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Lenoci A, Tomassi S, Conte M, Benedetti R, Rodriguez V, Carradori S, Secci D, Castellano S, Sbardella G, Filetici P, Novellino E, Altucci L, Rotili D, Mai A. Quinoline-based p300 histone acetyltransferase inhibitors with pro-apoptotic activity in human leukemia U937 cells. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:542-8. [PMID: 24504685 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemical manipulations performed on 2-methyl-3-carbethoxyquinoline (1), a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor previously identified by our research group and active at the sub-millimolar/millimolar level, led to compounds bearing higher alkyl groups at the C2-quinoline or additional side chains at the C6-quinoline positions. Such compounds displayed at least threefold improved inhibitory potency toward p300 protein lysine acetyltransferase activity; some of them decreased histone H3 and H4 acetylation levels in U937 cells and induced high degrees of apoptosis (three compounds >10-fold higher than compound 1) after treatment of U937 cells.
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202
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Valente S, Liu Y, Schnekenburger M, Zwergel C, Cosconati S, Gros C, Tardugno M, Labella D, Florean C, Minden S, Hashimoto H, Chang Y, Zhang X, Kirsch G, Novellino E, Arimondo PB, Miele E, Ferretti E, Gulino A, Diederich M, Cheng X, Mai A. Selective non-nucleoside inhibitors of human DNA methyltransferases active in cancer including in cancer stem cells. J Med Chem 2014; 57:701-13. [PMID: 24387159 PMCID: PMC3983372 DOI: 10.1021/jm4012627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
DNA
methyltransferases (DNMTs) are important enzymes involved in
epigenetic control of gene expression and represent valuable targets
in cancer chemotherapy. A number of nucleoside DNMT inhibitors (DNMTi)
have been studied in cancer, including in cancer stem cells, and two
of them (azacytidine and decitabine) have been approved for treatment
of myelodysplastic syndromes. However, only a few non-nucleoside DNMTi
have been identified so far, and even fewer have been validated in
cancer. Through a process of hit-to-lead optimization, we report here
the discovery of compound 5 as a potent non-nucleoside
DNMTi that is also selective toward other AdoMet-dependent protein
methyltransferases. Compound 5 was potent at single-digit
micromolar concentrations against a panel of cancer cells and was
less toxic in peripheral blood mononuclear cells than two other compounds
tested. In mouse medulloblastoma stem cells, 5 inhibited
cell growth, whereas related compound 2 showed high cell
differentiation. To the best of our knowledge, 2 and 5 are the first non-nucleoside DNMTi tested in a cancer stem
cell line.
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203
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Valente S, Mai A. Small-molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylase for the treatment of cancer and non-cancer diseases: a patent review (2011 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:401-15. [PMID: 24397271 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.877446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in mediating the expression of genes involved in cancer and non-cancer diseases. Overexpression of these enzymes has been shown in several types of cancer and some enzyme isoforms were described as responsible for neurological and inflammatory pathologies, hence the use of HDAC inhibitors represents a strategy for their treatment. Different chemical entities have been developed in the recent years and some of them entered clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This review accounts for small-molecule inhibitors of HDAC reported in the patent literature covering the 2011 - 2013 period, and their potential use as therapeutics for cancer, neurological and inflammatory diseases. EXPERT OPINION The development of isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors to avoid side effects in cancer therapy, to fight specific types of cancer, or for their potential use in non-cancer diseases is ongoing but still needs many scientific efforts. Moreover, the strategy of using these agents in combination with other epigenetic target modulators is a recent interesting therapeutic approach that could give promising results.
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204
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Rotili D, Tomassi S, Conte M, Benedetti R, Tortorici M, Ciossani G, Valente S, Marrocco B, Labella D, Novellino E, Mattevi A, Altucci L, Tumber A, Yapp C, King ONF, Hopkinson RJ, Kawamura A, Schofield CJ, Mai A. Pan-histone demethylase inhibitors simultaneously targeting Jumonji C and lysine-specific demethylases display high anticancer activities. J Med Chem 2013; 57:42-55. [PMID: 24325601 DOI: 10.1021/jm4012802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In prostate cancer, two different types of histone lysine demethylases (KDM), LSD1/KDM1 and JMJD2/KDM4, are coexpressed and colocalize with the androgen receptor. We designed and synthesized hybrid LSD1/JmjC or "pan-KDM" inhibitors 1-6 by coupling the skeleton of tranylcypromine 7, a known LSD1 inhibitor, with 4-carboxy-4'-carbomethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine 8 or 5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline 9, two 2-oxoglutarate competitive templates developed for JmjC inhibition. Hybrid compounds 1-6 are able to simultaneously target both KDM families and have been validated as potential antitumor agents in cells. Among them, 2 and 3 increase H3K4 and H3K9 methylation levels in cells and cause growth arrest and substantial apoptosis in LNCaP prostate and HCT116 colon cancer cells. When tested in noncancer mesenchymal progenitor (MePR) cells, 2 and 3 induced little and no apoptosis, respectively, thus showing cancer-selective inhibiting action.
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205
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Ciarapica R, De Salvo M, Carcarino E, Bracaglia G, Adesso L, Leoncini PP, Dall'Agnese A, Walters ZS, Verginelli F, De Sio L, Boldrini R, Inserra A, Bisogno G, Rosolen A, Alaggio R, Ferrari A, Collini P, Locatelli M, Stifani S, Screpanti I, Rutella S, Yu Q, Marquez VE, Shipley J, Valente S, Mai A, Miele L, Puri PL, Locatelli F, Palacios D, Rota R. The Polycomb group (PcG) protein EZH2 supports the survival of PAX3-FOXO1 alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma by repressing FBXO32 (Atrogin1/MAFbx). Oncogene 2013; 33:4173-84. [PMID: 24213577 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Polycomb group (PcG) proteins regulate stem cell differentiation via the repression of gene transcription, and their deregulation has been widely implicated in cancer development. The PcG protein Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) works as a catalytic subunit of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) by methylating lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3), a hallmark of PRC2-mediated gene repression. In skeletal muscle progenitors, EZH2 prevents an unscheduled differentiation by repressing muscle-specific gene expression and is downregulated during the course of differentiation. In rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma thought to arise from myogenic precursors, EZH2 is abnormally expressed and its downregulation in vitro leads to muscle-like differentiation of RMS cells of the embryonal variant. However, the role of EZH2 in the clinically aggressive subgroup of alveolar RMS, characterized by the expression of PAX3-FOXO1 oncoprotein, remains unknown. We show here that EZH2 depletion in these cells leads to programmed cell death. Transcriptional derepression of F-box protein 32 (FBXO32) (Atrogin1/MAFbx), a gene associated with muscle homeostasis, was evidenced in PAX3-FOXO1 RMS cells silenced for EZH2. This phenomenon was associated with reduced EZH2 occupancy and H3K27me3 levels at the FBXO32 promoter. Simultaneous knockdown of FBXO32 and EZH2 in PAX3-FOXO1 RMS cells impaired the pro-apoptotic response, whereas the overexpression of FBXO32 facilitated programmed cell death in EZH2-depleted cells. Pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 by either 3-Deazaneplanocin A or a catalytic EZH2 inhibitor mirrored the phenotypic and molecular effects of EZH2 knockdown in vitro and prevented tumor growth in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate that EZH2 is a key factor in the proliferation and survival of PAX3-FOXO1 alveolar RMS cells working, at least in part, by repressing FBXO32. They also suggest that the reducing activity of EZH2 could represent a novel adjuvant strategy to eradicate high-risk PAX3-FOXO1 alveolar RMS.
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206
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Mellini P, Kokkola T, Suuronen T, Salo HS, Tolvanen L, Mai A, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Jarho EM. Screen of pseudopeptidic inhibitors of human sirtuins 1-3: two lead compounds with antiproliferative effects in cancer cells. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6681-95. [PMID: 23927550 DOI: 10.1021/jm400438k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years sirtuins have gained growing attention for their involvement in many biological processes such as cellular metabolism, apoptosis, aging and inflammation. In this contribution, we report the synthesis of a library of thioacetylated pseudopeptides that were screened against human sirtuins 1-3 to reveal their in vitro inhibition activities. Molecular modeling studies were performed to acquire data about the binding modes of the inhibitors. Three sirtuin inhibitors were subjected to cellular studies, and all of them showed an increase in acetylation of Lys382 of p53 after DNA damage. Furthermore, two of the compounds were able to inhibit both A549 lung carcinoma and MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell growth in micromolar concentration with the ability to arrest cancer cell cycle in the G1 phase.
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207
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Tortorici M, Borrello MT, Tardugno M, Chiarelli LR, Pilotto S, Ciossani G, Vellore NA, Bailey SG, Cowan J, O’Connell M, Crabb SJ, Packham G, Mai A, Baron R, Ganesan A, Mattevi A. Protein recognition by short peptide reversible inhibitors of the chromatin-modifying LSD1/CoREST lysine demethylase. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1677-82. [PMID: 23721412 DOI: 10.1021/cb4001926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The combinatorial assembly of protein complexes is at the heart of chromatin biology. Lysine demethylase LSD1(KDM1A)/CoREST beautifully exemplifies this concept. The active site of the enzyme tightly associates to the N-terminal domain of transcription factors of the SNAIL1 family, which therefore can competitively inhibit the binding of the N-terminal tail of the histone substrate. Our enzymatic, crystallographic, spectroscopic, and computational studies reveal that LSD1/CoREST can bind to a hexapeptide derived from the SNAIL sequence through recognition of a positively charged α-helical turn that forms upon binding to the enzyme. Variations in sequence and length of this six amino acid ligand modulate affinities enabling the same binding site to differentially interact with proteins that exert distinct biological functions. The discovered short peptide inhibitors exhibit antiproliferative activities and lay the foundation for the development of peptidomimetic small molecule inhibitors of LSD1.
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208
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Spallotta F, Tardivo S, Nanni S, Rosati JD, Straino S, Mai A, Vecellio M, Valente S, Capogrossi MC, Farsetti A, Martone J, Bozzoni I, Pontecorvi A, Gaetano C, Colussi C. Detrimental effect of class-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors during tissue regeneration following hindlimb ischemia. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22915-29. [PMID: 23836913 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (DIs) are promising drugs for the treatment of several pathologies including ischemic and failing heart where they demonstrated efficacy. However, adverse side effects and cardiotoxicity have also been reported. Remarkably, no information is available about the effect of DIs during tissue regeneration following acute peripheral ischemia. In this study, mice made ischemic by femoral artery excision were injected with the DIs MS275 and MC1568, selective for class I and IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. In untreated mice, soon after damage, class IIa HDAC phosphorylation and nuclear export occurred, paralleled by dystrophin and neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) down-regulation and decreased protein phosphatase 2A activity. Between 14 and 21 days after ischemia, dystrophin and nNOS levels recovered, and class IIa HDACs relocalized to the nucleus. In this condition, the MC1568 compound increased the number of newly formed muscle fibers but delayed their terminal differentiation, whereas MS275 abolished the early onset of the regeneration process determining atrophy and fibrosis. The selective DIs had differential effects on the vascular compartment: MC1568 increased arteriogenesis whereas MS275 inhibited it. Capillarogenesis did not change. Chromatin immunoprecipitations revealed that class IIa HDAC complexes bind promoters of proliferation-associated genes and of class I HDAC1 and 2, highlighting a hierarchical control between class II and I HDACs during tissue regeneration. Our findings indicate that class-selective DIs interfere with normal mouse ischemic hindlimb regeneration and suggest that their use could be limited by alteration of the regeneration process in peripheral ischemic tissues.
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209
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Mai A, Li JM. 184 CHARACTERISATION OF ROS PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF MICE DEFICIENT OF NOX2, APOE, AND BOTH NOX2 AND APOE. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304019.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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210
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Valente S, Trisciuoglio D, Tardugno M, Benedetti R, Labella D, Secci D, Mercurio C, Boggio R, Tomassi S, Di Maro S, Novellino E, Altucci L, Del Bufalo D, Mai A, Cosconati S. Cover Picture: tert-Butylcarbamate-Containing Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Apoptosis Induction, Cytodifferentiation, and Antiproliferative Activities in Cancer Cells (ChemMedChem 5/2013). ChemMedChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201390015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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211
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Valente S, Xu Z, Bana E, Zwergel C, Mai A, Jacob C, Meiser P, Bagrel D, Silva AMS, Kirsch G. Reactivity of 4-Vinyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones in Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Reactions: Access to Coumarin-Based Polycycles with Cdc25 Phosphatase-Inhibiting Activity. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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212
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Valente S, Trisciuoglio D, Tardugno M, Benedetti R, Labella D, Secci D, Mercurio C, Boggio R, Tomassi S, Di Maro S, Novellino E, Altucci L, Del Bufalo D, Mai A, Cosconati S. tert-Butylcarbamate-containing histone deacetylase inhibitors: apoptosis induction, cytodifferentiation, and antiproliferative activities in cancer cells. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:800-11. [PMID: 23526814 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report novel pyrrole- and benzene-based hydroxamates (8, 10) and 2'-aminoanilides (9, 11) bearing the tert-butylcarbamate group at the CAP moiety as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Compounds 8 b and 10 c selectively inhibited HDAC6 at the nanomolar level, whereas the other hydroxamates effected an increase in acetyl-α-tubulin levels in human acute myeloid leukemia U937 cells. In the same cell line, compounds 8 b and 10 c elicited 18.4 and 21.4 % apoptosis, respectively (SAHA: 16.9 %), and the pyrrole anilide 9 c displayed the highest cytodifferentiating effect (90.9 %). In tests against a wide range of various cancer cell lines to determine its antiproliferative effects, compound 10 c exhibited growth inhibition from sub-micromolar (neuroblastoma LAN-5 and SH-SY5Y cells, chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells) to low-micromolar (lung H1299 and A549, colon HCT116 and HT29 cancer cells) concentrations. In HT29 cells, 10 c increased histone H3 acetylation, and decreased the colony-forming potential of the cancer cells by up to 60 %.
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213
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Spallotta F, Cencioni C, Straino S, Nanni S, Rosati J, Artuso S, Manni I, Colussi C, Piaggio G, Martelli F, Valente S, Mai A, Capogrossi MC, Farsetti A, Gaetano C. A nitric oxide-dependent cross-talk between class I and III histone deacetylases accelerates skin repair. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11004-12. [PMID: 23463510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.441816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In a mouse model of skin repair we found that the class I-IIa histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A accelerated tissue regeneration. Unexpectedly, this effect was suppressed by Sirtinol, a class III histone deacetylase (HDAC) (sirtuin)-selective inhibitor. The role of sirtuins (SIRTs) was then investigated by using resveratrol and a novel SIRT1-2-3 activator, the MC2562 compound we synthesized recently. Both resveratrol and MC2562 were effective in accelerating wound repair. The local administration of natural or synthetic SIRT activators, in fact, significantly accelerated skin regeneration by increasing keratinocyte proliferation. In vitro experiments revealed that the activation of SIRTs stimulated keratinocyte proliferation via endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation and NO production. In this condition, the class I member HDAC2 was found S-nitrosylated on cysteine, a post-transduction modification associated with loss of activity and DNA binding capacity. After deacetylase inhibitor or SIRT activator treatment, ChIP showed, in fact, a significant HDAC2 detachment from the promoter region of insulin growth factor I (IGF-I), fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10), and Epithelial Growth Factor (EGF), which may be the final recipients and effectors of the SIRT-NO-HDAC signaling cascade. Consistently, the effect of SIRT activators was reduced in the presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a general inhibitor of NO synthesis. In conclusion, the NO-dependent cross-talk among class III and I histone deacetylases suggests an unprecedented signaling pathway important for skin repair.
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214
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Galmozzi A, Mitro N, Ferrari A, Gers E, Gilardi F, Godio C, Cermenati G, Gualerzi A, Donetti E, Rotili D, Valente S, Guerrini U, Caruso D, Mai A, Saez E, De Fabiani E, Crestani M. Inhibition of class I histone deacetylases unveils a mitochondrial signature and enhances oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Diabetes 2013; 62:732-42. [PMID: 23069623 PMCID: PMC3581211 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin modifications are sensitive to environmental and nutritional stimuli. Abnormalities in epigenetic regulation are associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes that are often linked with defects in oxidative metabolism. Here, we evaluated the potential of class-specific synthetic inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs), central chromatin-remodeling enzymes, to ameliorate metabolic dysfunction. Cultured myotubes and primary brown adipocytes treated with a class I-specific HDAC inhibitor showed higher expression of Pgc-1α, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, and augmented oxygen consumption. Treatment of obese diabetic mice with a class I- but not a class II-selective HDAC inhibitor enhanced oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and promoted energy expenditure, thus reducing body weight and glucose and insulin levels. These effects can be ascribed to increased Pgc-1α action in skeletal muscle and enhanced PPARγ/PGC-1α signaling in adipose tissue. In vivo ChIP experiments indicated that inhibition of HDAC3 may account for the beneficial effect of the class I-selective HDAC inhibitor. These results suggest that class I HDAC inhibitors may provide a pharmacologic approach to treating type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/cytology
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue/ultrastructure
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Histone Deacetylase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Histone Deacetylase 1/metabolism
- Histone Deacetylase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Histone Deacetylase 2/metabolism
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/ultrastructure
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Random Allocation
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215
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Mannaerts I, Eysackers N, Onyema OO, Van Beneden K, Valente S, Mai A, Odenthal M, van Grunsven LA. Class II HDAC inhibition hampers hepatic stellate cell activation by induction of microRNA-29. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55786. [PMID: 23383282 PMCID: PMC3561334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The conversion of a quiescent vitamin A storing hepatic stellate cell (HSC) to a matrix producing, contractile myofibroblast-like activated HSC is a key event in the onset of liver disease following injury of any aetiology. Previous studies have shown that class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved in the phenotypical changes occurring during stellate cell activation in liver and pancreas. Aims In the current study we investigate the role of class II HDACs during HSC activation. Methods We characterized the expression of the class II HDACs freshly isolated mouse HSCs. We inhibited HDAC activity by selective pharmacological inhibition with MC1568, and by repressing class II HDAC gene expression using specific siRNAs. Results Inhibition of HDAC activity leads to a strong reduction of HSC activation markers α-SMA, lysyl oxidase and collagens as well as an inhibition of cell proliferation. Knock down experiments showed that HDAC4 contributes to HSC activation by regulating lysyl oxidase expression. In addition, we observed a strong up regulation of miR-29, a well-known anti-fibrotic miR, upon treatment with MC1568. Our in vivo work suggests that a successful inhibition of class II HDACs could be promising for development of future anti-fibrotic compounds. Conclusions In conclusion, the use of MC1568 has enabled us to identify a role for class II HDACs regulating miR-29 during HSC activation.
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216
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Zwergel C, Valente S, Salvato A, Xu Z, Talhi O, Mai A, Silva A, Altucci L, Kirsch G. Novel benzofuran–chromone and –coumarin derivatives: synthesis and biological activity in K562 human leukemia cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00241a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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217
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Rotili D, Tarantino D, Nebbioso A, Paolini C, Huidobro C, Lara E, Mellini P, Lenoci A, Pezzi R, Botta G, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Poso A, Steinkühler C, Gallinari P, De Maria R, Fraga M, Esteller M, Altucci L, Mai A. Discovery of salermide-related sirtuin inhibitors: binding mode studies and antiproliferative effects in cancer cells including cancer stem cells. J Med Chem 2012. [PMID: 23189967 DOI: 10.1021/jm3011614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemical changes performed on 1a (sirtinol) led to a series of SIRT1/2 inhibitors, in some cases more potent than 1a mainly against SIRT1. Tested in human leukemia U937 cells, the benzamide and anilide derivatives 1b, 1c, 2b, and 2c as well as the 4-(2-phenylpropyl)thioanalogue 4c showed huge apoptosis induction, while some sulfinyl and sulfonyl derivatives (5b, 5c, and 6a-c) were highly efficient in granulocytic differentiation. When assayed in human leukemia MOLT4 as well as in human breast MDA-MB-231 and colon RKO cancer cell lines, the anilide 2b (salermide) and the phenylpropylthio analogue 4b emerged as the most potent antiproliferative agents. Tested on colorectal carcinoma and glioblastoma multiforme cancer stem cells (CSCs) from patients, 2b was particularly potent against colorectal carcinoma CSCs, while 4b, 6a, and the SIRT2-selective inhibitor AGK-2 showed the highest effect against glioblastoma multiforme CSCs. Such compounds will be further explored for their broad-spectrum anticancer properties.
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218
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Castellano S, Spannhoff A, Milite C, Dal Piaz F, Cheng D, Tosco A, Viviano M, Yamani A, Cianciulli A, Sala M, Cura V, Cavarelli J, Novellino E, Mai A, Bedford MT, Sbardella G. Identification of small-molecule enhancers of arginine methylation catalyzed by coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9875-90. [PMID: 23095008 PMCID: PMC3508294 DOI: 10.1021/jm301097p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification that is crucial in modulating gene expression at multiple critical levels. The arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are envisaged as promising druggable targets, but their role in physiological and pathological pathways is far from being clear due to the limited number of modulators reported to date. In this effort, enzyme activators can be invaluable tools useful as gain-of-function reagents to interrogate the biological roles in cells and in vivo of PRMTs. Yet the identification of such molecules is rarely pursued. Herein we describe a series of aryl ureido acetamido indole carboxylates (dubbed "uracandolates"), able to increase the methylation of histone (H3) or nonhistone (polyadenylate-binding protein 1, PABP1) substrates induced by coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), both in in vitro and cellular settings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of compounds acting as CARM1 activators.
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219
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De Mori R, Illi B, Romani S, Valente S, Johnson CA, Mai A, Valente EM. The ciliary protein Meckelin/TMEM67 interacts with HDAC6: possible implications for primary cilia stability. Cilia 2012. [PMCID: PMC3555841 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-1-s1-p20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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220
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Rotili D, Tarantino D, Carafa V, Paolini C, Schemies J, Jung M, Botta G, Di Maro S, Novellino E, Steinkühler C, De Maria R, Gallinari P, Altucci L, Mai A. Benzodeazaoxaflavins as sirtuin inhibitors with antiproliferative properties in cancer stem cells. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8193-7. [PMID: 22931526 DOI: 10.1021/jm301115r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of sirtuins has recently been proposed as a promising anticancer strategy. Some of the new benzodeazaoxaflavins (2a, 2b, and 2d) here reported as SIRT1/2 inhibitors were endowed with pro-apoptotic properties in human U937 leukemia cells and, most importantly, together with the prototype MC2141 (1) displayed antiproliferative effects in cancer stem cells from patients with colorectal carcinoma and glioblastoma multiforme, known to be highly tumorigenic, resistant to conventional cancer chemotherapy, and responsible, at least in part, for cancer relapse or recurrence.
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Crea F, Sun L, Mai A, Chiang YT, Farrar WL, Danesi R, Helgason CD. The emerging role of histone lysine demethylases in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:52. [PMID: 22867098 PMCID: PMC3441810 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Early prostate cancer (PCa) is generally treatable and associated with good prognosis. After a variable time, PCa evolves into a highly metastatic and treatment-refractory disease: castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Currently, few prognostic factors are available to predict the emergence of CRPC, and no curative option is available. Epigenetic gene regulation has been shown to trigger PCa metastasis and androgen-independence. Most epigenetic studies have focused on DNA and histone methyltransferases. While DNA methylation leads to gene silencing, histone methylation can trigger gene activation or inactivation, depending on the target amino acid residues and the extent of methylation (me1, me2, or me3). Interestingly, some histone modifiers are essential for PCa tumor-initiating cell (TIC) self-renewal. TICs are considered the seeds responsible for metastatic spreading and androgen-independence. Histone Lysine Demethylases (KDMs) are a novel class of epigenetic enzymes which can remove both repressive and activating histone marks. KDMs are currently grouped into 7 major classes, each one targeting a specific methylation site. Since their discovery, KDM expression has been found to be deregulated in several neoplasms. In PCa, KDMs may act as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes, depending on their gene regulatory function. For example, KDM1A and KDM4C are essential for PCa androgen-dependent proliferation, while PHF8 is involved in PCa migration and invasion. Interestingly, the possibility of pharmacologically targeting KDMs has been demonstrated. In the present paper, we summarize the emerging role of KDMs in regulating the metastatic potential and androgen-dependence of PCa. In addition, we speculate on the possible interaction between KDMs and other epigenetic effectors relevant for PCa TICs. Finally, we explore the role of KDMs as novel prognostic factors and therapeutic targets. We believe that studies on histone demethylation may add a novel perspective in our efforts to prevent and cure advanced PCa.
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Colussi C, Scopece A, Vitale S, Spallotta F, Mattiussi S, Rosati J, Illi B, Mai A, Castellano S, Sbardella G, Farsetti A, Capogrossi MC, Gaetano C. P300/CBP associated factor regulates nitroglycerin-dependent arterial relaxation by N(ε)-lysine acetylation of contractile proteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2435-43. [PMID: 22859492 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.254011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To address the role of epigenetic enzymes in the process of arterial vasorelaxation and nitrate tolerance, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed in the presence or absence of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) or histone deacetylases/histone acetylases modulators. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro single GTN administration rapidly increased cGMP synthesis and protein N(ε)-lysine acetylation in rat smooth muscle cells, including myosin light chain and smooth muscle actin. This phenomenon determined a decrease in myosin light chain phosphorylation and actomyosin formation. These effects were abolished by prolonged exposure to GTN and rescued by treatment with trichostatin A. In vivo, adult male rats were treated for 72 hours with subcutaneous injections of GTN alone or in combination with the histone deacetylases inhibitors trichostatin A, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, MS-27-275, or valproic acid. Ex vivo experiments performed on aortic rings showed that the effect of tolerance was reversed by all proacetylation drugs, including the p300/CREB binding protein-associated factor activator pentadecylidenemalonate 1b (SPV106). Any response to GTN was abolished by anacardic acid, a potent histone acetylases inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes the following points: (1) GTN treatment increases histone acetylases activity; (2) GTN-activated p300/CREB binding protein-associated factor increases protein N(ε)-lysine acetylation; (3) N(ε)-lysine acetylation of contractile proteins influences GTN-dependent vascular response. Hence, combination of epigenetic drugs and nitroglycerin may be envisaged as a novel treatment strategy for coronary artery disease symptoms and other cardiovascular accidents of ischemic origin.
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Silvestri L, Ballante F, Mai A, Marshall GR, Ragno R. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Structure-Based Modeling and Isoform-Selectivity Prediction. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:2215-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ci300160y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Maxwell MM, Zaldivar-Jolissaint JF, Mai A, Outeiro TF, Kazanstev AG. Highlights of the Keystone Symposium: sirtuins in metabolism, aging and disease. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:557-60. [PMID: 22610822 PMCID: PMC3407943 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From February 12–16, 2012, leading members of the sirtuin scientific community assembled in Tahoe, CA to attend the Keystone Symposium “Sirtuins in Aging, Metabolism, and Disease.” It was a vibrant and lively meeting, and in the spirit of Keystone Symposia, both established sirtuin researchers and those new to the field enjoyed a unique opportunity to interact and exchange ideas.
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Abstract
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (vorinostat) was the first of the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) to be entered as therapy for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Since then, a number of HDACi belonging to the short-chain fatty acid, hydroxamate, cyclic peptide or benzamide classes have been investigated in Phase II or III clinical trials (alone or in combination) for the treatment of many kinds of tumors. In addition, HDACi can be useful in antimalarial and antifungal therapies, and can reactivate HIV-1 expression in latent cellular reservoirs, thus suggesting that they could be used in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, they have also proved their efficacy in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and Friedreich's ataxia. In particular, a new series of bis-anilides demonstrating a peculiar mechanism of action displayed highly beneficial effects against Huntington's disease and Friedreich's ataxia. In addition, a number of sirtuin inhibitors demonstrated antiproliferative effects in cell assays as well as in mouse tumor models, thus suggesting a role of such compounds in therapy against cancer. Furthermore, the SIRT2-selective AGK-2 has been reported to have protective effects against Parkinson's disease, and resveratrol and other sirtuin activators can be useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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