Confirmation and refinement of a genetic locus for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP1) at 12q23.2-24.1

BACKGROUND

Our previous study has identified two loci for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP), but the genes responsible are still unknown.

OBJECTIVES

To narrow down the candidate regions and to assess candidate genes.

METHODS

A genome-wide scan and linkage analysis were carried out in a newly collected five-generation Chinese family with DSAP. In addition, six candidate genes were screened for possible DSAP-associated mutations.

RESULTS

DSAP in this family was associated with chromosome 12q. Fine mapping and haplotype construction refined the DSAP1 locus to a 4.4-cM interval. No disease-associated mutation was detected in CRY1, C4ST1, TXNRD1, HCF2, CMKLR1 or KIAA0789 genes.

CONCLUSIONS

The DSAP1 locus was localized to a 4.4-cM interval at chromosome 12q23.2-24.1. CRY1, C4ST1, TXNRD1, HCF2, CMKLR1 and KIAA0789 genes were not associated with DSAP1.

Measurement of the negative muon anomalous magnetic moment to 0.7 ppm

The anomalous magnetic moment of the negative muon has been measured to a precision of 0.7 ppm (ppm) at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. This result is based on data collected in 2001, and is over an order of magnitude more precise than the previous measurement for the negative muon. The result a(mu(-))=11 659 214(8)(3) x 10(-10) (0.7 ppm), where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic, is consistent with previous measurements of the anomaly for the positive and the negative muon. The average of the measurements of the muon anomaly is a(mu)(exp)=11 659 208(6) x 10(-10) (0.5 ppm).

ALFRED: the ALelle FREquency Database. Update

Elaboration of ALFRED (http://alfred.med.yale.edu) is being continued in two directions. One of which is developing tools for efficiently annotating the entries and checking the integrity of the data already in the database while the other is to increase the quantity and accessibility of data. Information contained in ALFRED such as, polymorphic sites, number of populations and frequency tables (one sample typed for one site) has significantly increased.

A novel locus (DSAP2) for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis maps to chromosome 15q25.1-26.1

BACKGROUND

Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) is a chronic cutaneous disorder characterized by multiple superficial keratotic lesions surrounded by a slightly raised keratotic border. It develops in teenagers in sun-exposed areas of skin and usually follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The first locus for DSAP was localized to chromosome 12q23.2-24.1, but no gene responsible for porokeratosis has been identified to date.

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether DSAP is a genetically heterogeneous disorder and to identify the disease gene locus in a three-generation Chinese family with DSAP.

METHODS

Genetic linkage analysis was carried out in this family using 15 microsatellite markers between D12S1671 and D12S369 on chromosome 12q, followed by a genome-wide scan with 382 microsatellite markers from the autosomes.

RESULTS

Genetic linkage analysis with chromosome 12q markers suggested that the locus in this family is not linked to chromosome 12q. A genome-wide scan and fine mapping finally localized the locus for DSAP in this family to a 6.4-cM region between markers D15S1023 and D15S1030 at chromosome 15q25.1-26.1. This DSAP locus was named DSAP2.

CONCLUSIONS

The previous results and this study have shown that DSAP is a genetically heterogeneous disorder; a novel locus for DSAP, termed DSAP2, was mapped to a 6.4-cM region between markers D15S1023 and D15S1030.

Measurement of the positive muon anomalous magnetic moment to 0.7 ppm

A higher precision measurement of the anomalous g value, a(mu)=(g-2)/2, for the positive muon has been made at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron, based on data collected in the year 2000. The result a(mu(+))=11 659 204(7)(5)x10(-10) (0.7 ppm) is in good agreement with previous measurements and has an error about one-half that of the combined previous data. The present world average experimental value is a(mu)(expt)=11 659 203(8)x10(-10) (0.7 ppm).

Production of duck-chicken chimeras by transferring early blastodermal cells

Duck blastodermal cells isolated from Stage X embryos of Maya ducks were injected into subgerminal cavity of recipient Stage X chicken embryos treated with gamma-irradiation or untreated. Eleven somatic chimeras were obtained based on plumage color and were raised to sexual maturity. To test for germline chimerism, progeny tests were performed by mating the chimeras with Maya ducks. A total of 622 eggs was collected and incubated. Fertility rate and hatchability were 2.9% (18/622) and 1.0% (6/622), respectively. The six duck hatchlings were from Chimera 9801 and were considered to be derived from the germ cells developed from the donor Maya blastodermal cells, indicating that Chimera 9801 is a germline chimera.

A gene therapy for cancer based on the angiogenesis inhibitor, vasostatin

The growth and persistence of solid tumors and their metastasis are angiogenesis-dependent. Vasostatin, the N-terminal domain of calreticulin inclusive of amino acids 1-180, is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor. To investigate whether intramuscular administration of vasostatin gene has the antitumor activity in mouse tumor models, we constructed a plasmid DNA encoding vasostatin and a control vector. Production and secretion of vasostatin protein by COS cells transfected with the plasmid DNA encoding vasostatin (pSecTag2B-vaso) were confirmed by Western blot analysis and ELISA. Conditioned medium from vasostatin-transfected COS cells apparently inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and mouse endothelial cell (SVEC4-10) proliferation, compared with conditioned medium from the COS cells transfected with control vector or non-transfected cells. Treatment with pSecTag2B-vaso twice weekly for 4 weeks resulted in the inhibition of tumor growth and the prolongation of the survival of tumor-bearing mice. The sustained high level of vasostatin protein in serum could be identified in ELISA. Angiogenesis was apparently inhibited in tumor by immunohistochemical analysis. Angiogenesis was also inhibited in the chicken embryo CAM assay and mouse corneal micropocket assay. The increased apoptotic cells were found within the tumor tissues from the mice treated with plasmid DNA encoding vasostatin. Taken together, the data in the present study indicate that the cancer gene therapy by the intramuscular delivery of plasmid DNA encoding vasostatin, is effective in the inhibition of the systemic angiogenesis and tumor growth in murine models. The present findings also provide further evidence of the anti-tumor effects of the vasostatin, and may be of importance for the further exploration of the application of this molecule in the treatment of cancer.

[Roles of sex hormones and oxygen free radical in coronary heart disease]

To examine the roles of sex hormones and oxygen free radical(OFR) in coronary heart disease (CHD), the serum estradiol(E2), testosterone(T), SOD, MDA and lipid levels were measured in 44 postmenopausal women with CHD and 22 health women. Mean levels of T and MDA were significantly higher while mean levels of SOD and E2 were significantly lower in CHD group than those in control group. On relative analysis, there was a positive correlation between E2 and SOD, while a negative correlation was observed between T and MDA in CHD group. Eighteen postmenopausal women with CHD had been receiving nilestriol replacement therapy for 12 weeks. The serum SOD and HDL-C/TC levels increased significantly, but LDL-C and MDA decreased significantly. The overall data suggest that OFR plays an important role in CHD; Low E2 levels is a risk factor of CHD in postmenopausal women; Nilestriol replacement therapy can improve the metabolism of serum lipids and inhibit lipid peroxidation, therefore, it may be of benefit to postmenopausal women with CHD.

Evidence for a major gene for bone mineral density/content in human pedigrees identified via probands with extreme bone mineral density

Bone mineral content (BMC) and/or bone mineral density (BMD, i.e. BMC scaled by bone size) are major determinants for osteoporosis, which is a serious health problem. The major determinant of variation in BMD/BMC is genetic. The few studies now available are inconsistent in the identification and/or even in the existence of major gene(s) for BMD/BMC. In 51 human pedigrees with 941 individuals (526 measured for phenotypes) identified via probands with extreme BMD values, we performed complex segregation analyses to test the existence of a genetic locus with a major effect on BMD/BMC variation. We analyzed BMD and BMC at the spine, hip and wrist jointly by employing, as the study phenotype, factor scores (FS) of the principle component that explains approximately 75% of the total BMD/BMC variation at the three sites. The results indicate that a major gene exists with a codominant effect that is responsible for approximately 16% of the FS variation when adjusted for significant effects of sex, body weight and age. A significant genotype-x-sex-x-age interaction was found, which may explain approximately 14% of the FS variation after adjusting for body weight. Testing of various models did not provide support for shared familial environmental effects but suggested the existence of residual polygenic effects, which may explain approximately 50% of the FS variation when adjusting for sex, body weight and age. This study indicates a promising aspect of studies to identify a major gene for BMD/BMC variation in our pedigrees identified via extreme probands.

Anaerobic digestion of olive oil mill effluents together with swine manure in UASB reactors

Combined anaerobic digestion of olive oil mill effluent (OME) with swine manure, was investigated. In batch experiments was shown that for anaerobic degradation of OME alone nitrogen addition was needed. A COD:N ratio in the range of 65:1 to 126:1 was necessary for the optimal degradation process. Furthermore, it was found that methane productions rates during digestion of either swine manure alone or OME alone were much lower than the rates achieved when OME and manure were digested together. Admixing OME with manure at a concentration of 5 to 10% OME resulted in the highest methane production rates. Using upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, it was shown that codigestion of OME with swine manure (up to 50% OME) was successful with a COD reduction up to 75%. The process was adapted for degradation of OME with stepwise increase of the OME load to the UASB reactor. The results showed that the high content of ammonia in swine manure, together with content of other nutrients, make it possible to degrade OME without addition of external alkalinity and without addition of external nitrogen source. Anaerobic treatment of OME in UASB reactors resulted in reduction of simple phenolic compounds such as mequinol, phenyl ethyl alcohol and ethyl methyl phenol. After anaerobic treatment the concentration of these compounds was reduced between 75 and 100%. However, the concentration of some degradation products such as methyl phenol and ethyl phenol were detected in significantly higher concentrations after treatment, indicating that the process has to be further optimised to achieve satisfactory removal of all xenobiotic compounds.

Vibrational structure of dihydrofolate bound to R67 dihydrofolate reductase

R67 is a Type II dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) that catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate by facilitating the addition of a proton to N5 of DHF and the transfer of a hydride ion from NADPH to C6. Because this enzyme is a plasmid-encoded DHFR from trimethoprim-resistant bacteria, extensive studies on R67 with various methods have been performed to elucidate its reaction mechanism. Here, Raman difference measurements, conducted on the ternary complex of R67.NADP(+).DHF believed to be an accurate mimic of the productive DHFR.NADPH.DHF complex, show that the pK(a) of N5 in the complex is less than 4. This is in clear contrast to the behavior observed in Escherichia coli DHFR, a substantially more efficient enzyme, where the pK(a) of bound DHF at N5 is increased to 6.5 compared with its solution value of 2.6. A comparison of the ternary complexes in R67 and E. coli DHFRs suggests that enzymic raising of the pK(a) at N5 can significantly increase the catalytic efficiency of the hydride transfer step. However, R67 shows that even without such a strategy an effective DHFR can still be designed.

Chemistry of gene silencing: the mechanism of NAD+-dependent deacetylation reactions

The Sir2 enzyme family is responsible for a newly classified chemical reaction, NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylation. New peptide substrates, the reaction mechanism, and the products of the acetyl transfer to NAD(+) are described for SIR2. The final products of SIR2 reactions are the deacetylated peptide and the 2' and 3' regioisomers of O-acetyl ADP ribose (AADPR), formed through an alpha-1'-acetyl ADP ribose intermediate and intramolecular transesterification reactions (2' --> 3'). The regioisomers, their anomeric forms, the interconversion rates, and the reaction equilibria were characterized by NMR, HPLC, 18O exchange, and MS methods. The mechanism of acetyl transfer to NAD(+) includes (1) ADP ribosylation of the peptide acyl oxygen to form a high-energy O-alkyl amidate intermediate, (2) attack of the 2'-OH group on the amidate to form a 1',2'-acyloxonium species, (3) hydrolysis to 2'-AADPR by the attack of water on the carbonyl carbon, and (4) an SIR2-independent transesterification equilibrating the 2'- and 3'-AADPRs. This mechanism is unprecedented in ADP-ribosyl transferase enzymology. The 2'- and 3'-AADPR products are candidate molecules for SIR2-initiated signaling pathways.

Overexpression of lipoprotein lipase in transgenic rabbits inhibits diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in the hydrolysis of TG-rich lipoproteins. To elucidate the physiological roles of LPL in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, we generated transgenic rabbits expressing human LPL. In postheparinized plasma of transgenic rabbits, the human LPL protein levels were about 650 ng/ml, and LPL enzymatic activity was found at levels up to 4-fold greater than that in nontransgenic littermates. Increased LPL activity in transgenic rabbits was associated with as much as an 80% decrease in plasma triglycerides and a 59% decrease in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Analysis of the lipoprotein density fractions revealed that increased expression of the LPL transgene resulted in a remarkable reduction in the level of very low density lipoproteins as well as in the level of intermediate density lipoproteins. In addition, LDL cholesterol levels in transgenic rabbits were significantly increased. When transgenic rabbits were fed a cholesterol-rich diet, the development of hypercholesterolemia and aortic atherosclerosis was dramatically suppressed in transgenic rabbits. These results demonstrate that systemically increased LPL activity functions in the metabolism of all classes of lipoproteins, thereby playing a crucial role in plasma triglyceride hydrolysis and lipoprotein conversion, and that overexpression of LPL protects against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.

[Linkage disequilibrium analysis of chromosome 22 and schizophrenia in a Chinese population]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the molecular genetic relations of chromosome 22 and schizophrenia and locate the susceptibility gene of schizophrenia.

METHODS

Six dinucleotide tandem repeat loci on chromosome 22 were chosen to analyze 126 affected sib-pair nuclear families of schizophrenia in Chinese population by fluorescent labeled auto-mated genotyping and transmission/ disequilibrium test(TDT).

RESULTS

The TDT-chi square value of IL2Rbeta was 25.30(P=0.01), which suggests there is linkage disequilibrium between IL2R beta and schizophrenia. The P vaules of the other five loci (D22S944, D22S264, D22S303, D22S278 and CYP2D6) were greater than 0.05.

CONCLUSION

A susceptive gene of schizophrenia may be located in IL2Rbeta locus or adjacent region.