201
|
Bradley SG, Munson AE, Dewey WL, Harris LS. Enhanced susceptibility of mice to combinations of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and live or killed gram-negative bacteria. Infect Immun 1977; 17:325-9. [PMID: 330405 PMCID: PMC421122 DOI: 10.1128/iai.17.2.325-329.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) and bacterial endotoxin were shown to be hyperadditively toxic for mice. A variety of purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations elicted enhanced mortality in combination with delta 9-THC. Escherichia coli O26:B6 LPS (Boivin preparation) at an essentially nonlethal dose of 2.5 mg/kg reduced the dose of delta 9-THC required to kill 50% of the treated mice from ca. 350 to 150 mg/kg. Inbred BALB, DBA, and C3H/HeCr mice, noninbred ICR mice, and hybrid CDF1 and BDF1 mice were hyperreactive to combinations of delta 9-THC and LPS. Moreover, a variety of heat-killed intestinal and gram-negative bacteria, live E. coli, and complexes of lipid A with a variety of proteins substituted for LPS in the synergistic toxicity of LPS and delta 9-THC. Extracts of marijuana also elicited hyperreactivity to LPS. The hyperadditive lethality of combinations of delta 9-THC and LPS was markedly less in mice rendered refractory to LPS or delta 9-THC by repeated administration of LPS or delta 9-THC, respectively.
Collapse
|
202
|
Karler R. Toxicological and pharmacological effects. NIDA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 1977:67-85. [PMID: 199843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
203
|
Matsuyama SS, Yen FS, Jarvik LF, Sparkes RS, Fu TK, Fisher H, Reccius N, Frank IM. Marijuana exposure in vivo and human lymphocyte chromosomes. Mutat Res 1977; 48:255-65. [PMID: 327310 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(77)90167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sequential chromosome examinations of peripheral lymphocte cultures were carried out on 21 adult male volunteers who smoked natural blend marijuana cigarettes containing about 1%, 2%, or no delta9-THC. For a limited number of subjects, blood samples from a single venipuncture were cultured independently in two cytogenetic laboratories, and later the slides were exchaged for re-analysis. There were significant differences between laboratories in the absolute break frequencies recorded. These inter-laboratory differences were demonstrated for both techniques of cell culture and metaphase analysis. Neither laboratory found a statistically significant increase in break frequencies asssociated with marijuana smoking. The present study, therefore, failed to detect a measurable effect of marijuana smoking on chromosomal aberrations in subjects experienced in the use of the drug.
Collapse
|
204
|
Harper JW, Heath RG, Myers WA. Effects of Cannabis sativa on ultrastructure of the synapse in monkey brain. J Neurosci Res 1977; 3:87-93. [PMID: 413934 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopic study of brain tissues of monkeys chronically exposed to psychoactive Cannabis showed widening of the synaptic cleft, electron opaque material in the cleft and in pre- and postsynaptic regions, and some "clumping" of synaptic vesicles. In contrast, tissues of control monkeys showed no ultrastructural changes.
Collapse
|
205
|
Abstract
A population of New Zealand White rabbits has been found to exhibit behavioral convulsions when given low intravenous doses of psychoactive cannabinoids of marijuana. The behavioral convulsions decrease in severity and then disappear after the long-term administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The extreme sensitivity of these rabbits to the stimulant action of cannabinoids suggests that the population might serve as a model in studies of the stimulant action of cannabinoids.
Collapse
|
206
|
Banerjee BN, Sofia RD, Erikson D, Ivins NJ. Toxicity of delta9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administered subcutaneously for 13 days to female rabbits. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1976; 1:769-76. [PMID: 1271484 DOI: 10.1080/15287397609529375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Delta9- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was administered subcutaneously to female New Zealand white strain rabbits for 13 days. The animals were randomly divided into six groups of five animals each of which consisted of untreated controls, vehicle (undiluted propylene glycol)-treated, and THC treatment at dose levels of 100, 30, 10, and 3 mg/kg/day. All animals survived for the duration of the study. The THC-treated rabbits did not gain significant body weight which seems to be due to a decreased food consumption. There were some variations in various hematologic values, but they all were within the normal range for our laboratory. Blood chemistry evaluations showed decreased serum levels of potassium, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio and an increase in cholesterol levels of all treated animals. A significant increase in billirubin values was noted in the animsls of the 3- and 10-mg/kg groups. The injection site in the skin of the THC-treated rabbits showed signs of local irritation (erythema and subcutaneous abscesses). There was a reduction in absolute and percent of body weight of the liver and absolute weight of the lungs of the treated animals. However, no histopathologic alterations were observed. It may be concluded that THC treatment subcutaneously for 13 days in rabbits up to a dose level of 100 mg/kg/day did not produce any significant toxicity, except anorexia and some local dermal irritation.
Collapse
|
207
|
Razdan RK, Terris BZ, Pars HG, Plotnikoff NP, Dodge PW, Dren AT, Kyncl J, Somani P. Drugs derived from cannabinoids. 2. Basic esters of nitrogen and carbocyclic analogs. J Med Chem 1976; 19:454-61. [PMID: 817020 DOI: 10.1021/jm00226a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Various basic esters of nitrogen (2) and carbocyclic (3 and 4) analogs of cannabinoids were synthesized using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in methylene chloride. The compounds in the three series werw studied in selected pharmacological tests in mice, rats, dogs, and cats. It was shown that making the basic ester from the phenol retains biological activity and can lead to a greater selectivity of action, particularly the antinociceptive activity. The most interesting esters were 5, 6, 10, and 14 in the nitrogen analogs series and 19 and 20 in the carbocyclic series. Compound 5 was more potent than codeine in the writhing, hot-plate, and tail-flick tests and is at present undergoing clinical testing. Compound 20 was very potent in the mouse audiogenic seizure test and is of interest as an anticovulsant agent.
Collapse
|
208
|
Joneja MG. A study of teratological effects of intravenous, subcutaneous, and intragastric administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1976; 36:151-62. [PMID: 1273835 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(76)90035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
209
|
Huber GL, Simmons GA, McCarthy CR, Cutting MB, Laguarda R, Pereira W. Depressant effect of marihuana smoke on antibactericidal activity of pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Chest 1975; 68:769-73. [PMID: 1192853 DOI: 10.1378/chest.68.6.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Other than the potentially therapeutic bronchodilatory influences of marihuana, very little is known of its biologic effects on the lung. To evaluate this problem, alveolar macrophages were harvested from rats by bronchopulmonary lavage and incubated in vitro with Staphylococcus albus and marihuana smoke of standardized 2.2-percent tetrahydrocannabinol content in graded amounts. After three hours, control alveolar macrophages inactivated 78.0 +/- 5.0 percent of the staphylococcal challenge. There was a dose-dependent depression of alveolar macrophage bactericidal activity, with 66.7 +/- 7.1 percent, 23.7 +/- 7.0 percent, 20.5 +/- 7.0 percent, and 11.4 +/- 7.6 percent of the bacteria killed following exposures to 2 ml, 4 ml, 6 ml, or 8 ml of marihuana smoke, respectively. Differential filtration of marihuana smoke revealed that the alveolar macrophage cytotoxin was present in the gas phase of the smoke and was water-soluble. Studies on purified tetrahydrocannabinol and on tetrahydrocannoabinol-extracted marihuana revealed that the impairment in alveolar macrophage function was not related to the psychomimetic or bronchodilatory components of marihuana.
Collapse
|
210
|
Adams AJ, Brown B, Flom MC, Jones RT, Jampolsky A. Alcohol and marijuana effects on static visual acuity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS 1975; 52:729-35. [PMID: 1106208 DOI: 10.1097/00006324-197511000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Static visual acuity was measured at two contrast levels (12 and 49%) in ten subjects in a double blind experiment involving five drug conditions of alcohol and marijuana (0.5 ml and 1.0 ml/kg body weight of 95% ethanol, 8 and 15 mg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and a placebo). We found no statistically significant change in static visual acuity for any of the dose levels at any of the measurement time up to six hours following drug ingestion; this is sharply contrasted with the marked decrements in acuity which were found in the same subjects under the same drug conditions when the targets were in motion and required corrdinated eye movements for their resolution.
Collapse
|
211
|
Rosendrantz H, Sprague RA, Fleischman RW, Braude C. Oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol toxicity in rats treated for periods up to six months. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975; 32:399-417. [PMID: 1171539 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(75)90231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
212
|
Thomas RJ. The toxicologic and teratologic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the zebrafish embryo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975; 32:184-90. [PMID: 1135874 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(75)90209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
213
|
Uliss DB, Dalzell HC, Handrick GR, Howes JF, Razdan RK. Hashish. Importance of the phenolic hydroxyl group in tetrahydrocannabinols. J Med Chem 1975; 18:213-5. [PMID: 1120991 DOI: 10.1021/jm00236a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Optically active delta-3- and delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinols (THC's), cannabidiol and racemic delta-9-cis-THC, and their corresponding analogs (1b yields 4b) in which the positions of the phenolic hydroxyl group and the n-C5 side chain have been interchanged are compared in selected pharmacological tests in mice. the results indicate that the phenolic hydroxyl group in the 1 position in THC's is very important for eliciting activity and that cannabidiol and delta-9-cis-THC possess weak CNS depressant properties.
Collapse
|
214
|
Thompson GR, Rosenkrantz H, Fleischman RW, Braude MC. Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol administered subcutaneously to rabbits for 28 days. Toxicology 1975; 4:41-51. [PMID: 1129806 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(75)90020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) to rabbits produced dose-related cumulative toxicity. Five groups of three New Zealand albino rabbits each received 28 daily treatments with isotonic saline, sesame oil of 15.9, 45.0 or 153.4 mg/kg/day of delta-9-THC dissolved in sesame oil. Dose-related dermal responses included erythema, edema, ulceration and nodule formation. Some of the granulomatous nodules contained an oily substance and exhibited liquefactive necrosis. The severities of erythema and ulceration were generally maximal during the first week of treatment, but edema and nodule formation were most severe after days 12 and 14, respectively. All rabbits survived treatment, but body weights, liver weights and liver glycogen levels were decreased in a dose-related manner. Maximal body weight effects occurred after day 19. Hemochemical changes occurred only in rabbits treated with 153.4 mg/kg/day and included decreased blood sugar and alkaline phosphatase, and increased serum potassium. Hematology parameters were normal throughout the treatment period. No drug-related pathological lesions occurred in internal organs. The cumulative body weight changes, significantly decreased hepatic glycogen levels and reduced blood sugar and alkaline phosphatase values may have indicated drug-induced metabolic changes.
Collapse
|
215
|
|
216
|
Rosenkrantz H, Braude M. Acute, subacute and 23-day chronic marihuana inhalation toxicities in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974; 28:428-41. [PMID: 4850426 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(74)90228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
217
|
Meldrum BS, Fariello RG, Puil EA, Derouaux M, Naquet R. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and epilepsy in the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio. Epilepsia 1974; 15:255-64. [PMID: 4525183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1974.tb04947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
218
|
Sofia RD. The lethal effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice enhanced by pretreatment with SKF 525-A or chloramphenicol. Eur J Pharmacol 1974; 26:383-5. [PMID: 4854932 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(74)90251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
219
|
Bech P, Rafaelsen L, Rafaelsen OJ. Cannabis: a psychopharmacological review. DANISH MEDICAL BULLETIN 1974; 21:106-20. [PMID: 4209151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
220
|
Rosenkrantz H, Heyman IA, Braude MC. Inhalation, parenteral and oral LD50 values of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in Fischer rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974; 28:18-27. [PMID: 4852457 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(74)90126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
221
|
Willinsky MD, Webster CD, Herring BS. Effects of delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol on Sidman discriminated avoidance behavior in rats. ACTIVITAS NERVOSA SUPERIOR 1974; 16:34-8. [PMID: 4454932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
222
|
Thompson GR, Fleischman RW, Rosenkrantz H, Braude MC. Oral and intravenous toxicity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974; 27:648-65. [PMID: 4212215 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(74)90044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
223
|
Bieniek D, Gau W, Korte F. [Hashish--chemistry and problems]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1974; 61:117-21. [PMID: 4826363 DOI: 10.1007/bf00606280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
224
|
Karler R, Cely W, Turkanis SA. A study of the relative anticonvulsant and toxic activities of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its congeners. RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1974; 7:353-8. [PMID: 4818378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
225
|
Mantilla-Plata B, Harbison RD. Effects of phenobarbital and SKF 525A pretreatment, sex, liver injury, and vehicle on delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974; 27:123-30. [PMID: 4851768 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(74)90179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|