NK cell-based autologous immune enhancement therapy (AIET) for cancer

Natural killer (NK) cells have been known to enhance the host immune responses against cancer. NK cell number and cytotoxicity in patients with cancer is often low. Therefore, we developed a large-scale ex vivo NK cell expansion method without feeder layers and introduced NK cell-based autologous immune enhancement therapy (AIET). In this paper, we discuss the epidemiological data that show the relationship between NK activity and cancer incidence, monitoring of NK cell number and activity, anti-cancer activities of NK cells in vitro and in vivo and the effects of the combination of expanded NK cells with monoclonal antibody drugs on cancers through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Finally, we also present the clinical cases of NK cell-based AIET and the effect of AIET on advanced stage of pancreatic cancer and on various advanced cancers refractory to conventional therapies. NK cell-based AIET might be a useful strategy in the multidisciplinary approach to cancer.

Spray-dried plasma and fresh frozen plasma modulate permeability and inflammation in vitro in vascular endothelial cells

BACKGROUND

After major traumatic injury, patients often require multiple transfusions of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) to correct coagulopathy and to reduce bleeding. A spray-dried plasma (SDP) product has several logistical benefits over FFP use in trauma patients with coagulopathy. These benefits include ease of transport, stability at room temperature, and rapid reconstitution for infusion. Our past work suggests that FFP promotes endothelial stability by inhibiting endothelial permeability.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The main goal of this project is to determine if solvent-detergent-treated SDP is equivalent to FFP in inhibiting vascular endothelial cell (EC) permeability and inflammation in vitro. Furthermore, this study aimed to determine if solvent-detergent treatment and spray drying of plasma alters the protective effects of FFP on EC function. The five groups tested in our studies are the following: 1) fresh frozen-thawed plasma (FFP); 2) solvent-detergent-treated FFP; 3) solvent-detergent-treated SDP; 4) lactated Ringer's solution; and 5) Hextend.

RESULTS

This study demonstrates that in vitro SDP and FFP equivalently inhibit vascular EC permeability, EC adherens junction breakdown, and endothelial white blood cell binding, an effect that is independent of changes in Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1, Intracellular Adhesion Molecule 1, or E-selectin expression on ECs. Solvent-detergent treatment of FFP does not alter the protective effects of FFP on endothelial cell function in vitro.

CONCLUSION

These data suggest the equivalence of FFP and SDP on modulation of endothelial function and inflammation in vitro.

Altered angiogenesis gene expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: potential use in diagnosis, outcome prediction, and treatment

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) occur in diverse locations of the gastrointestinal system. We studied the pathogenesis of GIST by measurement of microvascular density (MVD) and expression of nine signal transduction molecules that have known roles in diverse types of cancers (PI3K, Akt, pTEN, uPA, MMP2, MMP9, HIF1, NOS2, and VEGF) in the tumorous tissues and adjacent normal tissues of 124 GIST patients. We also compared the MVD (a measure of angiogenesis) in tumorous and adjacent normal tissues. Our results indicated significant differences in the expression of the assayed mRNAs and proteins in GIST cells and in adjacent normal cells. In addition, tumorous tissues had significantly higher MVD than adjacent normal tissues. These nine genes have potential for use for diagnosis, outcome prediction, and as new targeted treatments for GISTs.

SU-E-T-188: Evaluation of a 3D Patient Relevant Dose QA Tool: Multiple Institutional Studies

PURPOSE

To evaluate 3DVHTM as a patient dose-verification and analysis tool through multiple institutional studies. Virtual patient doses were measured and compared among different vendors' treatment planning systems (TPS) and delivered by different vendors' LINACS so that we better understand the uncertainty of entire process within a patient undergone radiotherapy.

METHODS

One head-and-neck (H&N) and one lung patient were selected in this study. The DICOM images/RT structures along with clinical protocols including prescription doses (59.4Gy for H&N and 70.2Gy for lung) and normal‐tissues tolerances were distributed to six institutions. Based on the same criteria, each institution generated their IMRT plans for the patients. Four different TPS and six different LINACS were used. The conventional per‐beam IMRT QA using MapCHECK was performed by all participants. All the measured and calculated data were sent back to one institution for 3DVH analysis. Through the use of planned-dose-perturbation (PDP)TM algorithm (Sun Nuclear Corp.), the 'actual-DVHs' were generated and then compared to the 'reference-DVHs' from plans. Their differences represented errors induced from the combination of TPS dose-calculation algorithm and beam-delivery systems.

RESULTS

All plans in the study have met the clinical criteria. The 3D matching rates for 3%global/3mm (DD/DTA) ranged from 95.8-99.9% for H&N and 93.5-100% for lung. The dose-difference-histogram for PTV had a mean of 0.67% [0-2%] for H&N cases and 1% [0.6-2.8%] for lung cases. The QA tool was able to spot the doses outside 3%/3mm criteria for critical structures much easier than conventional planar QA methods. In addition, the hot/cold spots at the boundaries of collimators are attributed to the uncertainty of collimator-positioning greater than 1-mm.

CONCLUSIONS

The analysis of IMRT plans in this study has shown that 3DVH is a vital QA tool for assessing clinically relevant doses as well as diagnosing potential systematic errors from both TPS and delivery systems.

Measurement of the neutron radius of 208Pb through parity violation in electron scattering

We report the first measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry A(PV) in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from 208Pb. A(PV) is sensitive to the radius of the neutron distribution (R(n)). The result A(PV)=0.656±0.060(stat)±0.014(syst) ppm corresponds to a difference between the radii of the neutron and proton distributions R(n)-R(p)=0.33(-0.18)(+0.16) fm and provides the first electroweak observation of the neutron skin which is expected in a heavy, neutron-rich nucleus.

New precision limit on the strange vector form factors of the proton

The parity-violating cross-section asymmetry in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from unpolarized protons has been measured at a four-momentum transfer squared Q2 = 0.624  GeV2 and beam energy E(b) = 3.48  GeV to be A(PV) = -23.80 ± 0.78(stat) ± 0.36(syst) parts per million. This result is consistent with zero contribution of strange quarks to the combination of electric and magnetic form factors G(E)(s) + 0.517G(M)(s) = 0.003 ± 0.010(stat) ± 0.004(syst) ± 0.009(ff), where the third error is due to the limits of precision on the electromagnetic form factors and radiative corrections. With this measurement, the world data on strange contributions to nucleon form factors are seen to be consistent with zero and not more than a few percent of the proton form factors.

Beam-target double-spin asymmetry A{LT} in charged pion production from deep inelastic scattering on a transversely polarized {3}He target at 1.4<Q{2}<2.7 GeV{2}

We report the first measurement of the double-spin asymmetry A{LT} for charged pion electroproduction in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic electron scattering on a transversely polarized {3}He target. The kinematics focused on the valence quark region, 0.16<x<0.35 with 1.4<Q{2}<2.7  GeV{2}. The corresponding neutron A{LT} asymmetries were extracted from the measured {3}He asymmetries and proton over {3}He cross section ratios using the effective polarization approximation. These new data probe the transverse momentum dependent parton distribution function g{1T}{q} and therefore provide access to quark spin-orbit correlations. Our results indicate a positive azimuthal asymmetry for π{-} production on {3}He and the neutron, while our π{+} asymmetries are consistent with zero.

Worldwide genetic structure in 37 genes important in telomere biology

Telomeres form the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and are vital in maintaining genetic integrity. Telomere dysfunction is associated with cancer and several chronic diseases. Patterns of genetic variation across individuals can provide keys to further understanding the evolutionary history of genes. We investigated patterns of differentiation and population structure of 37 telomere maintenance genes among 53 worldwide populations. Data from 898 unrelated individuals were obtained from the genome-wide scan of the Human Genome Diversity Panel (HGDP) and from 270 unrelated individuals from the International HapMap Project at 716 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. We additionally compared this gene set to HGDP data at 1396 SNPs in 174 innate immunity genes. The majority of the telomere biology genes had low to moderate haplotype diversity (45-85%), high ancestral allele frequencies (>60%) and low differentiation (FST<0.10). Heterozygosity and differentiation were significantly lower in telomere biology genes compared with the innate immunity genes. There was evidence of evolutionary selection in ACD, TERF2IP, NOLA2, POT1 and TNKS in this data set, which was consistent in HapMap 3. TERT had higher than expected levels of haplotype diversity, likely attributable to a lack of linkage disequilibrium, and a potential cancer-associated SNP in this gene, rs2736100, varied substantially in genotype frequency across major continental regions. It is possible that the genes under selection could influence telomere biology diseases. As a group, there appears to be less diversity and differentiation in telomere biology genes than in genes with different functions, possibly due to their critical role in telomere maintenance and chromosomal stability.

Moxifloxacin monotherapy for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin monotherapy for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. PubMed, EMBASE, Science Direct, ClinicalTrials.gov and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched to retrieve randomised controlled trials (RCTs) compared moxifloxacin monotherapy with other antibiotics in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections from January 1999 to July 2011. A meta-analysis of all included randomised controlled trials was performed. Four randomised controlled trials including a total of 2444 patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections were included for meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the moxifloxacin was associated with similar clinical cure rate (four RCTs, 1934 patients, OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.61, 1.04, p = 0.09), bacteriological success rates (four RCTs, 1484 patients, OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.05, p = 0.11) and mortality (four RCTs, 2227 patients, OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.45, 1.83, p = 0.79) compared with the control group. The overall incidence of adverse events of moxifloxacin was significantly higher than that in the control group (three RCTs, 1367 patients, OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.63, p = 0.008), although the incidence of drug-related adverse events (three RCTs, 1601 patients, OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.85, p = 0.63) and serious adverse events (three RCTs, 1815 patients, OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.59, 2.60, p = 0.58) were similar between the compared treatment groups. Moxifloxacin is an effective and relatively safe option for the treatment of patients with intra-abdominal infections. Moxifloxacin monotherapy has similar efficacy to combination therapy.

P3-16-02: Targeting Tumor Initiating Cells with siRNA/Nanotherapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Residual human breast tumor cells after conventional therapies are enriched in tumor-initiating cells (TIC) characterized by CD44+/ CD24-/low/lineage- with self-renewal capacities. Our gene expression analyses in those cells and in breast cancer cells propagated as mammospheres (MSs) reveal an epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) signature (400 genes) mainly found in claudin-low molecular subtype human breast tumors. We performed lentiviral shRNA knockdown of that signature in MS. Critical shRNAs were found to decrease the TIC subpopulation. Among those genes, we found STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), NTN4 (netrin 4), and RPL39L (ribosomal protein L39-like). Here, we used a multiscale siRNA delivery system targeting those three genes in order to clarify the effect of silencing those genes over the self-renewal capacity on MSs with claudin-low features. To this end, duplex small interfering RNA (siRNA) against STAT3, NTN4, RPL39L, and scrambled siRNA as control, were introduced into neutral nanoliposomes (dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine, DOPC), and using mesoporous microscale biodegradable silicon particles as carriers. This multistage siRNA delivery system has been reported as a good approach for sustained gene silencing. Claudin-low-like human breast cancer cell lines (SUM159 and BT549) were plated in 24-well ultralow attachment plates with mammary epithelial growth medium (MEGM) (5,000 cells/well). Both cell lines were then treated with 1μg/well/6 wells of silicon particles loaded with DOPC nanoliposomes/siRNA. The primary MSs were allowed to grow for 3 days. MFs were counted by day 3 with a GelCount colony counter (Oxford Optronix, Oxford, UK). Mammosphere-Forming Efficiency (MSFE) was calculated by dividing the number of MSs by the number of seeded cells. In addition, established MSs were serially passaged by dissociation, and single cells were replated on fresh 24-well ultra-low attachment plates to form secondary mammospheres, which were counted after 3 days. One-way ANOVA and Tukey test were performed. A p value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Our results show that silencing STAT3, NTN4, and RPL39L significantly reduces the MSFE in both primary (1%, 0.9%, and 1.7% respectively) (Figure 1) and secondary MSs (0.49%, 0.51%, and 0.45% respectively) (Figure 2) when compared to the scrambled control (2.4% and 1 % respectively) in BT549 cells. For SUM159 cells, we did not find any change in primary MSs for STAT3 (2.2%) and NTN4 (2.1%), even we found a higher percentage of MSFE in those cells treated with RPL39L siRNA (3.9%) when compared to the scrambled control (2.1%) (Figure 3). Nevertheless, a lesser MSFE were observed in those cells treated with STAT3 (0.9%, not significant), NTN4 (0.8%) and RPL39L (0.78%) in comparison to control (1.1%) (Figure 4). In conclusion, knocking-down of EMT-related genes (STAT3, NTN4, and RPL39L) decreases significantly the self-renewal capacity in mammospheres derived from claudin-low-like human breast tumor cells, being BT549 cells more sensitive than SUM159 cells to that silencing with siRNA loaded in DOPC nanoliposomes into silicon particles as carriers.

Acknowledgments: We thank Fundacion Alfonso Martin Escudero for the personal support of Dr. Sergio Granados-Principal.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-16-02.

Single spin asymmetries in charged pion production from semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering on a transversely polarized 3He Target at Q2 = 1.4-2.7 GeV2

We report the first measurement of target single spin asymmetries in the semi-inclusive (3)He(e,e'π(±))X reaction on a transversely polarized target. The experiment, conducted at Jefferson Lab using a 5.9 GeV electron beam, covers a range of 0.16 < x < 0.35 with 1.4 < Q(2) < 2.7 GeV(2). The Collins and Sivers moments were extracted from the azimuthal angular dependence of the measured asymmetries. The π(±) Collins moments for (3)He are consistent with zero, except for the π(+) moment at x = 0.35, which deviates from zero by 2.3σ. While the π(-) Sivers moments are consistent with zero, the π(+) Sivers moments favor negative values. The neutron results were extracted using the nucleon effective polarization and measured cross section ratios of proton to (3)He, and are largely consistent with the predictions of phenomenological fits and quark model calculations.

AFOMP Policy Statement No. 3: recommendations for the education and training of medical physicists in AFOMP countries

AFOMP recognizes that clinical medical physicists should demonstrate that they are competent to practice their profession by obtaining appropriate education, training and supervised experience in the specialties of medical physics in which they practice, as well as having a basic knowledge of other specialties. To help its member countries to achieve this, AFOMP has developed this policy to provide guidance when developing medical physicist education and training programs. The policy is compatible with the standards being promoted by the International Organization for Medical Physics and the International Medical Physics Certification Board.

Impact of luteolin on the production of alpha-toxin by Staphylococcus aureus

AIMS

To investigate the influence of subinhibitory concentrations of luteolin on the production of α-toxin in Staphylococcus aureus.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using a broth microdilution method, and the MICs of luteolin against the tested Staph. aureus strains ranged from 16 to 64 μg ml(-1). Haemolysis, Western blot and real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays were used to evaluate the effect of luteolin on Staph. aureusα-toxin secretion and on the level of gene expression, respectively. The data indicated that subinhibitory concentrations of luteolin dose dependently decreased the production of α-toxin in both meticillin-sensitive Staph. aureus (MSSA) and meticillin-resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA). Furthermore, the transcriptional levels of agr (accessory gene regulator) in Staph. aureus were also inhibited by luteolin.

CONCLUSIONS

Luteolin decreases the production and/or secretion of α-toxin in Staph. aureus; the reduced production may be dependent, in part, upon the luteolin-induced inhibition of the agr locus.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The findings indicate that luteolin may be used as a basis for the development of antimicrobial agents aimed at bacterial virulence factors.