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Wang N, Liu B, Wang D, Xing K, Wang W, Wang T, Yu D. Oil-in-water and oleogel-in-water emulsion encapsulate with hemp seed oil containing Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol: Stability, degradation and in vitro simulation characteristics. Food Chem 2024; 444:138633. [PMID: 38330607 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The present study focused on investigating the stability and in vitro simulation characteristics of oil-in-water (O/W) and oleogel-in-water (Og/W) emulsions. Compared with O/W emulsion, the Og/W emulsion exhibited superior stability, with a more evenly spread droplet distribution, and the Og/W emulsion containing 3 % hemp seed protein (HSP) showed better stability against environmental factors, including heat treatment, ionic strength, and changes in pH. Additionally, the stability of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabinol (CBN) and the in vitro digestion of hemp seed oil (HSO) were evaluated. The half-life of CBN in the Og/W emulsion was found to be 131.82 days, with a degradation rate of 0.00527. The in vitro simulation results indicated that the Og/W emulsion effectively delayed the intestinal digestion of HSO, and the bioaccessibility of Δ9-THC and CBN reached 56.0 % and 58.0 %, respectively. The study findings demonstrated that the Og/W emulsion constructed with oleogel and HSP, exhibited excellent stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Boyu Liu
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Donghua Wang
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TNc, United Kingdom
| | - Kaiwen Xing
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Heilongjiang Nongtou Bio-industry Investment Co., Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Dianyu Yu
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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2
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Wiley JL, Marusich JA, Blough BE, Namjoshi O, Brackeen M, Akinfiresoye LR, Walker TD, Prioleau C, Barrus DG, Gamage TF. Evaluation of cannabimimetic effects of selected minor cannabinoids and Terpenoids in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 132:110984. [PMID: 38417478 PMCID: PMC11015967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cannabis plant contains several cannabinoids, and many terpenoids that give cannabis its distinctive flavoring and aroma. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is the plant's primary psychoactive constituent. Given the abuse liability of Δ9-THC, assessment of the psychoactive effects of minor cannabinoids and other plant constituents is important, especially for compounds that may be used medicinally. This study sought to evaluate select minor cannabinoids and terpenes for Δ9-THC-like psychoactivity in mouse Δ9-THC drug discrimination and determine their binding affinities at CB1 and CB2 receptors. METHODS Δ9-THC, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenevarin (CBCV), Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), (6aR,9R)-Δ10-tetrahydrocannabinol [(6aR,9R)-Δ10-THC], Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol varin (THCV), β-caryophyllene (BC), and β-caryophyllene oxide (BCO) were examined. RESULTS All minor cannabinoids showed measurable cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor binding, with CBC, CBCV, and CBD, showing the weakest CB1 receptor binding affinity. BC and BCO exhibited negligible affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors. In drug discrimination, only Δ8-THC fully substituted for Δ9-THC, while CBN and (6aR,9R)-Δ10-THC partially substituted for Δ9-THC. THCV and BCO did not alter the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC. CONCLUSION In summary, only some of myriad cannabinoids and other chemicals found in the cannabis plant bind potently to the identified cannabinoid receptors. Further, only four of the compounds tested herein [Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC, (6aR,9R)-Δ10-THC, and CBN] produced Δ9-THC-like discriminative stimulus effects, suggesting they may possess cannabimimetic subjective effects. Given that the medicinal properties of phytocannabinoids and terpenoids are being investigated scientifically, delineation of their potential adverse effects, including their ability to produce Δ9-THC-like intoxication, is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luli R Akinfiresoye
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA, USA
| | - Teneille D Walker
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA, USA
| | - Cassandra Prioleau
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA, USA
| | | | - Thomas F Gamage
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Teixeira SP, Nascimento IC, Grejo MP, Leite VG, Machado SR. The putative cannabinoid-secreting trichome of Trema micrantha (L.) Blume (Cannabaceae). Protoplasma 2024; 261:463-475. [PMID: 37999805 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Trema, a genus of the popularly known Cannabaceae, has recently been the subject of cannabinoid bioprospection. T. micrantha is a tree with pharmacological potential widely used in folk medicine. It has two types of glandular trichomes, bulbous and filiform, spread throughout the plant body. Considering the proximity of this species to Cannabis sativa and Trema orientalis, species containing cannabinoids, the glandular trichomes of T. micrantha are also expected to be related to the secretion of these compounds. Thus, this study aims to detail the morphology of secretory trichomes during the synthesis, storing and release of metabolites in T. micrantha. We tested the proposition that they could be a putative type of cannabinoid-secreting gland. Pistillate and staminate flowers and leaves were collected and processed for ontogenic, histochemical, and ultrastructural analyses. Both types of glandular trichomes originate from a protodermal cell. They are putative cannabinoid-secreting sites because: (1) terpene-phenols and, more specifically, cannabinoids were detected in situ; (2) their secretory subcellular apparatus is consistent with that found in C. sativa: modified plastids, polyribosomes, an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a moniliform smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Plastids and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are involved in the synthesis of terpenes, while the rough endoplasmic reticulum acts in the phenolic synthesis. These substances cross the plasma membrane by exocytosis and are released outside the trichome through cuticle pores. The study of the cell biology of the putative cannabinoid glands can promote the advancement of prospecting for natural products in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pádua Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Cristina Nascimento
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP14040-903, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências E Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Marina Priolo Grejo
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências E Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Viviane Gonçalves Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP14040-903, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Do Jardim Botânico Do Rio de Janeiro, DIPEQ, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Rodrigues Machado
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Insituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
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Love AC, Purdy TN, Hubert FM, Kirwan EJ, Holland DC, Moore BS. Discovery of Latent Cannabichromene Cyclase Activity in Marine Bacterial Flavoenzymes. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1343-1354. [PMID: 38459634 PMCID: PMC11031283 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Production of phytocannabinoids remains an area of active scientific interest due to the growing use of cannabis by the public and the underexplored therapeutic potential of the over 100 minor cannabinoids. While phytocannabinoids are biosynthesized by Cannabis sativa and other select plants and fungi, structural analogs and stereoisomers can only be accessed synthetically or through heterologous expression. To date, the bioproduction of cannabinoids has required eukaryotic hosts like yeast since key, native oxidative cyclization enzymes do not express well in bacterial hosts. Here, we report that two marine bacterial flavoenzymes, Clz9 and Tcz9, perform oxidative cyclization reactions on phytocannabinoid precursors to efficiently generate cannabichromene scaffolds. Furthermore, Clz9 and Tcz9 express robustly in bacteria and display significant tolerance to organic solvent and high substrate loading, thereby enabling fermentative production of cannabichromenic acid in Escherichia coli and indicating their potential for biocatalyst development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Love
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Trevor N. Purdy
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Felix M. Hubert
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ella J. Kirwan
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Darren C. Holland
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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5
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Schubert MM, Terauds S, Plant M, Handler G, Atkins C, Mendez C. Prior acute exercise restores postprandial fat oxidation in active cannabis users. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15968. [PMID: 38453255 PMCID: PMC10920057 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Data suggest cannabis users have similar or lower levels of blood lipids compared to nonusers. However, the extent to which cannabis users experience postprandial lipemia is not known. Eleven cannabis users and 11 nonusers completed either rest or 1 h of exercise at their ventilatory threshold the evening before a meal tolerance test (MTT). Substrate oxidation, blood pressure, and capillary blood were obtained before and every 30-60 min post-meal for 3 h. Linear mixed models were utilized to examine differences in variables between groups, conditions, across time, and their interactions. Exercise led to increased fat oxidation post-MTT (p < 0.05), with cannabis users exhibiting higher AUC compared to the control trial (p < 0.05). Exercise also caused significantly lower levels of triglycerides (p < 0.05). Metabolic flexibility was improved in cannabis users in the exercise trial only (p < 0.05). No effect of group, trial, or interactions were detected for other variables of interest (all p > 0.05). This study indicated that prior exercise improves lipid metabolism in cannabis users and nonusers after a high-fat meal test. Cannabis users appear sensitive to the effects of exercise. Future studies should incorporate additional meals and variables related to cardiovascular health and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Schubert
- Metabolism and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCalifornia State UniversitySan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samantha Terauds
- Metabolism and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCalifornia State UniversitySan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maren Plant
- School of MedicineGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Grace Handler
- Metabolism and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCalifornia State UniversitySan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
| | - Colin Atkins
- Metabolism and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCalifornia State UniversitySan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
| | - Casandra Mendez
- Metabolism and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCalifornia State UniversitySan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
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Ofori-Agyemang F, Waterlot C, Manu J, Laloge R, Francin R, Papazoglou EG, Alexopoulou E, Sahraoui ALH, Tisserant B, Mench M, Burges A, Oustrière N. Plant testing with hemp and miscanthus to assess phytomanagement options including biostimulants and mycorrhizae on a metal-contaminated soil to provide biomass for sustainable biofuel production. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169527. [PMID: 38135075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The need of biofuels from biomass, including sustainable aviation fuel, without using agricultural land dedicated to food crops, is in constant demand. Strategies to intensify biomass production using mycorrhizal fungi, biostimulants and their combinations could be solutions for improving the cultivation of lignocellulosic plants but still lack well-established validation on metal-contaminated soils. This study aimed to assess the yield of Miscanthus x giganteus J.M. Greef & Deuter and Cannabis sativa L. grown on a metal-contaminated agricultural soil (11 mg Cd, 536 mg Pb and 955 mg Zn kg-1) amended with biostimulants and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and the shoot Cd, Pb and Zn uptake. A pot trial was carried out with soil collected from a field near a former Pb/Zn smelter in France and six treatments: control (C), protein hydrolysate (a mixture of peptides and amino acids, PH), humic/fulvic acids (HFA), arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF), PH combined with AMF (PHxAMF), and HFA combined with AMF (HFAxAMF). Metal concentrations in the soil pore water (SPW), pH and electrical conductivity were measured over time. Miscanthus and hemp shoots were harvested on day 90. Both PH and PHxAMF treatments increased SPW Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations (e.g. by 26, 1.9, and 22.9 times for miscanthus and 9.7, 4.7, and 19.3 times for hemp in the PH and PHxAMF treatments as compared to the control one, respectively). This led to phytotoxicity and reduced shoot yield for miscanthus. Conversely, HFA and HFAxAMF treatments decreased SPW Cd and Zn concentrations, increasing shoot yields for hemp and miscanthus. Shoot Cd, Pb, and Zn uptakes peaked for PH and PHxAMF hemp plants (in μg plant-1, Cd: 310-334, Pb: 34-38, and Zn: 232-309 for PHxAMF and PH, respectively), while lowest values occurred for PH miscanthus plants mainly due to low shoot yield. Overall, this study suggested that humic/fulvic acids can be an effective biostimulant for increasing shoot biomass production in a metal-contaminated soil. These results warrant further investigations of the HFAxAMF in field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ofori-Agyemang
- Univ. Lille, IMT Nord-Europe, Univ. Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Christophe Waterlot
- Univ. Lille, IMT Nord-Europe, Univ. Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - James Manu
- Univ. Lille, IMT Nord-Europe, Univ. Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Roman Laloge
- Univ. Lille, IMT Nord-Europe, Univ. Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Romain Francin
- Univ. Lille, IMT Nord-Europe, Univ. Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Eleni G Papazoglou
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Efthymia Alexopoulou
- Center for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving, Biomass Department, Pikermi Attikis, Greece.
| | - Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-UR 4492), Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, CS 80699, 62228 Calais, France.
| | - Benoît Tisserant
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-UR 4492), Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, CS 80699, 62228 Calais, France.
| | - Michel Mench
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615 Pessac cedex, France.
| | - Aritz Burges
- Univ. Lille, IMT Nord-Europe, Univ. Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Nadège Oustrière
- Univ. Lille, IMT Nord-Europe, Univ. Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Nalli Y, Bashir Mir K, Amin T, Gannedi V, Jameel E, Goswami A, Ali A. Divergent synthesis of fractionated Cannabis sativa extract led to multiple cannabinoids C-&O-glycosides with anti-proliferative/anti-metastatic properties. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107030. [PMID: 38091718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Here, we present an interesting, previously unreported method for fractionating a particular class of cannabinoids from the crude leaf extract of Cannabis sativa using HP-20 resins. In this study, we report a novel method of divergent synthesis of fractionated Cannabis sativa extract, which allows the generation of multiple cannabinoids C- and O-glycosides which react with the glycosyl donor 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-d-mannosyl trichloroacetimidate (TAMTA) to create eight C- and O-β-d-cannabinoids glycosides (COCG), which are separated by HPLC and whose structures are characterized by 1D, 2D NMR, and mass spectrometry. These glycosides exhibit improved anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects against numerous cancer cell lines in vitro and are more water-soluble and stable than their parent cannabinoids. The in vitro testing of the pure cannabinoids (1-4) and their C- & O-glycosides (1a-4a) and 1b-4b exhibited anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic activities against a panel of eight human cancer cell lines in contrast to their respective parent molecules. Different cancer cell lines' IC50 values varied significantly when their cell viability was compared. In addition to the others, compounds 2a, 3a, 4a, and 2b, 3b were highly potent, with IC50values ranging from 0.74 µM (3a) to 51.40 µM (4a).Although2a(1.42 µM) and3a(0.74 µM) exhibited lower IC50values in the MiaPaca-2 cell line than4a(2.58 µM). But, in addition to the comparable anti-clonogenic activity of4ain MiaPaca-2 and Panc-1 cells, it manifested remarkable anti-invasive activity than either 2a or 3a.In contrast to 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b and their respective parent compounds,4ahad substantial anti-invasive/anti-metastatic capabilities and possessed anti-proliferative activity.The effects of 4a treatment on MiaPaca-2 and Panc-1 cells include a dose-dependent increase in the expression of E-cadherin and a significant decrease in the expression of Zeb-1, Vimentin, and Snail1. Our results demonstrate that divergent synthesis of fractionated Cannabis sativa extract is a feasible and efficient strategy to produce a library of novel cannabinoid glycosides with improved pharmacological properties and potential anticancer benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedukondalu Nalli
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Khalid Bashir Mir
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Tanzeeba Amin
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Veeranjaneyulu Gannedi
- BCC-324 Beckman Center For Chemical Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute 10650 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Ehtesham Jameel
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Asif Ali
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India; Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Fousek J, Dušek J, Hoffmeisterová H, Čeřovská N, Kundu JK, Moravec T. Quantitative Estimation of Promoter Activity in Cannabis sativa Using Agroinfiltration-Based Transient Gene Expression. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2787:245-253. [PMID: 38656494 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3778-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
To properly assess promoter activity, which is critical for understanding biosynthetic pathways in different plant species, we use agroinfiltration-based transient gene expression assay. We compare the activity of several known promoters in Nicotiana benthamiana with their activity in Cannabis sativa (both hemp and medicinal cannabis), which has attracted much attention in recent years for its industrial, medicinal, and recreational properties. Here we describe an optimized protocol for transient expression in Cannabis combined with a ratiometric GUS reporter system that allows more accurate evaluation of promoter activity and reduces the effects of variable infiltration efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fousek
- Laboratory of Virology, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Dušek
- Laboratory of Virology, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hoffmeisterová
- Laboratory of Virology, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Noemi Čeřovská
- Laboratory of Virology, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiban Kumar Kundu
- Laboratory of Virology, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Plant Virus and Vector Interactions, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Moravec
- Laboratory of Virology, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Authement AK, Isoherranen N. The impact of pregnancy and associated hormones on the pharmacokinetics of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:73-93. [PMID: 38258511 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2309213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION (-)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive component of cannabis. Cannabis is the most widely used drug of abuse by pregnant individuals, but its maternal-fetal safety is still unclear. The changes in THC disposition during pregnancy may affect THC safety and pharmacology. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the current literature on THC metabolism and pharmacokinetics in humans. It provides an analysis of how hormonal changes during pregnancy may alter the expression of cannabinoid metabolizing enzymes and THC and its metabolite pharmacokinetics. THC is predominately (>70%) cleared by hepatic metabolism to its psychoactive active metabolite, 11-OH-THC by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and to other metabolites (<30%) by CYP3A4. Other physiological processes that change during pregnancy and may alter cannabinoid disposition are also reviewed. EXPERT OPINION THC and its metabolites disposition likely change during pregnancy. Hepatic CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 are induced in pregnant individuals and in vitro by pregnancy hormones. This induction of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 is predicted to lead to altered THC and 11-OH-THC disposition and pharmacodynamic effects. More in vitro studies of THC metabolism and induction of the enzymes metabolizing cannabinoids are necessary to improve the prediction of THC pharmacokinetics in pregnant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora K Authement
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Wheeler EC, Choi P, De Howitt J, Gill S, Watson S, Yu S, Wahl P, Diaz C, Mohr C, Zinski A, Jiang Z, Rossi D, Davis JF. Cannabis Sativa targets mediobasal hypothalamic neurons to stimulate appetite. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22970. [PMID: 38151493 PMCID: PMC10752887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurobiological mechanisms that regulate the appetite-stimulatory properties of cannabis sativa are unresolved. This work examined the hypothesis that cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) expressing neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) regulate increased appetite following cannabis vapor inhalation. Here we utilized a paradigm where vaporized cannabis plant matter was administered passively to rodents. Initial studies in rats characterized meal patterns and operant responding for palatable food following exposure to air or vapor cannabis. Studies conducted in mice used a combination of in vivo optical imaging, electrophysiology and chemogenetic manipulations to determine the importance of MBH neurons for cannabis-induced feeding behavior. Our data indicate that cannabis vapor increased meal frequency and food seeking behavior without altering locomotor activity. Importantly, we observed augmented MBH activity within distinct neuronal populations when mice anticipated or consumed food. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that pharmacological activation of CB1R attenuated inhibitory synaptic tone onto hunger promoting Agouti Related Peptide (AgRP) neurons within the MBH. Lastly, chemogenetic inhibition of AgRP neurons attenuated the appetite promoting effects of cannabis vapor. Based on these results, we conclude that MBH neurons contribute to the appetite stimulatory properties of inhaled cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Wheeler
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Room 115, Veterinary Biomedical Research Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Pique Choi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Room 115, Veterinary Biomedical Research Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Joanne De Howitt
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Room 115, Veterinary Biomedical Research Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Sumeen Gill
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Room 115, Veterinary Biomedical Research Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Shane Watson
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Room 115, Veterinary Biomedical Research Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Sue Yu
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Room 115, Veterinary Biomedical Research Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Peyton Wahl
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Room 115, Veterinary Biomedical Research Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Cecilia Diaz
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Room 115, Veterinary Biomedical Research Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Claudia Mohr
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Room 115, Veterinary Biomedical Research Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Amy Zinski
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - David Rossi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Room 115, Veterinary Biomedical Research Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jon F Davis
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Room 115, Veterinary Biomedical Research Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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11
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Suttithumsatid W, Sukketsiri W, Panichayupakaranant P. Cannabinoids and standardized cannabis extracts inhibit migration, invasion, and induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through FAK/MAPK/Akt/NF-κB signaling. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 93:105667. [PMID: 37625625 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the highest incidence of all types of cancer in women, and the cancer metastasis process accounts for a majority of cancer deaths. Two major cannabinoids, Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), from Cannabis sativa are expected to have anti-cancer activity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of THC, CBD, and standardized cannabis extracts (F1, F2, and F3) on migration, invasion, and apoptosis of human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. METHODS Cell viability, survival, and apoptosis were determined using the MTT, clonogenic, and nuclear staining assays, respectively, while cancer cell migration and invasion were evaluated by the wound healing, trans-well, and filopodia assays. Western blot analysis was used to find out the mechanisms of the cannabinoids against MCF-7 cells. RESULTS CBD, THC, and F1 inhibited filopodia formation, migration, and invasion of MCF-7 cells through suppressing the expression of the FAK, Akt, ERK1/2, p38MAPKs, and NF-κB upstream pathways, as well as inhibiting the Rac1/Cdc42 downstream pathways. In addition, CBD significantly inhibited the mTOR pathway. Furthermore, CBD and F1 induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells via the Bcl-2/caspase-3 pathways. CONCLUSION These results indicate that THC, CBD, and F1 have great abilities for preventing breast cancer cell metastasis in in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwit Suttithumsatid
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Wanida Sukketsiri
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand; Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand.
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12
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Black T, Baccetto SL, Barnard IL, Finch E, McElroy DL, Austin-Scott FVL, Greba Q, Michel D, Zagzoog A, Howland JG, Laprairie RB. Characterization of cannabinoid plasma concentration, maternal health, and cytokine levels in a rat model of prenatal Cannabis smoke exposure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21070. [PMID: 38030657 PMCID: PMC10687022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa has gained popularity as a "natural substance", leading many to falsely assume that it is not harmful. This assumption has been documented amongst pregnant mothers, many of whom consider Cannabis use during pregnancy as benign. The purpose of this study was to validate a Cannabis smoke exposure model in pregnant rats by determining the plasma levels of cannabinoids and associated metabolites in the dams after exposure to either Cannabis smoke or injected cannabinoids. Maternal and fetal cytokine and chemokine profiles were also assessed after exposure. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated daily from gestational day 6-20 with either room air, i.p. vehicle, inhaled high-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (18% THC, 0.1% cannabidiol [CBD]) smoke, inhaled high-CBD (0.7% THC, 13% CBD) smoke, 3 mg/kg i.p. THC, or 10 mg/kg i.p. CBD. Our data reveal that THC and CBD, but not their metabolites, accumulate in maternal plasma after repeated exposures. Injection of THC or CBD was associated with fewer offspring and increased uterine reabsorption events. For cytokines and chemokines, injection of THC or CBD up-regulated several pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to control or high-THC smoke or high-CBD smoke in placental and fetal brain tissue, whereas smoke exposure was generally associated with reduced cytokine and chemokine concentrations in placental and fetal brain tissue compared to controls. These results support existing, but limited, knowledge on how different routes of administration contribute to inconsistent manifestations of cannabinoid-mediated effects on pregnancy. Smoked Cannabis is still the most common means of human consumption, and more preclinical investigation is needed to determine the effects of smoke inhalation on developmental and behavioural trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tallan Black
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 3B36, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Sarah L Baccetto
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 3B36, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Ilne L Barnard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Emma Finch
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Dan L McElroy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Faith V L Austin-Scott
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Quentin Greba
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Deborah Michel
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 3B36, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Ayat Zagzoog
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 3B36, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - John G Howland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 3B36, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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13
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Siwar MAAL, Mansour SHED, Aldubayan MA, Alhowail AH, Almogbel YS, Emara AM. Health status outcome among cannabis addicts after treatment of addiction. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290730. [PMID: 38011195 PMCID: PMC10681311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The abuse of Cannabis is a widespread issue in the Asir region. It has a lot of legal and occupational repercussions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health status of cannabis addicts at admission and after treatment using body mass index, glycemic status, liver function, renal function, and oxidative stress. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 120 participants. The study was conducted at Al Amal Hospital for Mental Health in Asir region of Saudi Arabia, with 100 hospitalized patients receiving addiction treatment and 20 healthy volunteers. The participants were divided into two groups: group I, the control group, and group II, the cannabis addicts. The socio-demographic data were gathered. The level of cannabis in the urine and the CWAS [Cannabis Withdrawal Assessment Scale] were determined. In addition, the Body Mass Index [BMI], vital signs [temperature, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate], serum levels of albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, and ALP, urea, creatinine, Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS], superoxide dismutase [SOD], reduced glutathione [GSH], and catalase [CAT] were analyzed on the first day of admission and after treatment. According to the results, there was no significant change in the body mass index. The vital signs in the cannabis user group were significantly lower than the corresponding admission values. Regarding renal function tests such as urea and creatinine, we found that after treatment, the mean urea and creatinine values in the cannabis user group did not differ significantly from the corresponding admission values. However, after treatment, the mean values of fasting blood glucose levels in the cannabis user group were significantly lower than at admission. Also, the mean values of liver function tests such as albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, and ALP in the cannabis user group were significantly lower than the corresponding admission values after treatment. In assessing the antioxidant system, we found that the mean values of TBARS, SOD, GSH, and CAT in the cannabis user group did not differ significantly from the corresponding admission values after treatment. The current findings have revealed that cannabis addiction harms the various body systems and has significant implications for the addict's state of health. The values of oxidative stress biomarkers did not change in this study, but other measured parameters improved after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali A. L. Siwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Asir Central Hospital, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maha A. Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H. Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser S. Almogbel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Mahmoud Emara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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14
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Anand U, Anand P, Sodergren MH. Terpenes in Cannabis sativa Inhibit Capsaicin Responses in Rat DRG Neurons via Na +/K + ATPase Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16340. [PMID: 38003528 PMCID: PMC10671062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes in Cannabis sativa exert analgesic effects, but the mechanisms are uncertain. We examined the effects of 10 terpenes on capsaicin responses in an established model of neuronal hypersensitivity. Adult rat DRG neurons cultured with neurotrophic factors NGF and GDNF were loaded with Fura2AM for calcium imaging, and treated with individual terpenes or vehicle for 5 min, followed by 1 µMol capsaicin. In vehicle treated control experiments, capsaicin elicited immediate and sustained calcium influx. Most neurons treated with terpenes responded to capsaicin after 6-8 min. Few neurons showed immediate capsaicin responses that were transient or normal. The delayed responses were found to be due to calcium released from the endoplasmic reticulum, as they were maintained in calcium/magnesium free media, but not after thapsigargin pre-treatment. Terpene inhibition of calcium influx was reversed after washout of medium, in the absence of terpenes, and in the presence of the Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor ouabain, but not CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonists. Thus, terpenes inhibit capsaicin evoked calcium influx by Na+/K+ ATPase activation. Immunofluorescence showed TRPV1 co-expression with α1β1 Na+/K+ ATPase in most neurons while others were either TRPV1 or α1β1 Na+/K+ ATPase positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Anand
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONN, UK; (P.A.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Praveen Anand
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONN, UK; (P.A.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Mikael Hans Sodergren
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONN, UK; (P.A.); (M.H.S.)
- Curaleaf International Ltd., 179 Great Portland Street, London W1W 5PL, UK
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15
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Dilena E, Close DC, Hunt I, Garland SM. Investigating how nitrogen nutrition and pruning impacts on CBD and THC concentration and plant biomass of Cannabis sativa. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19533. [PMID: 37945596 PMCID: PMC10636206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise crop fertilization requires an in-depth understanding of plant uptake and utilisation to optimise sustainable production. This study investigated the influence of nitrogen (N) nutrition and pruning on the cannabinoid concentrations and biomass of a commercial cannabis cultivar; the rationale for this study is how N supply and pruning affect cannabinoid yields and concentration in a commercial setting. Clones of a Cannabis sativa L. (CBD-type) were grown in a controlled-environment glasshouse in pots with coarse sand. After five weeks of vegetative growth under 210 mg/L N and an 18 h light regime, rates of 30, 60, 210, and 500 mg/L N were applied to plants for twelve weeks and a light regime set at 12 h. Double stem pruning was applied as an additional treatment to investigate efficacy on biomass increase. Biomass, N concentrations, and cannabinoid concentrations were measured after the final harvest. Pruning treatment did not increase cannabinoid concentrations or affect biomass. It was coincidentally found that plants on the glasshouse edge with higher exposure to sunlight developed more biomass and higher cannabinoid concentrations. Only biomass in leaves was increased significantly via higher nitrogen nutrition. Cannabinoid concentration, as well as cannabinoid yield per plant were decreased with the increase in N supply. High rates of fertilizer are not recommended because of reduced cannabinoid concentration and biomass yield: the ideal N supply is likely to be between 60 and 210 mg/L. This research will benefit growers and advisors in understanding the complexity of effects of nitrogen fertiliser and pruning practices on plant biomass and secondary metabolite production in medicinal cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Dilena
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania, Life Sciences Building, Level 2, College Rd, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia.
| | - Dugald C Close
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania, Life Sciences Building, Level 2, College Rd, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | - Ian Hunt
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania, Life Sciences Building, Level 2, College Rd, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 1375, Prospect, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Sandra M Garland
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania, Life Sciences Building, Level 2, College Rd, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia
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16
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Cao K, Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Bian J, Zhu H, Wang P, Gao B, Sun X, Hu M, Guo Y, Wang X. The miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks of the response to NaHCO 3 stress in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:509. [PMID: 37875794 PMCID: PMC10594861 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Industrial hemp is an important industrial crop and has strong resistance to saline-alkaline stress. However, research on the industrial hemp response to NaHCO3 stress is limited. Therefore, the response mechanisms of industrial hemp under NaHCO3 stress were analysed through miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks. RESULTS Seedlings of two salt-alkali tolerant and sensitive varieties were cultured in a solution containing 100 mM NaHCO3 and randomly sampled at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h. With prolonged NaHCO3 stress, the seedlings gradually withered, and the contents of jasmonic acid, lignin, trehalose, soluble protein, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase in the roots increased significantly. The abscisic acid content decreased and then gradually increased. Overall, 18,215 mRNAs and 74 miRNAs were identified as differentially expressed under NaHCO3 stress. The network showed that 230 miRNA-mRNA interactions involved 16 miRNAs and 179 mRNAs, including some key hub novel mRNAs of these crucial pathways. Carbon metabolism, starch, sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and the spliceosome (SPL) were crucial pathways in industrial hemp's response to NaHCO3 stress. CONCLUSIONS It is speculated that industrial hemp can regulate SPL pathway by upregulating miRNAs such as novel_miR_179 and novel_miR_75, thus affecting starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction and carbon metabolism and improving key physiological indices such as jasmonic acid content, trehalose content, and peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities under NaHCO3 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Cao
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Bian
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Baochang Gao
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Heilongjiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
- National Coarse Cereal Engineering Research Center, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjaing Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yongxia Guo
- Heilongjiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China.
- National Coarse Cereal Engineering Research Center, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China.
- Heilongjaing Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China.
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17
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Ma J, Guo CY, Li HB, Wu SH, Li GL. Prophylactic Effects of Hemp Seed Oil on Perimenopausal Depression: A Role of HPA Axis. J Oleo Sci 2023; 72:939-955. [PMID: 37704445 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemp seed, the dried fruit of Cannabis sativa L. (Moraceae), has been extensively documented as a folk source of food due to its nutritional and functional value. This study evaluated the antidepressant effect of hemp seed oil (HSO) during its estrogen-like effect in Perimenopausal depression (PMD) rats induced by ovariectomy combined with chronic unpredictable mild stress (OVX-CUMS). Female SD rats (SPF, 10 weeks, sham operated group, ovariectomy (OVX) model group, ovariectomy - chronic unpredictable mild stress (OVX-CUMS) group, HSO + OVX-CUMS group, fluoxetine (FLU) + OVX-CUMS group, n=8) were subjected to treatment with HSO (4.32 g/kg) or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) for 28 days (20 mL/kg by ig). Sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swimming test (FST), open field test (OFT), estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression, estradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), cortisol (CORT), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) levels are measured to evaluate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The results showed that OVX-CUMS significantly decrease sucrose preference rate in SPT, increase immobility time in FST and OFT, and decrease movement distance and stand-up times in OFT. HSO treatment significantly improves depression-like behaviors, upregulates the expression of ERα and ERβ, improves HPO axis function by increasing E2 levels and decreasing FSH and LH levels, reverses HPA axis hyperactivation by decreasing CORT, ACTH, and CRH levels, and upregulates NE, 5-HT, and 5HIAA levels in model rats. The findings suggested that HSO could improve depression-like behavior in OVX-CUMS rats by regulating HPO/HPA axis function and neurotransmitter disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ma
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Chen-Yang Guo
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Henan Vocational College of Tuina
| | | | - Su-Hui Wu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
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18
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Bolaños-Martínez OC, Malla A, Rosales-Mendoza S, Vimolmangkang S. Harnessing the advances of genetic engineering in microalgae for the production of cannabinoids. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:823-834. [PMID: 35762029 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2071672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is widely recognized as a medicinal plant owing to bioactive cannabinoids. However, it is still considered a narcotic plant, making it hard to be accessed. Since the biosynthetic pathway of cannabinoids is disclosed, biotechnological methods can be employed to produce cannabinoids in heterologous systems. This would pave the way toward biosynthesizing any cannabinoid compound of interest, especially minor substances that are less produced by a plant but have a high medicinal value. In this context, microalgae have attracted increasing scientific interest given their unique potential for biopharmaceutical production. In the present review, the current knowledge on cannabinoid production in different hosts is summarized and the biotechnological potential of microalgae as an emerging platform for synthetic production is put in perspective. A critical survey of genetic requirements and various transformation approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayra C Bolaños-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashwini Malla
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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19
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Maccarrone M, Di Marzo V, Gertsch J, Grether U, Howlett AC, Hua T, Makriyannis A, Piomelli D, Ueda N, van der Stelt M. Goods and Bads of the Endocannabinoid System as a Therapeutic Target: Lessons Learned after 30 Years. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:885-958. [PMID: 37164640 PMCID: PMC10441647 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabis derivative marijuana is the most widely used recreational drug in the Western world and is consumed by an estimated 83 million individuals (∼3% of the world population). In recent years, there has been a marked transformation in society regarding the risk perception of cannabis, driven by its legalization and medical use in many states in the United States and worldwide. Compelling research evidence and the Food and Drug Administration cannabis-derived cannabidiol approval for severe childhood epilepsy have confirmed the large therapeutic potential of cannabidiol itself, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other plant-derived cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids). Of note, our body has a complex endocannabinoid system (ECS)-made of receptors, metabolic enzymes, and transporters-that is also regulated by phytocannabinoids. The first endocannabinoid to be discovered 30 years ago was anandamide (N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine); since then, distinct elements of the ECS have been the target of drug design programs aimed at curing (or at least slowing down) a number of human diseases, both in the central nervous system and at the periphery. Here a critical review of our knowledge of the goods and bads of the ECS as a therapeutic target is presented to define the benefits of ECS-active phytocannabinoids and ECS-oriented synthetic drugs for human health. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The endocannabinoid system plays important roles virtually everywhere in our body and is either involved in mediating key processes of central and peripheral diseases or represents a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of the components of this complex system, and in particular of key receptors (like cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2) and metabolic enzymes (like fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase), will advance our understanding of endocannabinoid signaling and activity at molecular, cellular, and system levels, providing new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Uwe Grether
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Tian Hua
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
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20
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Pennant NM, Hinton CV. The evolution of cannabinoid receptors in cancer. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1602. [PMID: 36750231 PMCID: PMC10484301 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa (cannabis) has been used as a therapeutic treatment for centuries treating various diseases and disorders. However, racial propaganda led to the criminalization of cannabis in the 1930s preventing opportunities to explore marijuana in therapeutic development. The increase in recreational use of cannabis further grew concern about abuse, and lead to further restrictions and distribution of cannabis in the 1970s when it was declared to be a Schedule I drug in the USA. In the late 1990s in some states, legislation assisted in legalizing the use of cannabis for medical purposes under physician supervision. As it has been proven that cannabinoids and their receptors play an essential role in the regulation of the physiological and biological processes in our bodies. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is the complex that regulates the cell-signaling system consisting of endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), cannabinoid receptors, and the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of the endocannabinoids. The ECS along with phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids serves to be a beneficial therapeutic target in treating diseases as they play roles in cell homeostasis, cell motility, inflammation, pain-sensation, mood, and memory. Cannabinoids have been shown to inhibit proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis and even restore homeostasis in a variety of models of cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cannabis and its receptors have evolved into a therapeutic treatment for cancers. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakea M Pennant
- Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cimona V Hinton
- Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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21
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Singh K, Tripathi S, Chandra R. Bacterial assisted phytoremediation of heavy metals and organic pollutants by Cannabis sativa as accumulator plants growing on distillery sludge for ecorestoration of polluted site. J Environ Manage 2023; 332:117294. [PMID: 36708597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to explore the potential rhizospheric bacterial communities associated with Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabis); growing on the complex pollutant-rich distillery sludge. Seven bacterial species were isolated, among which four potential bacterial species were characterized based on the 16s rRNA sequencing from the rhizosphere sludge of C. sativa; they are Bacillus thuringiensis (MW887525), Bacillus cereus (MW887524), Achromobacter denitrificans (MW886333), Bacillus subtilis (MW886231). The isolated bacteria showed PGPR attributes and potential for ligninolytic enzyme activity. Further, to correlate these bacteria with organic pollutants of sludge, the GC-MS analysis of fresh disposed distillery sludge and after growth of 30 and 60 days C. sativa was also analysed, which showed the conversion and disappearance of compounds by the activity of rhizospheric bacterial communities. Additionally, C. sativa showed a higher metal accumulation pattern of Fe (801.81 ± 0.123)> Cu (275.086 ± 0.069)> Zn (162.15 ± 0.085)> Mn (63.92 ± 0.093)> Pb (28.619 ± 0.192)> Ni (5.02 ± 0.078)> Cd (2.53 ± 0.085)> Cr (1.87 ± 0.079) mg kg -1 in their shoot, root followed by leaf. The plant also showed BCF >1 and TF > 1 for most of the metals. Thus, this showed the phytoextraction properties of C. sativa from distillery sludge polluted sites. The findings of this study will enable to understand the functional role of rhizospheric bacterial community for the detoxification and degradation of complex organometallic waste, and will thus aid in the development of adequate phytoremediation techniques for the eco-restoration of polluted industrial sites for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Singh
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonam Tripathi
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Chandra
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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22
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Castillo-Arellano J, Canseco-Alba A, Cutler SJ, León F. The Polypharmacological Effects of Cannabidiol. Molecules 2023; 28:3271. [PMID: 37050032 PMCID: PMC10096752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major phytocannabinoid present in Cannabis sativa (Linneo, 1753). This naturally occurring secondary metabolite does not induce intoxication or exhibit the characteristic profile of drugs of abuse from cannabis like Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) does. In contrast to ∆9-THC, our knowledge of the neuro-molecular mechanisms of CBD is limited, and its pharmacology, which appears to be complex, has not yet been fully elucidated. The study of the pharmacological effects of CBD has grown exponentially in recent years, making it necessary to generate frequently updated reports on this important metabolite. In this article, a rationalized integration of the mechanisms of action of CBD on molecular targets and pharmacological implications in animal models and human diseases, such as epilepsy, pain, neuropsychiatric disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and inflammatory diseases, are presented. We identify around 56 different molecular targets for CBD, including enzymes and ion channels/metabotropic receptors involved in neurologic conditions. Herein, we compiled the knowledge found in the scientific literature on the multiple mechanisms of actions of CBD. The in vitro and in vivo findings are essential for fully understanding the polypharmacological nature of this natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Castillo-Arellano
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ana Canseco-Alba
- Laboratory of Reticular Formation Physiology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico (INNN), Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Stephen J. Cutler
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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23
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Vevang KR, Zhang L, Grill AE, Hatsukami DK, Meier E, Nomura SO, Robien K, Peterson LA. Furan Metabolites Are Elevated in Users of Various Tobacco Products and Cannabis. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:157-161. [PMID: 36716352 PMCID: PMC10035786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to furan, a toxicant and possible human carcinogen, through multiple sources including diet and tobacco smoke. The urinary metabolites of furan are derived from the reaction of its toxic metabolite with protein nucleophiles and are biomarkers of exposure and potential harm. An established isotopic dilution liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry method was used to measure these biomarkers in urine from users of e-cigarettes, cannabis, and/or combustible tobacco with/without reduced nicotine levels. Amounts of furan mercapturic acid metabolites were higher in these individuals relative to nonsmokers, indicating that they may be at risk for potential furan-derived toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin R. Vevang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Alex E. Grill
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Dorothy K. Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,55455, USA
| | - Ellen Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, USA
| | - Sarah Oppeneer Nomura
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kim Robien
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Lisa A. Peterson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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24
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Yan B, Chang C, Gu Y, Zheng N, Fang Y, Zhang M, Wang G, Zhang L. Genome-Wide Identification, Classification, and Expression Analyses of the CsDGAT Gene Family in Cannabis sativa L. and Their Response to Cold Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044078. [PMID: 36835488 PMCID: PMC9963917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hempseed is a nutrient-rich natural resource, and high levels of hempseed oil accumulate within hemp seeds, consisting primarily of different triglycerides. Members of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzyme family play critical roles in catalyzing triacylglycerol biosynthesis in plants, often governing the rate-limiting step in this process. As such, this study was designed to characterize the Cannabis sativa DGAT (CsDGAT) gene family in detail. Genomic analyses of the C. sativa revealed 10 candidate DGAT genes that were classified into four families (DGAT1, DGAT2, DGAT3, WS/DGAT) based on the features of different isoforms. Members of the CsDGAT family were found to be associated with large numbers of cis-acting promoter elements, including plant response elements, plant hormone response elements, light response elements, and stress response elements, suggesting roles for these genes in key processes such as development, environmental adaptation, and abiotic stress responses. Profiling of these genes in various tissues and varieties revealed varying spatial patterns of CsDGAT expression dynamics and differences in expression among C. sativa varieties, suggesting that the members of this gene family likely play distinct functional regulatory functions CsDGAT genes were upregulated in response to cold stress, and significant differences in the mode of regulation were observed when comparing roots and leaves, indicating that CsDGAT genes may play positive roles as regulators of cold responses in hemp while also playing distinct roles in shaping the responses of different parts of hemp seedlings to cold exposure. These data provide a robust basis for further functional studies of this gene family, supporting future efforts to screen the significance of CsDGAT candidate genes to validate their functions to improve hempseed oil composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Yan
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Chuanyi Chang
- Harbin Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150028, China
| | - Yingnan Gu
- Remote Sensing Technique Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yuyan Fang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Guijiang Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (L.Z.)
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25
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Cáceres D, Ochoa M, González-Ortiz M, Bravo K, Eugenín J. Effects of Prenatal Cannabinoids Exposure upon Placenta and Development of Respiratory Neural Circuits. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1428:199-232. [PMID: 37466775 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32554-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use has risen dangerously during pregnancy in the face of incipient therapeutic use and a growing perception of safety. The main psychoactive compound of the Cannabis sativa plant is the phytocannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (A-9 THC), and its status as a teratogen is controversial. THC and its endogenous analogues, anandamide (AEA) and 2-AG, exert their actions through specific receptors (eCBr) that activate intracellular signaling pathways. CB1r and CB2r, also called classic cannabinoid receptors, together with their endogenous ligands and the enzymes that synthesize and degrade them, constitute the endocannabinoid system. This system is distributed ubiquitously in various central and peripheral tissues. Although the endocannabinoid system's most studied role is controlling the release of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, the study of long-term exposure to cannabinoids on fetal development is not well known and is vital for understanding environmental or pathological embryo-fetal or postnatal conditions. Prenatal exposure to cannabinoids in animal models has induced changes in placental and embryo-fetal organs. Particularly, cannabinoids could influence both neural and nonneural tissues and induce embryo-fetal pathological conditions in critical processes such as neural respiratory control. This review aims at the acute and chronic effects of prenatal exposure to cannabinoids on placental function and the embryo-fetal neurodevelopment of the respiratory pattern. The information provided here will serve as a theoretical framework to critically evaluate the teratogen effects of the consumption of cannabis during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Neurales, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Neurales, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo González-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Investigación Materno-Fetal (LIMaF), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karina Bravo
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Neurales, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, Chile
| | - Jaime Eugenín
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Neurales, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Zavala-Tecuapetla C, Luna-Munguia H, López-Meraz ML, Cuellar-Herrera M. Advances and Challenges of Cannabidiol as an Anti-Seizure Strategy: Preclinical Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416181. [PMID: 36555823 PMCID: PMC9783044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Cannabis for medicinal purposes has been documented since ancient times, where one of its principal cannabinoids extracted from Cannabis sativa, cannabidiol (CBD), has emerged over the last few years as a promising molecule with anti-seizure potential. Here, we present an overview of recent literature pointing out CBD's pharmacological profile (solubility, metabolism, drug-drug interactions, etc.,), CBD's interactions with multiple molecular targets as well as advances in preclinical research concerning its anti-seizure effect on both acute seizure models and chronic models of epilepsy. We also highlight the recent attention that has been given to other natural cannabinoids and to synthetic derivatives of CBD as possible compounds with therapeutic anti-seizure potential. All the scientific research reviewed here encourages to continue to investigate the probable therapeutic efficacy of CBD and its related compounds not only in epilepsy but also and specially in drug-resistant epilepsy, since there is a dire need for new and effective drugs to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Zavala-Tecuapetla
- Laboratory of Physiology of Reticular Formation, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Hiram Luna-Munguia
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - María-Leonor López-Meraz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa 91190, Mexico
| | - Manola Cuellar-Herrera
- Epilepsy Clinic, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Dr. Balmis 148, Doctores, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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Wiles D, Shanbhag BK, O'Brien M, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Beddoe T. Heterologous production of Cannabis sativa-derived specialised metabolites of medicinal significance - Insights into engineering strategies. Phytochemistry 2022; 203:113380. [PMID: 36049526 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. has been known for at least 2000 years as a source of important, medically significant specialised metabolites and several bio-active molecules have been enriched from multiple chemotypes. However, due to the many levels of complexity in both the commercial cultivation of cannabis and extraction of its specialised metabolites, several heterologous production approaches are being pursued in parallel. In this review, we outline the recent achievements in engineering strategies used for heterologous production of cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids along with their strength and weakness. We provide an overview of the specialised metabolism pathway in C. sativa and a comprehensive list of the specialised metabolites produced along with their medicinal significance. We highlight cannabinoid-like molecules produced by other species. We discuss the key biosynthetic enzymes and their heterologous production using various hosts such as microbial and eukaryotic systems. A brief discussion on complementary production strategies using co-culturing and cell-free systems is described. Various approaches to optimise specialised metabolite production through co-expression, enzyme engineering and pathway engineering are discussed. We derive insights from recent advances in metabolic engineering of hosts with improved precursor supply and suggest their application for the production of C. sativa speciality metabolites. We present a collation of non-conventional hosts with speciality traits that can improve the feasibility of commercial heterologous production of cannabis-based specialised metabolites. We provide a perspective of emerging research in synthetic biology, allied analytical techniques and plant heterologous platforms as focus areas for heterologous production of cannabis specialised metabolites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wiles
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Bhuvana K Shanbhag
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Martin O'Brien
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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Lana D, Landucci E, Mazzantini C, Magni G, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Giovannini MG. The Protective Effect of CBD in a Model of In Vitro Ischemia May Be Mediated by Agonism on TRPV2 Channel and Microglia Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12144. [PMID: 36292998 PMCID: PMC9603301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids, used for centuries for recreational and medical purposes, have potential therapeutic value in stroke treatment. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound and partial agonist of TRPV2 channels, is efficacious in many neurological disorders. We investigated the effects of CBD or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in rat organotypic hippocampal slices exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro model of ischemia. Neuronal TRPV2 expression decreased after OGD, but it increased in activated, phagocytic microglia. CBD increased TRPV2 expression, decreased microglia phagocytosis, and increased rod microglia after OGD. THC had effects contrary to those of CBD. Our results show that cannabinoids have different effects in ischemia. CBD showed neuroprotective effects, mediated, at least in part, by TRPV2 channels, since the TRPV2 antagonist tranilast blocked them, while THC worsened the neurodegeneration caused by ischemia. In conclusion, our results suggest that different cannabinoid molecules play different roles in the mechanisms of post-ischemic neuronal death. These different effects of cannabinoid observed in our experiments caution against the indiscriminate use of cannabis or cannabinoid preparations for recreational or therapeutic use. It was observed that the positive effects of CBD may be counteracted by the negative effects caused by high levels of THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Costanza Mazzantini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giada Magni
- Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”, National Research Council (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
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Ben-Ami Shor D, Hochman I, Gluck N, Shibolet O, Scapa E. The Cytotoxic Effect of Isolated Cannabinoid Extracts on Polypoid Colorectal Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911366. [PMID: 36232668 PMCID: PMC9570046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purified cannabinoids have been shown to prevent proliferation and induce apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cell lines. To assess the cytotoxic effect of cannabinoid extracts and purified cannabinoids on both colorectal polyps and normal colonic cells, as well as their synergistic interaction. Various blends were tested to identify the optimal synergistic effect. Methods: Biopsies from polyps and healthy colonic tissue were obtained from 22 patients undergoing colonic polypectomies. The toxicity of a variety of cannabinoid extracts and purified cannabinoids at different concentrations was evaluated. The synergistic effect of cannabinoids was calculated based on the cells’ survival. Isolated cannabinoids illustrated different toxic effects on the viability of cells derived from colorectal polyps. THC-d8 and THC-d9 were the most toxic and exhibited persistent toxicity in all the polyps tested. CBD was more toxic to polypoid cells in comparison to normal colonic cells at a concentration of 15 µM. The combinations of the cannabinoids CBDV, THCV, CBDVA, CBCA, and CBGA exhibited a synergistic inhibitory effect on the viability of cells derived from colon polyps of patients. Isolated cannabinoid compounds interacted synergistically against colonic polyps, and some also possessed a differential toxic effect on polyp and adjacent colonic tissue, suggesting possible future therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ben-Ami Shor
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilan Hochman
- CNBX Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Rehovot 7608801, Israel
| | - Nathan Gluck
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Oren Shibolet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Erez Scapa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Campos-Mañas MC, Van Wichelen N, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN, Ort C, Béen F, Castiglioni S, Hernández F, Bijlsma L. Analytical investigation of cannabis biomarkers in raw urban wastewater to refine consumption estimates. Water Res 2022; 223:119020. [PMID: 36049245 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) biomarkers can provide essential information on trends in cannabis consumption. Although analysis is mostly focused on the aqueous phase, previous studies have illustrated the need of improving the measurements of raw influent wastewater (IWW) considering also suspended solids. This is important for cannabis biomarkers, because a substantial part of them is expected to be found in the suspended solids due to their more lipophilic character compared with other metabolites/drugs included in these types of studies. However, it remains open to which extent trend estimates might be affected by solely analysing the liquid phase. To investigate this aspect, robust analytical methodologies are required to measure both the liquid and solid phases of IWW. In this work, we firstly tested liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for THC and its major metabolites (THCOH, and THCCOOH). Using LLE, no filtration or centrifugation step was required for raw IWW analysis, and the three analytes were extracted from both the liquid and the solid phase simultaneously. In parallel, the raw IWW was centrifuged and the obtained solid and liquid phases were analyzed separately: the liquid phase by both LLE and solid phase extraction (SPE) for comparison of data, and the suspended solids by solid-liquid extraction (SLE). The separate analysis of both phases in a number of samples revealed that a significant amount of cannabis biomarkers (ranging from 42 to 90%) was found in the suspended solids. In addition, the total amount of cannabis biomarkers obtained by analysing raw IWW on the one hand, and by separate analysis of the liquid and the solid phases, on the other hand, was in good agreement. Data from this study show that the sole analysis of the liquid phase would lead to a notable underestimation of cannabis biomarkers concentrations in IWW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Celia Campos-Mañas
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Christoph Ort
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Béen
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
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Šrajer Gajdošik M, Vicić A, Gvozdić V, Galić V, Begović L, Mlinarić S. Effect of Prolonged Photoperiod on Light-Dependent Photosynthetic Reactions in Cannabis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179702. [PMID: 36077099 PMCID: PMC9456486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial hemp is a fast-growing, short-day plant, characterized by high biomass yields and low demands for cultivation. To manipulate growth, hemp is usually cultivated under prolonged photoperiods or continuous light that could cause photooxidative damage and adjustments of photosynthetic reactions. To determine the extent of changes in photosynthetic response caused by prolonged light exposure, we employed chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements accompanied with level of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and FT-IR spectroscopy on two Cannabis cultivars. Plants were grown under white (W) and purple (P) light at different photoperiods (16/8, 20/4, and 24/0). Our results showed diverse photosynthetic reactions induced by the different light type and by the duration of light exposure in two cultivars. The most beneficial condition was the 16/8 photoperiod, regardless of the light type since it brought the most efficient physiological response and the lowest TBARS contents suggesting the lowest level of thylakoid membrane damage. These findings indicate that different efficient adaptation strategies were employed based on the type of light and the duration of photoperiod. White light, at both photoperiods, caused higher dissipation of excess light causing reduced pressure on PSI. Efficient dissipation of excess energy and formation of cyclic electron transport around PSI suggests that P20/4 initiated an efficient repair system. The P24/0 maintained functional electron transport between two photosystems suggesting a positive effect on the photosynthetic reaction despite the damage to thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Šrajer Gajdošik
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Antonia Vicić
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Gvozdić
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vlatko Galić
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Južno predgrađe 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lidija Begović
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Selma Mlinarić
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-31-399-936
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32
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Josan C, Podinic T, Pfaff N, Raha S. Effect of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on milk proteins and lipid levels in HC11 cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272819. [PMID: 35976913 PMCID: PMC9384983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant and lactating women have been discouraged from using cannabis by Health Canada. However, the increasing rate of cannabis use among pregnant women has presented an urgent need to investigate its physiological effects during the perinatal period. During pregnancy, the mammary gland (MG) undergoes remodeling, which involves alveolar differentiation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), which is essential for breast milk production and secretion. Limited evidence has been reported on the impact of cannabis or its components, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), on MG development or MEC differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effects of THC and CBD on the differentiation of MECs by assessing changes in cellular viability, lipid accumulation, and gene and protein expression of major milk protein and lipid synthesizing markers. using the HC11 cells as a model. We hypothesized that THC and CBD will negatively impact the synthesis of milk proteins and lipids, as well as lipid markers in HC11 cells. Our results demonstrated that THC and CBD reduced cellular viability at concentrations above 30μM and 20μM, respectively. Relative to control, 10μM THC and 10μM CBD reduced mRNA levels of milk proteins (CSN2 and WAP), lipid synthesizing and glucose transport markers (GLUT 1, HK2, FASN, FABP4, PLIN2 and LPL), as well as whey acidic protein and lipid levels. In addition, co-treatment of a CB2 antagonist with THC, and a CB2 agonist with CBD, reversed the impact of THC and CBD on the mRNA levels of key markers, respectively. In conclusion, 10μM THC and CBD altered the differentiation of HC11 cells, in part via the CB2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitmandeep Josan
- Department of Pediatrics and the Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina Podinic
- Department of Pediatrics and the Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikko Pfaff
- Department of Pediatrics and the Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Department of Pediatrics and the Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bockmann EC, Brito R, Madeira LF, da Silva Sampaio L, de Melo Reis RA, França GR, Calaza KDC. The Role of Cannabinoids in CNS Development: Focus on Proliferation and Cell Death. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1469-1485. [PMID: 35925507 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The active principles of Cannabis sativa are potential treatments for several diseases, such as pain, seizures and anorexia. With the increase in the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes, a more careful assessment of the possible impacts on embryonic development becomes necessary. Surveys indicate that approximately 3.9% of pregnant women use cannabis in a recreational and/or medicinal manner. However, although the literature has already described the presence of endocannabinoid system components since the early stages of CNS development, many of their physiological effects during this stage have not yet been established. Moreover, it is still uncertain how the endocannabinoid system can be altered in terms of cell proliferation and cell fate, neural migration, neural differentiation, synaptogenesis and particularly cell death. In relation to cell death in the CNS, knowledge about the effects of cannabinoids is scarce. Thus, the present work aims to review the role of the endocannabinoid system in different aspects of CNS development and discuss possible side effects or even opportunities for treating some conditions in the development of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cosendey Bockmann
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Brito
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Fragel Madeira
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luzia da Silva Sampaio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Rapozeiro França
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Karin da Costa Calaza
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ghovanloo MR, Goodchild SJ, Ruben PC. Cannabidiol increases gramicidin current in human embryonic kidney cells: An observational study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271801. [PMID: 35913948 PMCID: PMC9342711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gramicidin is a monomeric protein that is thought to non-selectively conduct cationic currents and water. Linear gramicidin is considered an antibiotic. This function is considered to be mediated by the formation of pores within the lipid membrane, thereby killing bacterial cells. The main non-psychoactive active constituent of the cannabis plant, cannabidiol (CBD), has recently gained interest, and is proposed to possess various potential therapeutic properties, including being an antibiotic. We previously determined that CBD’s activity on ion channels could be, in part, mediated by altering membrane biophysical properties, including elasticity. In this study, our goal was to determine the empirical effects of CBD on gramicidin currents in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, seeking to infer potential direct compound-protein interactions. Our results indicate that gramicidin, when applied to the extracellular HEK cell membrane, followed by CBD perfusion, increases the gramicidin current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Ghovanloo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel J. Goodchild
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Peter C. Ruben
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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35
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Rosenbaum M. Passive Prenatal Exposure to Cannabinoids Promotes Weight Gain and Dysglycemia in Childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3530-e3531. [PMID: 35435965 PMCID: PMC9282262 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rosenbaum
- Correspondence: Michael Rosenbaum, MD, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1150 St. Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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36
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Fuchs Weizman N, Wyse BA, Montbriand J, Jahangiri S, Librach CL. Cannabis significantly alters DNA methylation of the human ovarian follicle in a concentration-dependent manner. Mol Hum Reprod 2022; 28:gaac022. [PMID: 35674367 PMCID: PMC9247704 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is increasingly consumed by women of childbearing age, and the reproductive and epigenetic effects are unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential epigenetic implications of cannabis use on the female ovarian follicle. Whole-genome methylation was assessed in granulosa cells from 14 matched case-control patients. Exposure status was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) measurements of five cannabis-derived phytocannabinoids in follicular fluid. DNA methylation was measured using the Illumina TruSeq Methyl Capture EPIC kit. Differential methylation, pathway analysis and correlation analysis were performed. We identified 3679 differentially methylated sites, with two-thirds affecting coding genes. A hotspot region on chromosome 9 was associated with two genomic features, a zinc-finger protein (ZFP37) and a long non-coding RNA (FAM225B). There were 2214 differentially methylated genomic features, 19 of which have been previously implicated in cannabis-related epigenetic modifications in other organ systems. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment in G protein-coupled receptor signaling, cellular transport, immune response and proliferation. Applying strict criteria, we identified 71 differentially methylated regions, none of which were previously annotated in this context. Finally, correlation analysis revealed 16 unique genomic features affected by cannabis use in a concentration-dependent manner. Of these, the histone methyltransferases SMYD3 and ZFP37 were hypomethylated, possibly implicating histone modifications as well. Herein, we provide the first DNA methylation profile of human granulosa cells exposed to cannabis. With cannabis increasingly legalized worldwide, further investigation into the heritability and functional consequences of these effects is critical for clinical consultation and for legalization guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Fuchs Weizman
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Sahar Jahangiri
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CReATe BioBank, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clifford L Librach
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CReATe BioBank, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Moore BF, Sauder KA, Shapiro ALB, Crume T, Kinney GL, Dabelea D. Fetal Exposure to Cannabis and Childhood Metabolic Outcomes: The Healthy Start Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2862-e2869. [PMID: 35357471 PMCID: PMC9202691 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of fetal exposure to cannabis on adiposity and glucose-insulin traits in early life. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We leveraged a subsample of 103 mother-child pairs from Healthy Start, an ethnically diverse Colorado-based cohort. Twelve cannabinoids/metabolites of cannabis (including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) were measured in maternal urine collected at ~27 weeks' gestation. Fetal exposure to cannabis was dichotomized as exposed (any cannabinoid > limit of detection [LOD]) and not exposed (all cannabinoids < LOD). Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured via air displacement plethysmography at follow-up (mean age: 4.7 years). Glucose and insulin were obtained after an overnight fast. Generalized linear models estimated the associations between fetal exposure to cannabis with adiposity measures (fat mass [kg], fat-free mass [kg], adiposity [fat mass percentage], body mass index [BMI], and BMI z-scores) and metabolic measures (glucose [mg/dL], insulin [uIU/mL], and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]). RESULTS Approximately 15% of the women had detectable levels of any cannabinoid, indicating fetal exposure to cannabis. Exposed offspring had higher fat mass (1.0 kg; 95% CI, 0.3-1.7), fat-free mass (1.2 kg; 95% CI, 0.4-2.0), adiposity (2.6%; 95% CI, 0.1-5.2), and fasting glucose (5.6 mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.8-10.3) compared with nonexposed offspring. No associations were found with fasting insulin (in the fully adjusted model), HOMA-IR, BMI, or BMI z-scores. CONCLUSIONS We provide novel evidence to suggest an association between fetal exposure to cannabis with increased adiposity and fasting glucose in childhood, a finding that should be validated in other cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna F Moore
- Correspondence: Brianna F. Moore, PhD, Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, 12474 East 19th Avenue, Campus Box F426, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. E-mail:
| | - Katherine A Sauder
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Allison L B Shapiro
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tessa Crume
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Gregory L Kinney
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Newman SD, Schnakenberg Martin AM, Raymond D, Cheng H, Wilson L, Barnes S, O’Donnell BF. The relationship between cannabis use and taurine: A MRS and metabolomics study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269280. [PMID: 35653401 PMCID: PMC9162360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taurine is an essential amino acid. It has been shown to be neuroprotective including protecting against the neurotoxic effects of glutamate. The goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between CB use and taurine measured in brain using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and peripherally from a urine sample. Two experiments are presented. The first is a reanalysis of published data that examined taurine and glutamate in the dorsal anterior cingulate of a CB user group and non-user group using MRS. The second experiment, in a separate CB user group, used metabolomics analysis to measure taurine levels in urine. Because body composition has been associated with the pharmacokinetics of cannabis and taurine levels, a moderation model was examined with body composition included as the covariate. The MRS study found taurine levels were correlated with glutamate in both groups and taurine was correlated with frequency of CB use in the CB user group. The moderation model demonstrated significant effects of CB use and BMI; the interaction was marginally significant with lower BMI individuals showing a positive relationship between CB use and taurine. A similar finding was observed for the urine analysis. Both CB use and weight, as well as the interaction were significant. In this case, individuals with higher weight showed an association between CB use and taurine levels. This study shows the feasibility and potential importance of examining the relationship between taurine and CB use as it may shed light on a mechanism that underlies the neuroprotective effects of CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene D. Newman
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ashley M. Schnakenberg Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Psychology Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David Raymond
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hu Cheng
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Landon Wilson
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
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Meah F, Lundholm M, Emanuele N, Amjed H, Poku C, Agrawal L, Emanuele MA. The effects of cannabis and cannabinoids on the endocrine system. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:401-420. [PMID: 34460075 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in cannabis use due to policy changes and areas of decriminalization, it is important to recognize the potential impact of these substances on endocrine processes. Cannabinoids have many effects by activating the endocannabinoid system. This system plays a role in the normal functioning of nearly every organ and consists of the body's natural endocannabinoids, the cannabinoid receptors, and the enzymes and processes that regulate endocannabinoids. Exogenous cannabinoids such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are known to act through cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors, and have been shown to mimic endocannabinoid signaling and affect receptor expression. This review summarizes the known impacts of cannabis on thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal function in addition to glucose control, lipids, and bone metabolism, including: reduced female fertility, increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, reduced sperm counts and function, lower thyroid hormone levels with acute use, blunting of stress response with chronic use, increased risk of prediabetes but lower risk of diabetes, suggested improvement of high density lipoproteins and triglycerides, and modest increase in fracture risk. The known properties of endocannabinoids, animal data, population data, and the possible benefits and concerns of cannabinoid use on hormonal function are discussed. The interconnectivity of the endocrine and endocannabinoid systems suggests opportunities for future therapeutic modalities which are an area of active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Meah
- Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Michelle Lundholm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Emanuele
- Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Hafsa Amjed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Loyola University Health Care System, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Caroline Poku
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Loyola University Health Care System, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Lily Agrawal
- Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Mary Ann Emanuele
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Loyola University Health Care System, Maywood, Illinois, USA.
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Ahmed SA, Ibrahim AK, Radwan MM, Slade D, Chandra S, Khan IA, ElSohly MA. Microbial Biotransformation of Cannabidiol (CBD) from Cannabis sativa. Planta Med 2022; 88:389-397. [PMID: 33902128 DOI: 10.1055/a-1468-3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biotransformation of cannabidiol was assessed using 31 different microorganisms. Only Mucor ramannianus (ATCC 9628), Beauveria bassiana (ATCC 7195), and Absidia glauca (ATCC 22 752) were able to metabolize cannabidiol. M. ramannianus (ATCC 9628) yielded five metabolites, namely, 7,4″β-dihydroxycannabidiol (1: ), 6β,4″β-dihydroxycannabidiol (2: ), 6β,2″β-dihydroxycannabidiol (3: ), 6β,3″α-dihydroxycannabidiol (4: ), and 6β,7,4″β-trihydroxycannabidiol (5: ). B. bassiana (ATCC 7195) metabolized cannabidiol to afford six metabolites identified as 7,3″-dihydroxycannabidivarin (6: ), 7-hydroxycannabidivarin-3″-carboxylic acid (7: ), 3″-hydroxycannabidivarin (8: ), 4″β-hydroxycannabidiol (9: ), and cannabidivarin-3″-carboxylic acid (10: ) along with compound 1: . Incubation of cannabidiol with A. glauca (ATCC 22 752) yielded three metabolites, 6α,3″-dihyroxycannabidivarin (11: ), 6β,3″-dihyroxycannabidivarin (12: ), and compound 6: . All compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwat A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amany K Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Desmond Slade
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Suman Chandra
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Adamek K, Jones AMP, Torkamaneh D. Accumulation of somatic mutations leads to genetic mosaicism in cannabis. Plant Genome 2022; 15:e20169. [PMID: 34806848 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is typically propagated using stem cuttings taken from mother plants to produce genetically uniform propagules. However, producers anecdotally report that clonal lines deteriorate over time and eventually produce clones with less vigor and lower cannabinoid levels than the original mother plant. While the cause of this deterioration has not been investigated, one potential contributor is the accumulation of somatic mutations within the plant. To test this, we used deep sequencing of whole genomes (>50×) to compare the variability within an individual cannabis cultivar Honey Banana plant sampled at the bottom, middle, and top. We called over six million sequence variants based on a reference genome and found that the top had the most by a sizable amount. Comparing the variants among the samples uncovered that nearly 600,000 (34%) were unique to the top while the bottom only contained 148,000 (12%), and middle with 77,000 (9%) unique variants. Bioinformatics tools were used to identify mutations in critical cannabinoid-terpene biosynthesis pathways. While none were identified as high impact, four genes contained more than double the average level of nucleotide diversity (π) in or near the gene. Two genes code for essential enzymes required for the cannabinoid pathway while the other two are in the terpene pathways, demonstrating that mutations were accumulating within these pathways and could influence their function. Overall, a measurable number of intraplant genetic diversity was discovered that could impact long-term genetic fidelity of clonal lines and potentially contribute to the observed decline in vigor and cannabinoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Adamek
- Dep. of Plant Agriculture, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Testai FD, Gorelick PB, Aparicio HJ, Filbey FM, Gonzalez R, Gottesman RF, Melis M, Piano MR, Rubino T, Song SY. Use of Marijuana: Effect on Brain Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Stroke 2022; 53:e176-e187. [PMID: 35142225 DOI: 10.1161/str.0000000000000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana is perceived as a harmless drug, and its recreational use has gained popularity among young individuals. The concentration of active ingredients in recreational formulations has gradually increased over time, and high-potency illicit cannabinomimetics have become available. Thus, the consumption of cannabis in the general population is rising. Data from preclinical models demonstrate that cannabinoid receptors are expressed in high density in areas involved in cognition and behavior, particularly during periods of active neurodevelopment and maturation. In addition, growing evidence highlights the role of endogenous cannabinoid pathways in the regulation of neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and neurodevelopment. In animal models, exogenous cannabinoids disrupt these important processes and lead to cognitive and behavioral abnormalities. These data correlate with the higher risk of cognitive impairment reported in some observational studies done in humans. It is unclear whether the effect of cannabis on cognition reverts after abstinence. However, this evidence, along with the increased risk of stroke reported in marijuana users, raises concerns about its potential long-term effects on cognitive function. This scientific statement reviews the safety of cannabis use from the perspective of brain health, describes mechanistically how cannabis may cause cognitive dysfunction, and advocates for a more informed health care worker and consumer about the potential for cannabis to adversely affect the brain.
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Boddington KF, Soubeyrand E, Van Gelder K, Casaretto JA, Perrin C, Forrester TJB, Parry C, Al-Abdul-Wahid MS, Jentsch NG, Magolan J, Bozzo GG, Kimber MS, Rothstein SJ, Akhtar TA. Bibenzyl synthesis in Cannabis sativa L. Plant J 2022; 109:693-707. [PMID: 34786774 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the biosynthesis of a suite of specialized metabolites from Cannabis that are known as the 'bibenzyls'. In planta, bibenzyls accumulate in response to fungal infection and various other biotic stressors; however, it is their widely recognized anti-inflammatory properties in various animal cell models that have garnered recent therapeutic interest. We propose that these compounds are synthesized via a branch point from the core phenylpropanoid pathway in Cannabis, in a three-step sequence. First, various hydroxycinnamic acids are esterified to acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) by a member of the 4-coumarate-CoA ligase family (Cs4CL4). Next, these CoA esters are reduced by two double-bond reductases (CsDBR2 and CsDBR3) that form their corresponding dihydro-CoA derivatives from preferred substrates. Finally, the bibenzyl backbone is completed by a polyketide synthase that specifically condenses malonyl-CoA with these dihydro-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA derivatives to form two bibenzyl scaffolds: dihydropiceatannol and dihydroresveratrol. Structural determination of this 'bibenzyl synthase' enzyme (CsBBS2) indicates that a narrowing of the hydrophobic pocket surrounding the active site evolved to sterically favor the non-canonical and more flexible dihydro-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA substrates in comparison with their oxidized relatives. Accordingly, three point mutations that were introduced into CsBBS2 proved sufficient to restore some enzymatic activity with an oxidized substrate, in vitro. Together, the identification of this set of Cannabis enzymes provides a valuable contribution to the growing 'parts prospecting' inventory that supports the rational metabolic engineering of natural product therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly F Boddington
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Eric Soubeyrand
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kristen Van Gelder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - José A Casaretto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Colby Perrin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Taylor J B Forrester
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cameron Parry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Nicholas G Jentsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jakob Magolan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gale G Bozzo
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew S Kimber
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Merve AO, Sobiecka P, Remeškevičius V, Taylor L, Saskoy L, Lawton S, Jones BP, Elwakeel A, Mackenzie FE, Polycarpou E, Bennett J, Rooney B. Metabolites of Cannabis Induce Cardiac Toxicity and Morphological Alterations in Cardiac Myocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031401. [PMID: 35163321 PMCID: PMC8835806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs worldwide. Rrecent epidemiology studies have linked increased cardiac complications to cannabis use. However, this literature is predominantly based on case incidents and post-mortem investigations. This study elucidates the molecular mechanism of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and its primary metabolites 11-Hydroxy-Δ9-THC (THC-OH) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). Treatment of cardiac myocytes with THC-OH and THC-COOH increased cell migration and proliferation (p < 0.05), with no effect on cell adhesion, with higher doses (250–100 ng/mL) resulting in increased cell death and significant deterioration in cellular architecture. Conversely, no changes in cell morphology or viability were observed in response to THC. Expression of key ECM proteins α-SMA and collagen were up-regulated in response to THC-OH and THC-COOH treatments with concomitant modulation of PI3K and MAPK signalling. Investigations in the planarian animal model Polycelis nigra demonstrated that treatments with cannabinoid metabolites resulted in increased protein deposition at transection sites while higher doses resulted in significant lethality and decline in regeneration. These results highlight that the key metabolites of cannabis elicit toxic effects independent of the parent and psychoactive compound, with implications for cardiotoxicity relating to hypertrophy and fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Orme Merve
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Pola Sobiecka
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Vytautas Remeškevičius
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Luke Taylor
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Lili Saskoy
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Scott Lawton
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Ben P. Jones
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Ahmed Elwakeel
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS), Coventry University, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Alison Gingell Building, Whitefriars Street, Coventry CV1 2DS, UK; (A.E.); (J.B.)
| | - Francesca E. Mackenzie
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Elena Polycarpou
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Jason Bennett
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS), Coventry University, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Alison Gingell Building, Whitefriars Street, Coventry CV1 2DS, UK; (A.E.); (J.B.)
| | - Brian Rooney
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Cruz-Chamorro I, Santos-Sánchez G, Bollati C, Bartolomei M, Li J, Arnoldi A, Lammi C. Hempseed ( Cannabis sativa) Peptides WVSPLAGRT and IGFLIIWV Exert Anti-inflammatory Activity in the LPS-Stimulated Human Hepatic Cell Line. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:577-583. [PMID: 35007086 PMCID: PMC8778635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
WVSPLAGRT (H2) and IGFLIIWV (H3) are two transepithelial transported intestinal peptides obtained from the hydrolysis of hempseed protein with pepsin, which exert antioxidant activity in HepG2 cells. Notably, both peptides reduce the H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide (NO) production levels in HepG2 cells via the modulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathways, respectively. Due to the close link between inflammation and oxidative stress and with the objective of fostering the multifunctional behavior of bioactive peptides, in this study, the molecular characterization of the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of H2 and H3 was carried out in HepG2 cells. In fact, both peptides were shown to modulate the production of pro (IFN-γ: -33.0 ± 6.7% H2, p = 0.011; -13.1 ± 2.0% H3, p = <0.0001; TNF: -17.6 ± 1.7% H2, p = 0.0004; -20.3 ± 1.7% H3, p = <0.0001; and IL-6: -15.1 ± 6.5% H3, p = 0.010)- and anti (IL-10: +9.6 ± 3.1% H2, p = 0.010; +26.0 ± 2.3% H3, p = < 0.0001)-inflammatory cytokines and NO (-9.0 ± 0.7% H2, p = <0.0001; -7.2 ± 1.8% H3, p = <0.0001) through regulation of the NF-κB and iNOS pathways, respectively, in HepG2 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Departamento
de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Guillermo Santos-Sánchez
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Departamento
de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolomei
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Livingston SJ, Bae EJ, Unda F, Hahn MG, Mansfield SD, Page JE, Samuels AL. Cannabis Glandular Trichome Cell Walls Undergo Remodeling to Store Specialized Metabolites. Plant Cell Physiol 2021; 62:1944-1962. [PMID: 34392368 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The valuable cannabinoid and terpenoid metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. are produced by floral glandular trichomes. The trichomes consist of secretory disk cells, which produce the abundant lipidic metabolites, and an extracellular storage cavity. The mechanisms of apoplastic cavity formation to accumulate and store metabolites in cannabis glandular trichomes remain wholly unexplored. Here, we identify key wall components and how they change during cannabis trichome development. While glycome and monosaccharide analyses revealed that glandular trichomes have loosely bound xyloglucans and pectic polysaccharides, quantitative immunolabeling with wall-directed antibodies revealed precise spatiotemporal distributions of cell wall epitopes. An epidermal-like identity of early trichome walls matured into specialized wall domains over development. Cavity biogenesis was marked by separation of the subcuticular wall from the underlying surface wall in a homogalacturonan and α-1,5 arabinan epitope-rich zone and was associated with a reduction in fucosylated xyloglucan epitopes. As the cavity filled, a matrix with arabinogalactan and α-1,5 arabinan epitopes enclosed the metabolite droplets. At maturity, the disk cells' apical wall facing the storage cavity accumulated rhamnogalacturonan-I epitopes near the plasma membrane. Together, these data indicate that cannabis glandular trichomes undergo spatiotemporal remodeling at specific wall subdomains to facilitate storage cavity formation and metabolite storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Livingston
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Eun Jeong Bae
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael G Hahn
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Page
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
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Wu B, Li Y, Li J, Xie Z, Luan M, Gao C, Shi Y, Chen S. Genome-Wide Analysis of Alternative Splicing and Non-Coding RNAs Reveal Complicated Transcriptional Regulation in Cannabis sativa L. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111989. [PMID: 34769433 PMCID: PMC8584933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of significance to mine the structural genes related to the biosynthetic pathway of fatty acid (FA) and cellulose as well as explore the regulatory mechanism of alternative splicing (AS), microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids, FA and cellulose, which would enhance the knowledge of gene expression and regulation at post-transcriptional level in Cannabis sativa L. In this study, transcriptome, small RNA and degradome libraries of hemp 'Yunma No.1' were established, and comprehensive analysis was performed. As a result, a total of 154, 32 and 331 transcripts encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids, FA and cellulose were predicted, respectively, among which AS occurred in 368 transcripts. Moreover, 183 conserved miRNAs, 380 C. sativa-specific miRNAs and 7783 lncRNAs were predicted. Among them, 70 miRNAs and 17 lncRNAs potentially targeted 13 and 17 transcripts, respectively, encoding key enzymes or transporters involved in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids, cellulose or FA. Finally, the crosstalk between AS and miRNAs or lncRNAs involved in cannabinoids and cellulose was also predicted. In summary, all these results provided insights into the complicated network of gene expression and regulation in C. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yanni Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Jishuang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Mingbao Luan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (M.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (M.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
- Correspondence:
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Reid HMO, Snowden TM, Shkolnikov I, Breit KR, Rodriguez C, Thomas JD, Christie BR. Prenatal alcohol and cannabis exposure can have opposing and region-specific effects on parvalbumin interneuron numbers in the hippocampus. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2246-2255. [PMID: 34523142 PMCID: PMC8642289 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently showed that alcohol and cannabis can interact prenatally, and in a recent review paper, we identified parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons in the hippocampus as a potential point of convergence for these teratogens. METHODS A 2 (Ethanol [EtOH], Air) × 2 (tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], Vehicle) design was used to expose pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to either EtOH or air, in addition to either THC or the inhalant vehicle solution, during gestational days 5-20. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect PV interneurons in 1 male and 1 female pup from each litter at postnatal day 70. RESULTS Significant between-group and subregion-specific effects were found in the dorsal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) subfield and the ventral dentate gyrus (DG). In the dorsal CA1 subfield, there was an increase in the number of PV interneurons in both the EtOH and EtOH +THC groups, but a decrease with THC alone. There were fewer changes in interneuron numbers overall in the DG, though there was a sex difference, with a decrease in the number of PV interneurons in the THC-exposed group in males. There was also a greater cell layer volume in the DG in the EtOH +THC group than the control group, and in the CA1 region in the EtOH group compared to the control and THC groups. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to alcohol and THC differentially affects parvalbumin-positive interneuron numbers in the hippocampus, indicating that both individual and combined exposure can impact the balance of excitation and inhibition in a structure critically involved in learning and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M O Reid
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Taylor M Snowden
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Irene Shkolnikov
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristen R Breit
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cristina Rodriguez
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jennifer D Thomas
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Brian R Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Island Medical Program, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, USA
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Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Bryant J, Ngwa W. The Endocannabinoid System: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Various Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9472. [PMID: 34502379 PMCID: PMC8430969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis, a balance in internal environment (temperature, mood, and immune system) and energy input and output in living, biological systems. In addition to regulating physiological processes, the ECS directly influences anxiety, feeding behaviour/appetite, emotional behaviour, depression, nervous functions, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, reward, cognition, learning, memory, pain sensation, fertility, pregnancy, and pre-and post-natal development. The ECS is also involved in several pathophysiological diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the ECS has gained significant interest in medicine, research, and drug discovery and development. The distribution of the components of the ECS system throughout the body, and the physiological/pathophysiological role of the ECS-signalling pathways in many diseases, all offer promising opportunities for the development of novel cannabinergic, cannabimimetic, and cannabinoid-based therapeutic drugs that genetically or pharmacologically modulate the ECS via inhibition of metabolic pathways and/or agonism or antagonism of the receptors of the ECS. This modulation results in the differential expression/activity of the components of the ECS that may be beneficial in the treatment of a number of diseases. This manuscript in-depth review will investigate the potential of the ECS in the treatment of various diseases, and to put forth the suggestion that many of these secondary metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. (hereafter referred to as "C. sativa L." or "medical cannabis"), may also have potential as lead compounds in the development of cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lowe
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Ngeh Toyang
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Blair Steele
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Wilfred Ngwa
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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50
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Kusuma P, Westmoreland FM, Zhen S, Bugbee B. Photons from NIR LEDs can delay flowering in short-day soybean and Cannabis: Implications for phytochrome activity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255232. [PMID: 34314454 PMCID: PMC8315492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photons during the dark period delay flowering in short-day plants (SDP). Red photons applied at night convert phytochromes to the active far-red absorbing form (Pfr), leading to inhibition of flowering. Far-red photons (greater than 700 nm) re-induce flowering when applied after a pulse of red photons during the dark period. However, far-red photons at sufficiently high intensity and duration delay flowering in sensitive species. Mechanistically, this response occurs because phytochrome-red (Pr) absorbance is not zero beyond 700 nm. We applied nighttime photons from near infrared (NIR) LEDs (peak 850 nm) over a 12 h dark period. Flowering was delayed in Glycine max and Cannabis sativa (two photosensitive species) by 3 and 12 days, respectively, as the flux of photons from NIR LEDs was increased up to 83 and 116 μmol m-2 s-1. This suggests that long wavelength photons from NIR LEDs can activate phytochromes (convert Pr to Pfr) and thus alter plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kusuma
- Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Crop Physiology Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - F. Mitchell Westmoreland
- Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Crop Physiology Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - Shuyang Zhen
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Bruce Bugbee
- Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Crop Physiology Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
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