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McDermott MM, Carroll TJ, Kibbe M, Kramer CM, Liu K, Guralnik JM, Keeling AN, Criqui MH, Ferrucci L, Yuan C, Tian L, Liao Y, Berry J, Zhao L, Carr J. Proximal superficial femoral artery occlusion, collateral vessels, and walking performance in peripheral artery disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:687-94. [PMID: 23647796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We studied associations of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-measured superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusions with functional performance, leg symptoms, and collateral vessel number in peripheral artery disease (PAD). We studied associations of collateral vessel number with functional performance in PAD. BACKGROUND Associations of MRI-detected SFA occlusion and collateral vessel number with functional performance among individuals with PAD have not been reported. METHODS A total of 457 participants with an ankle brachial index (ABI) <1.00 had MRI measurement of the proximal SFA with 12 consecutive 2.5-μm cross-sectional images. An occluded SFA was defined as an SFA in which at least 1 segment was occluded. A nonoccluded SFA was defined as absence of any occluded slices. Collateral vessels were visualized with magnetic resonance angiography. Lower extremity functional performance was measured with the 6-min walk, 4-m walking velocity at usual and fastest pace, and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (0 to 12 scale, 12 = best). RESULTS Adjusting for age, sex, race, comorbidities, and other confounders, the presence of an SFA occlusion was associated with poorer 6-min walk performance (1,031 vs. 1,169 feet, p = 0.006), slower fast-paced walking velocity (1.15 vs. 1.22 m/s, p = 0.042), and lower SPPB score (9.07 vs. 9.75, p = 0.038) compared with the absence of an SFA occlusion. More numerous collateral vessels were associated with better 6-min walk performance (0 to 3 collaterals-1,064 feet, 4 to 7 collaterals-1,165 feet, ≥8 collaterals-1,246 feet, p trend = 0.007), faster usual-paced walking speed (0 to 3 collaterals-0.84 m/s, 4 to 7 collaterals-0.88 m/s, ≥8 collaterals-0.91 m/s, p trend = 0.029), and faster rapid-paced walking speed (0 to 3 collaterals-1.17 m/s, 4 to 7 collaterals-1.22 m/s, ≥8 collaterals-1.29 m/s, p trend = 0.002), adjusting for age, sex, race, comorbidities, ABI, and other confounders. CONCLUSIONS Among PAD participants, MRI-visualized occlusions in the proximal SFA are associated with poorer functional performance, whereas more numerous collaterals are associated with better functional performance. (Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Identify Characteristics of Plaque Build-Up in People With Peripheral Arterial Disease; NCT00520312).
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Carr JJ, Hendel RC, White RD, Patel MR, Wolk MJ, Bettmann MA, Douglas P, Rybicki FJ, Kramer CM, Woodard PK, Shaw LJ, Yucel EK. 2013 Appropriate Utilization of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:2199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schulz-Menger J, Bluemke DA, Bremerich J, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, Kim RJ, von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F, Kramer CM, Pennell DJ, Plein S, Nagel E. Standardized image interpretation and post processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) board of trustees task force on standardized post processing. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:35. [PMID: 23634753 PMCID: PMC3695769 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 828] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With mounting data on its accuracy and prognostic value, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is becoming an increasingly important diagnostic tool with growing utility in clinical routine. Given its versatility and wide range of quantitative parameters, however, agreement on specific standards for the interpretation and post-processing of CMR studies is required to ensure consistent quality and reproducibility of CMR reports. This document addresses this need by providing consensus recommendations developed by the Task Force for Post Processing of the Society for Cardiovascular MR (SCMR). The aim of the task force is to recommend requirements and standards for image interpretation and post processing enabling qualitative and quantitative evaluation of CMR images. Furthermore, pitfalls of CMR image analysis are discussed where appropriate.
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Kramer CM, Chandrashekhar Y, Narula J. T1 Mapping by CMR in Cardiomyopathy: A Noninvasive Myocardial Biopsy? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:532-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Brooks J, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Markedly increased volume of distribution of gadolinium in cardiac amyloidosis demonstrated by T1 mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38:1591-5. [PMID: 23450747 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform myocardial T1 mapping pre- and post-gadolinium (Gd) administration and determine the volume of distribution of Gd (VdGd ) in patients with cardiac amyloidosis to assess extracellular space expansion from amyloid protein deposition. MATERIALS AND METHODS T1 mapping was performed before contrast and 20 minutes following bolus administration of 0.15 mmol/kg of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist) in five subjects with cardiac amyloidosis and in eight healthy volunteers using previously validated 3-5 Modified Look-Locker Inversion (MOLLI) pulse sequence. The partition coefficient (λ) and VdGd were determined and compared between groups. RESULTS Before contrast the T1 of the blood and myocardium are longer in amyloidosis as compared to controls (1665 vs. 1509 msec; P = 0.03 and 1144 vs. 963 msec; P < 0.001, respectively). Postcontrast blood T1 was also significantly longer in amyloidosis (486 vs. 408 msec; P = 0.003) with a trend towards shorter T1 in the myocardium (503 vs. 544 msec; P = 0.15). The VdGd was 83% higher in amyloidosis than in controls (0.51 vs. 0.28; P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Myocardial VdGd is markedly increased in cardiac amyloidosis, reflecting the increased extracellular space occupied by amyloid proteins. The precontrast T1 of blood and myocardium are increased in amyloidosis extending diagnostic utility in patients who cannot receive Gd.
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Hendel RC, Patel MR, Allen JM, Min JK, Shaw LJ, Wolk MJ, Douglas PS, Kramer CM, Stainback RF, Bailey SR, Doherty JU, Brindis RG. Appropriate use of cardiovascular technology: 2013 ACCF appropriate use criteria methodology update: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation appropriate use criteria task force. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:1305-17. [PMID: 23433633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pollak AW, Kramer CM. MRI in Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease: Recent Advancements. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2013; 6:55-60. [PMID: 23336015 PMCID: PMC3547388 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-012-9175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of peripheral arterial disease by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging continues to develop. Of the clinical diagnostics tests currently available, magnetic resonance angiography is well established as one of the preferred techniques for determining areas of arterial occlusive disease affecting the lower extremities. Despite this, there have been new developments in non-gadolinium based contrast-enhanced studies as well as testing done at higher field strength scanners. In the research arena, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, calf muscle perfusion imaging and atherosclerotic plaque evaluation all have made significant advancements over the last year. These techniques are gaining traction as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials of novel therapeutics aimed at alleviating symptoms in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
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Yang Y, Kuruvilla S, Meyer CH, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Quantification of myocardial perfusion with spiral pulse sequences. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013. [PMCID: PMC3559274 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-s1-e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Jiji RS, Pollak AW, Epstein FH, Antkowiak PF, Meyer CH, Weltman AL, Lopez D, DiMaria JM, Hunter JR, Christopher JM, Kramer CM. Reproducibility of rest and exercise stress contrast-enhanced calf perfusion magnetic resonance imaging in peripheral arterial disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:14. [PMID: 23343398 PMCID: PMC3562222 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose was to determine the reproducibility and utility of rest, exercise, and perfusion reserve (PR) measures by contrast-enhanced (CE) calf perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the calf in normal subjects (NL) and patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). METHODS Eleven PAD patients with claudication (ankle-brachial index 0.67 ±0.14) and 16 age-matched NL underwent symptom-limited CE-MRI using a pedal ergometer. Tissue perfusion and arterial input were measured at rest and peak exercise after injection of 0.1 mM/kg of gadolinium-diethylnetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). Tissue function (TF) and arterial input function (AIF) measurements were made from the slope of time-intensity curves in muscle and artery, respectively, and normalized to proton density signal to correct for coil inhomogeneity. Perfusion index (PI) = TF/AIF. Perfusion reserve (PR) = exercise TF/ rest TF. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated from 11 NL and 10 PAD with repeated MRI on a different day. RESULTS Resting TF was low in NL and PAD (mean ± SD 0.25 ± 0.18 vs 0.35 ± 0.71, p = 0.59) but reproducible (ICC 0.76). Exercise TF was higher in NL than PAD (5.5 ± 3.2 vs. 3.4 ± 1.6, p = 0.04). Perfusion reserve was similar between groups and highly variable (28.6 ± 19.8 vs. 42.6 ± 41.0, p = 0.26). Exercise TF and PI were reproducible measures (ICC 0.63 and 0.60, respectively). CONCLUSION Although rest measures are reproducible, they are quite low, do not distinguish NL from PAD, and lead to variability in perfusion reserve measures. Exercise TF and PI are the most reproducible MRI perfusion measures in PAD for use in clinical trials.
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Pollak AW, Norton PT, Kramer CM. Multimodality imaging of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease: current role and future directions. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 5:797-807. [PMID: 23169982 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.111.970814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Yang Y, Feng X, Meyer CH, Kramer CM, Salerno M. First-pass myocardial perfusion imaging with whole ventricular coverage using L1-SPIRIT accelerated spiral trajectories. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013. [PMCID: PMC3559760 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-s1-p20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Pan JA, Pollak PM, Lopez D, Kramer CM, Yeager M, Salerno M. Myocardial remodeling in reperfused myocardial infarction with multiparametric CMR: does diffuse fibrosis occur in remote noninfarcted myocardium? J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013. [PMCID: PMC3559671 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-s1-p137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Lopez D, Pollak A, Meyer CH, Jiji R, Epstein FH, Hunter JR, Christopher JM, Kramer CM. ASL demonstrates higher and more homogenous calf muscle perfusion with post-occlusion hyperemia than with exercise. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013. [PMCID: PMC3559853 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-s1-p216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Clement-Guinaudeau S, Topel ML, Ali A, Poole JC, Rocco E, Khan SA, Zhong X, Epstein FH, Kramer CM, Quyyumi AA, Oshinski JN. MR-based calf muscle perfusion index correlates with treadmill exercise test parameters in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013. [PMCID: PMC3559560 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-s1-o58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Lipinski MJ, McVey CM, Berger JS, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Stress cardiac MRI provides excellent prognostic risk stratification in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of the literature. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013. [PMCID: PMC3559349 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-s1-e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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Salerno M, Sica C, Kramer CM, Meyer CH. Improved first-pass spiral myocardial perfusion imaging with variable density trajectories. Magn Reson Med 2012; 70:1369-79. [PMID: 23280884 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and evaluate variable-density spiral first-pass perfusion pulse sequences for improved efficiency and off-resonance performance and to demonstrate the utility of an apodizing density compensation function (DCF) to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and reduce dark-rim artifact caused by cardiac motion and Gibbs Ringing. METHODS Three variable density spiral trajectories were designed, simulated, and evaluated in 18 normal subjects, and in eight patients with cardiac pathology on a 1.5T scanner. RESULTS By using a DCF, which intentionally apodizes the k-space data, the sidelobe amplitude of the theoretical point spread function (PSF) is reduced by 68%, with only a 13% increase in the full-width at half-maximum of the main-lobe when compared with the same data corrected with a conventional variable-density DCF, and has an 8% higher resolution than a uniform density spiral with the same number of interleaves and readout duration. Furthermore, this strategy results in a greater than 60% increase in measured SNR when compared with the same variable-density spiral data corrected with a conventional DCF (P < 0.01). Perfusion defects could be clearly visualized with minimal off-resonance and dark-rim artifacts. CONCLUSION Variable-density spiral pulse sequences using an apodized DCF produce high-quality first-pass perfusion images with minimal dark-rim and off-resonance artifacts, high SNR and contrast-to-noise ratio, and good delineation of resting perfusion abnormalities.
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Bourque JM, Pearce EA, Govil A, Aggarwal A, Bhaskar A, Kramer CM. T2-Imaging of the ischemic area-at-risk predicts recovery of cardiac function after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012. [PMCID: PMC3305035 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-s1-p26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Antkowiak P, Kramer CM, Meyer CH, French BA, Epstein FH. Quantitative first-pass MRI measures increased myocardial perfusion after vasodilation in mice. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012. [PMCID: PMC3305755 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-s1-p55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Wang M, Salerno M, Kramer CM, Meyer CH. Breath-held 3D coronary vessel wall imaging with dual-density spiral acquisition and parallel imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012. [PMCID: PMC3305646 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-s1-w62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Salerno M, Sica C, Meyer CH, Kramer CM. Adenosine stress CMR with spiral pulse sequences accurately detect CAD. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012. [PMCID: PMC3304788 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-s1-p13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Janardhanan R, Adenaw N, Jiji R, Brooks J, Epstein FH, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Quantifying myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy using T1 mapping. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012. [PMCID: PMC3304739 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-s1-p172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Salerno M, Janardhanan R, Jiji RS, Brooks J, Adenaw N, Mehta B, Yang Y, Antkowiak P, Kramer CM, Epstein FH. Comparison of methods for determining the partition coefficient of gadolinium in the myocardium using T1 mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012. [PMID: 23197434 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and validate modified Look-Locker (MOLLI) protocols to generate myocardial T1 maps within clinically acceptable breath-hold durations and to compare partition coefficients (λ) of gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA determined from either bolus injection (BI) or continuous infusion (CI) techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS T1 mapping was performed in phantoms and in 10 volunteers on a 1.5T scanner using the standard (3-3-5) MOLLI technique and two MOLLI schemes with shorter breath-hold durations. Imaging was performed precontrast and every 5 minutes following a bolus of 0.1 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA and a 15-minute delayed continuous infusion of 0.001 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA until equilibrium T1 in the myocardium was achieved to enable direct comparison of T1 relaxation times between techniques and λ's between the BI and CI methods. RESULTS There was good agreement of T1 values between the 3-3-5 standard MOLLI protocol and the modified 3-5 MOLLI protocol in both phantom studies over a range of heart rates and in human subjects. Both MOLLI protocols produced similar measurements of λ using both the BI and CI methods. CONCLUSION A reduced breath-hold MOLLI T1 mapping protocol combined with the BI method can accurately characterize T1 and λ in clinically applicable breath-hold durations without requiring a long equilibrium phase infusion.
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Patel MR, Bailey SR, Bonow RO, Chambers CE, Chan PS, Dehmer GJ, Kirtane AJ, Samuel Wann L, Parker Ward R, Douglas PS, Patel MR, Bailey SR, Altus P, Barnard DD, Blankenship JC, Casey DE, Dean LS, Fazel R, Gilchrist IC, Kavinsky CJ, Lakoski SG, Le DE, Lesser JR, Levine GN, Mehran R, Russo AM, Sorrentino MJ, Williams MR, Wong JB, Wolk MJ, Bailey SR, Douglas PS, Hendel RC, Kramer CM, Min JK, Patel MR, Shaw L, Stainback RF, Allen JM. ACCF/SCAI/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2012 appropriate use criteria for diagnostic catheterization: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:39-71. [PMID: 22710040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Feng X, Salerno M, Kramer CM, Meyer CH. Kalman filter techniques for accelerated Cartesian dynamic cardiac imaging. Magn Reson Med 2012; 69:1346-56. [PMID: 22926804 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In dynamic MRI, spatial and temporal parallel imaging can be exploited to reduce scan time. Real-time reconstruction enables immediate visualization during the scan. Commonly used view-sharing techniques suffer from limited temporal resolution, and many of the more advanced reconstruction methods are either retrospective, time-consuming, or both. A Kalman filter model capable of real-time reconstruction can be used to increase the spatial and temporal resolution in dynamic MRI reconstruction. The original study describing the use of the Kalman filter in dynamic MRI was limited to non-Cartesian trajectories because of a limitation intrinsic to the dynamic model used in that study. Here the limitation is overcome, and the model is applied to the more commonly used Cartesian trajectory with fast reconstruction. Furthermore, a combination of the Kalman filter model with Cartesian parallel imaging is presented to further increase the spatial and temporal resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. Simulations and experiments were conducted to demonstrate that the Kalman filter model can increase the temporal resolution of the image series compared with view-sharing techniques and decrease the spatial aliasing compared with TGRAPPA. The method requires relatively little computation, and thus is suitable for real-time reconstruction.
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