < 1 for all fractions affected). We also reported that the cellular uptake of quercetin is extremely rapid, with an intracellular concentration of about 38.5 ng/106 cells, after treatment with 25 μM for 5 min. We demonstrated that the activity of protein kinase CK2, which positively triggers PI3K/Akt pathway by inactivating PTEN phosphatase, is inhibited by quercetin immediately after its addition to HG3 cells (0–2 min). PI3K activity was also inhibited by quercetin within 60 min from the treatment. The combined inhibition of CK2 and PI3K kinase activities by quercetin restored ABT-737 sensitivity and increased lethality in human leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Alfonsina Milito
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy.,Current address: Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Virginia Carbone
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Anders Rosén
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Paola Minasi
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Fabio Lauria
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
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49
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Park JH, Lee JH, Park JW, Kim DY, Hahm JH, Nam HG, Bae YS. Downregulation of protein kinase CK2 activity induces age-related biomarkers in C. elegans. Oncotarget 2018; 8:36950-36963. [PMID: 28445141 PMCID: PMC5513713 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies show that a decrease in protein kinase CK2 (CK2) activity is associated with cellular senescence. However, the role of CK2 in organism aging is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether protein kinase CK2 (CK2) modulated longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. CK2 activity decreased with advancing age in the worms. Knockdown of kin-10 (the ortholog of CK2β) led to a short lifespan phenotype and induced age-related biomarkers, including retardation of locomotion, decreased pharyngeal pumping rate, increased lipofuscin accumulation, and reduced resistance to heat and oxidative stress. The long lifespan of age-1 and akt-1 mutants was significantly suppressed by kin-10 RNAi, suggesting that CK2 acts downstream of AGE-1 and AKT-1. Kin-10 knockdown did not further shorten the short lifespan of daf-16 mutant worms but either decreased or increased the transcriptional activity of DAF-16 depending on the promoters of the target genes, indicating that CK2 is an upstream regulator of DAF-16 in C. elegans. Kin-10 knockdown increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the worms. Finally, the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine significantly counteracts the lifespan shortening and lipofuscin accumulation induced by kin-10 knockdown. Therefore, the present results suggest that age-dependent CK2 downregulation reduces longevity by associating with both ROS generation and the AGE-1-AKT-1-DAF-16 pathway in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwan Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Hahm
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seuk Bae
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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50
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Boscán BE, Uzcanga GL, Calabokis M, Camargo R, Aponte F, Bubis J. Interaction of tubulin and protein kinase CK2 in Trypanosoma equiperdum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 72:459-465. [PMID: 28672764 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A polypeptide band with an apparent molecular weight of 55,000 was phosphorylated in vitro in whole-cell lysates of Trypanosoma equiperdum. This band corresponds to tubulin as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of the phosphorylated polypeptide from T. equiperdum extracts when anti-α and anti-β tubulin monoclonal antibodies were employed. A parasite protein kinase CK2 was in charge of modifying tubulin given that common mammalian CK2 inhibitors such as emodin and GTP, hindered the phosphorylation of tubulin and exogenously added casein. Interestingly, a divalent cation-dependent translocation of the T. equiperdum tubulin and the CK2 responsible for its phosphorylation was noticed, suggesting a direct interaction between these two proteins. Additionally, this fraction of tubulin and its kinase coeluted using separations based on parameters as different as charge (DEAE-Sepharose anion-exchange chromatography) and size (Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration chromatography). Analyses by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot of the purified and radioactively labeled fraction containing both tubulin and the CK2 enzyme, established the phosphorylation of a single band that was recognized by anti-CK2 α-subunit and anti-tubulin antibodies. All these findings revealed a physical association between a pool of tubulin and a CK2 in T. equiperdum.
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